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PubMed2006

Development of a compact and simple gas chromatography for oral malodor measurement.

BACKGROUND: Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in oral air are the only type of gases correlated with the strength of oral malodor. We developed a compact and simple gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a newly invented indium oxide semiconductor gas sensor (SCS) for measuring the concentrations of VSCs in mouth air. We have assessed the correlation between measurements with a GC-SCS and those with a regular GC. METHODS: Oral air samples from randomly selected volunteers were analyzed with both a GC-SCS and a GC with a flame photometric detector (FPD), which is specific to VSCs, and GC-SCS measurements were compared to those obtained by GC-FPD. Subsequently, oral air samples before and after mouthrinsing with 5% ethanol mouthwash were analyzed to determine the effect of ethanol on VSC measurements by GC-SCS. RESULTS: There were strong correlations between VSC concentrations determined using these two gas chromatography methods (hydrogen sulfide, R=0.821, P<0.0001; methyl mercaptan, R=0.870, P<0.0001; and dimethyl sulfide, R=0.770, P<0.0001). Although GC-SCS can differentiate ethanol and VSCs in oral air samples after mouthrinsing, GC-SCS measurements demonstrated higher values than those obtained by GC-FPD; however, this discrepancy improved over time due to the reduced effect of ethanol. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that GC-SCS may be useful for the diagnosis of halitosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Protective effect of zinc on keratinocyte activation markers induced by interferon or nickel.

Zinc therapies exert beneficial effects in several cutaneous pathologies through their antiinflammatory properties, but target cells and mechanisms of action are still uncertain. We wondered whether markers of the keratinocyte activation state, such as the expression of immune surface antigens (ICAM-1 and HLA-DR) and the production of TNF-alpha, frequently detected in inflammatory reactions, may be reduced by zinc. For this purpose, we used normal human keratinocytes derived from plastic skin surgery and cultured in low-calcium medium (MCDB153). We studied the effects of ZnSO4 (12.5 to 50 microM) alone or in combination with IFN-gamma (5 U/ml), a mediator of inflammation produced by activated T-cells, or nickel (5-10 micrograms/ml), a sensitizing metal hapten. Using FACS analysis, we showed that the combination of zinc with nickel or the addition of ZnSO4 24 h before IFN-gamma or NiSO4 treatments reduced ICAM-1 expression on the keratinocyte surface (p < 0.01). However, zinc did not modify the IFN-gamma induced expression of HLA class II antigen on keratinocytes. Zn2+ could also reduce the TNF-alpha secretion of keratinocytes stimulated by IFN-gamma or Ni2+ during 48 h. Taken together, these data indicate that zinc can directly reduce some keratinocyte activation markers frequently observed in vivo; this action may be involved in the antiinflammatory effect of Zn(2+)-associated therapies in cutaneous inflammatory reactions.

Antigens, Surface↗
PubMed1993

Growth and plasma zinc responses of young pigs fed pharmacologic levels of zinc.

Three trials were conducted to evaluate high levels of Zn addition from various Zn sources on growth performance and plasma Zn responses of 8-kg pigs. Zinc supplements were added to 20% CP starting diets (125 mg of Zn/kg) containing antibiotics. Trial 1 was done to evaluate plasma Zn responses of pigs fed three different feed-grade Zn sources: ZnO where supplemental Zn levels were 0, 250, 500, 1,000, 3,000, and 5,000 mg/kg; ZnSO4 at 1,500 or 2,500 mg of Zn/kg; and a zinc-lysine complex (Zn-Lys) at 1,500 or 2,500 mg of Zn/kg. Plasma Zn concentration as a function of supplemental Zn intake was fitted to a broken-line for ZnO data and to simple linear models for ZnSO4 and Zn-Lys data. For ZnO, plasma Zn did not increase until concentrations > 1,000 mg Zn/kg were fed. Above this level, plasma Zn increased linearly (P < .01) for all three sources of Zn, although slopes of the ZnO and Zn-Lys response curves were 56% (P < .05) and 110%, respectively, of the ZnSO4 slopes. In Trial 2, five diets were fed: basal, 3,000 and 5,000 mg of Zn/kg from ZnO, and 3,000 and 5,000 mg of Zn/kg from ZnSO4. Daily gain and daily feed intake were increased (P < .05) by ZnO addition, regardless of level, whereas ZnSO4 addition increased these performance indices only at the 3,000 mg of Zn/kg level of supplementation. Plasma Zn responses to ZnSO4 addition were almost double those of ZnO addition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

Characterization of toxicosis in sheep dosed with blossoms of sacahuiste (Nolina microcarpa).

To characterize more fully sacahuiste (Nolina microcarpa Watson) toxicosis in sheep and to evaluate benefits of supplemental Zn, sheep were dosed intraruminally with sacahuiste blossoms. In Trial 1, eight fine-wool sheep (47 +/- 2 kg BW) were fed alfalfa hay at 1% of BW daily and dosed intraruminally with inflorescences amounting to 1% of BW daily, in three portions per day, for 10 d. Four sheep were dosed intraruminally with aqueous ZnSO4 (30 mg of Zn/kg BW) daily for 3 d before initial sacahuiste dosing and on alternate days thereafter, and four sheep were untreated with Zn. Toxicosis was evident within 24 h after initial sacahuiste dosage, involving inappetence, depression, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and elevated serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase). One sheep (untreated with Zn) died on d 3. Aqueous ZnSO4 alleviated inappetence and suppressed elevation of serum urea N and creatinine but did not suppress other changes in serum clinical profiles. In Trial 2, sacahuiste inflorescences were ruminally dosed into 12 fine-wool wethers (29 +/- 2 kg BW) in amounts equalling 0, .25, .50, .75% of BW per day, and chopped alfalfa hay was provided at 1.75% of BW per day for 14 d. Sacahuiste inflorescenses dosed at .75% of BW elicited severe toxicosis within 24 h, and dosage at .50 or .25% of BW per day increased (P = .12) serum bilirubin. Ruminal fluid pH, mean particle retention time, and particulate passage rate were not affected (P > .10) by sacahuiste, but ruminal fluid passage rate increased 1.6-fold (P < .10) and ruminal fluid volume decreased by 60% (P < .10) in sheep given inflorescenses amounting to .50% of BW daily. Sacahuiste inflorescenses dosed intraruminally at .75% of BW per day elicited ruminal impaction with severe hepatotoxicosis, and dosages amounting to .50% or .25% of BW per day caused similar trends.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Zinc affects the metabolism of thyroid hormones in children with Down's syndrome: normalization of thyroid stimulating hormone and of reversal triiodothyronine plasmic levels by dietary zinc supplementation.

Levels of circulating thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), tetraiodothyronine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), and 3,3',5' triiodothyronine (reversal T3 or rT3) were measured in 25 children with trisomy of chromosome 21, also known as Down's syndrome (DS), and in 14 normal children. In subjects with DS TSH levels were increased, while plasmic levels of rT3 were decreased. No alteration in T3 and T4 levels was observed. Before zinc supplementation, plasmic levels of zinc and thymulin, a zinc dependent thymic hormone, were significantly decreased in DS children. After four months of dietary supplementation with zinc sulphate, a normalization of plasmic zinc, thymulin and TSH levels was observed. Plasmic levels of rT3 significantly increased, and after zinc treatment no difference was detectable between DS children and normal children. Clinical evaluation of the health status of DS children showed that zinc supplementation decreased the incidence of infectious diseases and improved school attendance. Thus, the increased efficiency of the immune system and the normalization of some endocrine parameters by zinc supplementation suggests that zinc deficiency may play a crucial role in some of the pathological manifestations associated with the syndrome, such as infections and malfunctioning of the thyroid gland.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Absorption of zinc from dietary casein phosphopeptide complex with zinc in rats given a soybean protein-based diet.

The absorption of zinc (Zn) in the form of casein phosphopeptide (CPP) complex was compared with that of its chloride form in rats given a soybean protein-based diet. We prepared 67Zn complex with CPP (67Zn-CPP). Male rats were given a diet containing ZnCl2 in the preliminary period. After overnight food deprivation, they were fed a test meal labeled 67Zn-CPP or 67ZnCl2 (4 g Zn-free diet + 0.12 mg 67Zn) with 0.5 mg Dysprosium (Dy) as a fecal marker. Feces were collected for 5 d and analyzed for 67Zn isotopic enrichment and Dy concentration with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Fecal Dy excretion closely paralleled that of 67Zn, and more than 89% of the administered Dy was recovered in the feces collected for 5 d. Moreover, the Zn source did not affect the excretion pattern of 67Zn. Since Dy and 67Zn were almost excreted within 3 d after the administration, the apparent absorption of 67Zn was calculated from the pooled data for 3 d. The source of Zn did not affect the apparent absorption of 67Zn. These results suggested that dietary Zn in the form of CPP complex did not show higher absorbability in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of protective ointments used against dermal effects of nitrogen mustard, a vesicant warfare agent.

Mustard, a vesicant warfare agent, has cytotoxic, mutagenic, and cytostatic effects via alkylation of DNA and inhibition of DNA replication. Since symptoms appear following a latent period, it can cause some subacute and chronic effects to occur and delay in the treatment. Therefore, the main approach should be the use of protective preparation to reduce the skin toxicity. Thus, this study was conducted in guinea pigs (350-400 g) shaved in areas of 10 x 10 cm. Mechlorethamine HCl (100 mg), a nitrogen mustard derivative, in ethanol was applied by spraying on hairless regions where previously prepared pharmaceutical topical formulations were medicated before. The experimental regions of the animals were kept preserved from environmental factors. Forty-eight hours after the application of the protective ointments and mechlorethamine consecutively, skin-damaging effects were macroscopically evaluated in terms of erythema formation, ulceration, necrosis, and inflammation occurrences. Then, punch biopsy was performed from these damaged sites for histopathological evaluation. Although numerous topical formulations were prepared and tested for protection, according to microscopic examination of the pathologic sections, tissue specimen treated with the ointment containing the mixture of zinc oxide, zinc chloride, dimethylpolysiloxane in a base of petroleum jelly was determined as being the most effective protective against skin injury caused by the vesicant agent.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Zinc-65 imaging of rat brain tumors.

The uptake of zinc, an essential nutrient, is critical for cell proliferation. On the basis of the idea that zinc uptake can be an index of viability in proliferating cells, tumor imaging with (65)Zn was performed using autoradiography. After s.c. implantation of ascites hepatoma (AH7974F) cells into the dorsum, 1 h after i.v. injection of (65)ZnCl(2), (65)Zn uptake in the tumor was higher than in the brain tissue but lower than in the liver, which suggests that brain tumors can be positively imaged with (65)Zn. After implantation of AH7974F cells into the periaqueductal gray, 1 h after i.v. injection of (65)ZnCl(2), (65)Zn uptake in the tumor was approximately 10 times higher than in other brain regions. After implantation of C6 glioma cells into the hippocampus, (65)Zn uptake in the tumor was also much higher than in other brain regions. The present findings demonstrate that brain tumors can be imaged with radioactive zinc. To compare brain tumor imaging with (65)Zn with that of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), which is widely used for the diagnosis of brain tumors, (14)C-FDG imaging of the C6 glioma was performed in the same manner. (14)C-FDG uptake in the tumor was approximately 1.5 times higher than in the contralateral region in which (14)C-FDG uptake was relatively high. It is likely that zinc uptake is more specific for brain tumors than is FDG uptake, which suggests that there is great potential for the use of (69m)Zn, a short half-life gamma emitter, in the diagnosis of brain tumors.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Spectra of the complexes of zinc salts with AMP].

The complexes of ZnCl2 and ZnSO4 with AMP in molar ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 were prepared through reflux in alcohol. The compositions of the complexes were determined to be Zn(AMP)2Cl2(A) and Zn(AMP)SO4(B) by chemical and elemental analyses. It was identified via IR analysis for the complexes that nitrogen atom of amino group and one of nitrogen atoms of pyrimidine coordinated to Zn2+ in bidentate fashion. Cl- in the complex of A and SO4(2-) in the complex of B participated in the coordination to Zn2+ and some feedback characteristic was found in the bond of N-->Zn2+, which was proved by XPS spectra. Study on 1H NMR for the complexes showed that two ligands joined the coordination to Zn2+ in the complex of A while one ligand did in the complex of B. Based on the above analyses, the structures of the complexes were presumed.

Adenosine Monophosphate↗
PubMed1992

Sources of cadmium, its distribution and turnover in the freshwater environment.

Cadmium enters the aquatic environment from numerous sources, e.g., via the atmosphere, from which the cadmium released by combustion, mainly of fossil fuels, is deposited. Since some fertilizers contain up to 40 mg/kg cadmium, wash-out from agricultural land is another source. Zinc ores contain up to several percent of cadmium, and there may be high concentrations in raw zinc, zinc alloys and zinc compounds, so that cadmium may enter the aquatic environment from mining residues, solid wastes and wastewater discharges. Once in the aquatic environment, cadmium is highly mobile. Its dissolved species are extremely labile, and are the first to be released, e.g., when salinity increases in estuaries. Sediments reflect the metal loading in the past, and their analysis can be the key to an understanding of the fate of anthropogenic discharges into the hydrosphere. The internal cadmium loading of aquatic systems can be estimated from the remobilization rates of cadmium from sediments.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Characterization of high affinity binding between laminin and Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor proteins.

BACKGROUND: In vivo amyloid formation apparently involves several extracellular matrix components that are usually found associated with basement membranes. These include laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, collagen type IV, and entactin. These components have also been found in neuritic plaques. We have therefore been examining interactions between extracellular matrix components and the Alzheimer's amyloid precursors (AAPs). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Binding interactions of laminin with AAP-695, -751, and -770 were examined using a solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. RESULTS: Objective, quantitative analyses of the laminin AAP-695, -751, and -770 binding data reveal two binding sites for laminin, with Kd values of 1 x 10(-10) M and 1 x 10(-8) M. Zinc and dithiothreitol profoundly stimulate laminin binding to AAPs. Furthermore, zinc fingers were found in the laminin amino acid sequences. Previous binding studies of AAPs with the basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan revealed similar affinities. A particular order of addition of laminin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan to AAPs can be demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: These avid interactions with extracellular matrix proteins likely reflect normal functions of the AAPs and may be involved in nucleation events in Alzheimer-type amyloid formation.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2003

Role of mast cells in gastrointestinal mucosal defense.

The purpose of this review, based on studies from our laboratory as well as from others, is to summarize salient features of mast cell immunobiology and to describe their associations with gastrointestinal mucosal defense. Gastrointestinal mast cells are involved in many pathologic effects, such as food hypersensitivity. On the other hand, they also play a protective role in defense against parasitic and microbial infections. Thus, they have both positive and negative effects, but presently the mechanisms that control the balance of these various effects are poorly known. It has been suggested that stabilization of mast cells may be a key mechanism to protect the gastrointestinal tract from injury. Few molecules are known to possess both mast cell stabilizing and gastrointestinal cytoprotective activity. These include zinc compounds, sodium cromoglycate, FPL 52694, ketotifen, aloe vera, certain flavonoids such as quercetin, some sulfated proteoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate and dehydroleucodine. Dehydroleucodine, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Artemisia douglasiana Besser, exhibits anti-inflammatory and gastrointestinal cytoprotective action. The lactone stimulates mucus production, and inhibits histamine and serotonin release from intestinal mast cells. The lactone could act as a selective mast cell stabilizer by releasing cytoprotective factors and inhibiting pro-inflammatory mast cell mediators.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Curing halitosis: the sweet smell of success.

Halitosis is socially incapacitating, physically damaging, and difficult to discuss. As the dentist is responsible for the oral cavity, it behooves the dental health provider to diagnose and treat halitosis if we are to offer total oral health care to our patients. While oral malodor has been recognized in the literature throughout our history, interest has recently increased in treating the problem and research is now providing the answers to this condition. This article summarizes some of the current research in managing halitosis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2004

A systematic review of the effectiveness of anticalculus dentifrices.

PURPOSE: To assess the evidence on the effectiveness of commercially available anticalculus dentifrices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systematic search for published and unpublished epidemiological data in 7 electronic databases, 5 journals, and the bibliographies of retrieved papers and by making contact with subject experts in this field. Thirty-two reports were identified containing comparisons of one or more active agents with a placebo dentifrice and calculus measured using the Volpe-Manhold Index (VMI). RESULTS: Random effect model for 3-month studies showed an effect size of -0.6 for all comparisons. The effect sizes varied from -0.3 for dentifrices with zinc chloride 0.5% to -1.1 for pyrophosphate 1.3% and copolymer 1.5% dentifrices. Meta-analysis of all the studies with 6-month follow-up gave an effect size of -1.1 (-1.5 to -0.8) and for 12-month follow-up the effect size was -13.6 (-21.4 to -5.8). CONCLUSIONS: Anticalculus dentifrices containing pyrophosphates, zinc compounds and/or co-polymers were effective in significantly reducing calculus scores (VMI).

Dental Calculus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Change of zinc uptake under growth arrest and apoptosis.

Zinc uptake is critical for cell proliferation. On the basis of the evidence that brain tumors are positively-imaged with 65Zn, cellular zinc uptake was studied under growth arrest and apoptosis to understand the relationship between cellular viability and zinc uptake. When NIH3T3 cells were cultured in albumin-coated dishes under the presence of serum, the viability of the cells detached from the extracellular matrix, which was determined with fluoresceine diacetate, was almost the same as the control cells cultured in untreated dishes. Both the uptake of 14C-thymidine and 65Zn by the cells was significantly suppressed by detachment from the extracellular matrix, suggesting that cellular zinc uptake is suppressed by growth arrest. When apoptosis was induced in the cells detached from the extracellular matrix under serum-free condition, 65Zn uptake by the cells led to apoptosis which was significantly higher than that by the control cells. 65Zn uptake by C6 glioma cells, which were irradiated with gamma-ray, was also higher than that by control (unirradiated) C6 glioma cells. The present study demonstrates that zinc uptake is involved not only in the process of cell proliferation, but also in the process of apoptosis.

Animals↗