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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

The influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations.

Low-level vertical changes in temperature and wind exert powerful and predictable influences on the area ensonified by animal vocalizations. Computer modelling of low-frequency sound propagation in measured atmospheric conditions predicts that the calls of the savanna elephant at these frequencies can have ranges exceeding 10 km and that the calls will be highly directional in the presence of wind shear. Calling area is maximized under temperature inversions with low wind speeds. Calling area changes substantially over 24 h periods; on any given day, the calling area undergoes an expansion and contraction which may be as large as one order of magnitude. This cycle is modulated by topography, regional weather patterns, seasonality and possibly by climate variation. Similar influences affect the somewhat higher-frequency calls of lions and may be a selective pressure towards their crepuscular and nocturnal calling behaviour. Coyotes and wolves, which also live in areas with strong and prevalent nocturnal temperature inversions, show similar calling patterns, maximizing their chances of being heard over the longest possible distances. The pronounced dawn and evening vocalization peaks in other animals including birds, frogs and insects may reflect the same influences in combination with other factors which selectively limit high-frequency sound propagation. Atmospheric conditions therefore need to be taken into account in many field studies of animal behaviour. A simplified method for estimating sound propagation during field studies is presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

The distribution of fitness effects of nonsynonymous mutations varies phylogenetically across animals.

The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) describes the selection coefficients of newly arising mutations and fundamentally influences population genetic processes. However, the extent and mechanisms of differences in the DFE for non-synonymous mutations have not been systematically investigated across species with divergent phylogenetic histories and ecologies. Here, we inferred the DFE in natural populations of 11 animal (sub)species, including humans, mice, fin whales, vaquitas, wolves, collared flycatchers, pied flycatchers, halictid bees, Drosophila, and mosquitoes. We found that mammals have a higher proportion of strongly deleterious mutations (defined as s≤-0.01; 22% to 47% in mammals; 0.0% to 5.4% in insects and birds) and a lower proportion of weakly deleterious mutations than insects and birds. Further, the DFE co-varies with phylogeny, such that the mean mutation effects are more similar in closely related species (Pagel's λ = 0.84, P = 0.01). Next, we investigated whether various summary statistics of the DFE were related to variation in life-history traits across these organisms. We found some support for genome size, body mass, and long-term effective population size being correlated with the DFE. Overall, our findings are consistent with predictions derived independently from the Fisher's Geometric Model (FGM), which defines organismal complexity as the number of phenotypes under selection. FGM predicts that mutations are more deleterious in complex organisms, while strongly deleterious mutations occur more frequently in smaller populations. Our study demonstrates strong phylogenetic signal in the evolution of a fundamental population genetics parameter, and proposes that, through mechanisms of epistasis, long-term population size and organismal complexity could be underlying variation in the DFE across animals.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2017

OCA2 splice site variant in German Spitz dogs with oculocutaneous albinism.

We investigated a German Spitz family where the mating of a black male to a white female had yielded three puppies with an unexpected light brown coat color, lightly pigmented lips and noses, and blue eyes. Combined linkage and homozygosity analysis based on a fully penetrant monogenic autosomal recessive mode of inheritance identified a critical interval of 15 Mb on chromosome 3. We obtained whole genome sequence data from one affected dog, three wolves, and 188 control dogs. Filtering for private variants revealed a single variant with predicted high impact in the critical interval in LOC100855460 (XM_005618224.1:c.377+2T>G LT844587.1:c.-45+2T>G). The variant perfectly co-segregated with the phenotype in the family. We genotyped 181 control dogs with normal pigmentation from diverse breeds including 22 unrelated German Spitz dogs, which were all homozygous wildtype. Comparative sequence analyses revealed that LOC100855460 actually represents the 5'-end of the canine OCA2 gene. The CanFam 3.1 reference genome assembly is incorrect and separates the first two exons from the remaining exons of the OCA2 gene. We amplified a canine OCA2 cDNA fragment by RT-PCR and determined the correct full-length mRNA sequence (LT844587.1). Variants in the OCA2 gene cause oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (OCA2) in humans, pink-eyed dilution in mice, and similar phenotypes in corn snakes, medaka and Mexican cave tetra fish. We therefore conclude that the observed oculocutaneous albinism in German Spitz is most likely caused by the identified variant in the 5'-splice site of the first intron of the canine OCA2 gene.

Albinism, Oculocutaneous↗
PubMed2006

Serologic evidence of Leishmania infection in free-ranging wild and domestic canids around a Brazilian National Park.

Transmission of disease between wildlife, domestic animals, and humans is of great concern to conservation issues and public health. Here we report on the prevalence of anti-Leishmania sp. antibodies in 21 wild canids (7 Chrysocyon brachyurus, 12 Cerdocyon thous, and 2 Lycalopex vetulus) and 74 free domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) sampled around the Serra do Cipó National Park. In dogs, the apparent prevalence was 8.1% and in wild canids it was 19% (2 crab-eating foxes, C. thous, and 2 maned wolves, C. brachyurus). Management of the domestic dog population with evaluation of incidence changes in humans and wildlife, and enlightenment on the role of wild reservoirs are essential issues for future action and research.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Associations between Trichinella species and host species in Finland.

Examination of 627 wild animals--raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), European lynxes (Lynx lynx), brown bears (Ursus arctos), wolves (Canis lupus), and badgers (Meles meles)--revealed Trichinella spp. The prevalence varied according to geographical region of Finland (north; southwest, SW; and southeast, SE) and was the highest among lynxes (70%, SW). The risk of trichinellosis was higher in the SE (odds ratio, OR, 19.4) and SW regions (OR 14.3), as compared with the northern region (OR 1), with no difference between the former 2 regions. Foxes (OR 2.1) and lynxes (OR 1.9) had a higher risk than raccoon dogs (OR 1) of being infected. The distribution of different Trichinella species was evaluated in 87 wild and domestic mammals by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Trichinella spiralis was detected more often in domestic and synanthropic animals than in sylvatic hosts. Trichinella nativa was detected only in wildlife. Trichinella pseudospiralis was found both in sylvatic and synanthropic hosts. Trichinella britovi was detected only in mixed infections with other Trichinella species. The raccoon dog was the sole host for all 4 Trichinella species and also carried the most intense infections.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of a rapid single multiplex microsatellite-based assay for use in forensic genetic investigations in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a set of microsatellite markers, composed of a minimal number of these markers, suitable for use in forensic genetic investigations in dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION: Blood, tissue, or buccal epithelial cells from 364 dogs of 85 breeds and mixed breeds and 19 animals from related species in the family Canidae. PROCEDURE: 61 tetranucleotide microsatellite markers were characterized on the basis of number and size of alleles, ease of genotyping, chromosomal location, and ability to be coamplified. The range in allele size, number of alleles, total heterozygosity, and fixation index for each marker were determined by use of genotype data from 383 dogs and related species. Polymorphism information content was calculated for several breeds of dogs. RESULTS: 7 microsatellite markers could be coamplified. These markers were labeled with fluorescent dyes, multiplexed into a single reaction, and optimized for resolution in a commercial genetic analyzer. The multiplex set was used to identify sires for 2 mixed litters. The test was not species specific; genotype information collected for wolves, coyotes, jackals, New Guinea singing dogs, and an African wild dog could not distinguish between these species. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This set of 7 microsatellite markers is useful in forensic applications (ie, identification of dogs and determination of parentage) in closely related animals and is applicable to a wide range of species belonging to the family Canidae.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Macracanthorhynchus ingens infection in a dog.

A 4-month-old sexually intact female Siberian Husky was examined because of diarrhea and 4 flesh-colored annulated helminths that were recovered from the dog's feces. Infection with Macracanthorhynchus ingens was diagnosed on the basis of morphologic features of the adult parasites and ova. Spindle-shaped eggs (mean length, 91 microm; mean width; 54 microm) were obtained from the body cavity of a gravid female specimen. The dog was treated empirically with epsiprantel (5.5 mg/kg [2.5 mg/lb] of body weight) and ivermectin (250 to 500 microg/kg [114 to 227 microg/lb]), and the diarrhea resolved. Infection with this parasite has been reported in raccoons from the same geographic area. Macracanthorhynchus ingens is typically a parasite of raccoons, wolves, badgers, foxes, skunks, mink, and moles; transmission from wildlife to dogs may occur via ingestion of infected intermediate hosts (millipedes).

Acanthocephala↗
PubMed1975

Further observations on rangiferine brucellosis in Alaskan carnivores.

Antibodies against rangiferine brucellosis, Brucella suis type 4, are commonly found in the serum of various domestic and wild alaskian carnivores which feed on caribou, Rangifer tarandus granti, arctic Alaska. Sled dogs from five native villages on the range of the Artic caribou herd, but not from two villages on the the range of the Porcupine caribou herd, are commonly infected. Wolves (Canis lupus) and red foxes (Vulpes fulva) are less commonly infected. About 90% of the grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) associated with the Artic caribou herd and 30% of those associated with the porcupine caribou herd show serologic signs of exposure to Brucella, presumalby the enzootic strain present in Alaska caribou. This is the first evidence of natural Brucella infection in bears. It is concluded that infection of predators by enzootic strains of Brucella present in prey species (e.g., ruminants) is common to many areas of the world. Evidence from the literature and unpublished experimental data suggest that such infections may intefere with reproduction in wild species, but additional study is needed to clearly resolve this question.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1980

Sylvatic trichinosis in Alberta.

Results of surveys for Trichinella sp. in several species of wildlife in Alberta suggest that infection is limited to wolves (Canis lupus) in northern areas of the province and maintained by a wolf/wolf transmission.

Alberta↗
PubMed1987

Hematologic values of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica.

Between 1981 and 1982 blood samples were collected from 64 adult San Joaquin kit foxes, Vulpes macrotis mutica, in western Kern County, California. The goal of the study was to establish normal blood values for this endangered species, and to determine whether changes in them could be used to assess the possible effects of petroleum developments on these foxes. None of the values differed significantly between the sexes, or between foxes sampled in developed habitats compared with foxes sampled in undisturbed habitats. Mean values of Hb, MCH, MCHC, and WBC counts differed significantly between summer and winter. Average hematological characteristics were: RBC, 8.4 X 10(6)/microliter; Hb, 14.5 g/dl (summer), 15.6 g/dl (winter); PCV, 46.9%; MCV, 56.3 fl; MCH, 17.8 pg (summer), 18.4 pg (winter); MCHC, 31.2 g/dl (summer), 33.2 g/dl (winter); and WBC, 6,200/microliter (summer), 7,500/microliter (winter). Comparisons of hematological data for kit foxes, coyotes (Canis latrans), and wolves (Canis lupus) confirmed a previously published observation that within mammalian families RBC counts are correlated inversely with body weight, and that MCV is correlated directly with body weight.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Serological survey for diseases in free-ranging coyotes (Canis latrans) in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.

From October 1989 to June 1993, we captured and sampled 110 coyotes (Canis latrans) for various diseases in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (USA). Prevalence of antibodies against canine parvovirus (CPV) was 100% for adults (> 24 months old), 100% for yearlings (12 to 24 months old), and 100% for old pups (4 to 12 months old); 0% of the young pups (< 3 months old) had antibodies against CPV. Presence of antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV) was associated with the age of the coyote, with 88%, 54%, 23%, and 0% prevalence among adults, yearlings, old pups, and young pups, respectively. Prevalence of CDV antibodies declined over time from 100% in 1989 to 33% in 1992. The prevalence of canine infectious hepatitis (ICH) virus antibodies was 97%, 82%, 54%, and 33%, for adults, yearlings, old pups, and young pups, respectively. The percentage of coyotes with ICH virus antibodies also declined over time from a high of 100% in 1989 to 31% in 1992, and 42% in 1993. Prevalence of antibodies against Yersinia pestis was 86%, 33%, 80%, and 7%, for adults, yearlings, old pups, and young pups, respectively, and changed over time from 57% in 1991 to 0% in 1993. The prevalence of antibodies against Francisella tularensis was 21%, 17%, 10%, and 20%, for adults, yearlings, old pups, and young pups, respectively. No coyotes had serologic evidence of exposure to brucellosis, either Brucella abortus or Brucella canis. No coyotes were seropositive to Leptospira interrogans (serovars canicola, hardjo, and icterohemorrhagiae). Prevalence of antibodies against L. interrogans serovar pomona was 7%, 0%, 0%, and 9%, for adults, yearlings, old pups, and young pups, respectively. Antibodies against L. interrogans serovar grippotyphosa were present in 17% of adults and 0% of yearlings, old pups, and young pups. Many infectious canine pathogens (CPV, CDV, ICH virus) are prevalent in coyotes in Yellowstone National Park, with CPV influencing coyote pup survival during the first 3 months of life; eight of 21 transmitted pups died of CPV infection in 1992. The potential impact of these canine pathogens on wolves (C. lupus) reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park remains to be documented.

Adenoviruses, Canine↗
PubMed1994

EMS in the pueblos.

Imagine creating a movie by excerpting scenes from "Dances With Wolves," splicing it with footage from "Code 3" or "Emergency Response" and then flavoring the script with the mystery of a Tony Hillerman novel. A film producer would probably find it quite difficult to choreograph a finished product from such a compilation of material. To hundreds of Native American EMS providers, however, such a movie is played out every day in Indian country. And with this movie come some real-life problems, including trauma, which is the number-one cause of premature death among Native Americans. But a high trauma rate is just one of the challenges facing tribal EMS responders. There's also prolonged response and transport, the problems involved in maintaining the unique culture and standard of care, the challenges of tribal EMS administration and EMS education of Native American students, and the unsure future of Native American EMS. Beyond that, there's the fact that EMS is a s unique to each Indian reservation as are the cultures of the native peoples who reside on these lands. Yet while no two systems are alike, most tribal EMS providers face similar challenges.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed1976

Successful protection of humans exposed to rabies infection. Postexposure treatment with the new human diploid cell rabies vaccine and antirabies serum.

Forty-five persons severely bitten by rabid dogs and wolves in Iran were treated after exposure with a new rabies vaccine produced in cultures of human diploid cells. All except one also received one injection of rabies immune serum. This treatment, in contrast to past experience with other vaccines, resulted in protection of all individuals against rabies. Thus, almost a century after the postexposure treatment of humans was initiated, an effective tool for protecting man against rabies has finally been developed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Large grazers in the Dutch wetland "de Oostvaardersplassen." Reaction to the "Guide to Large Grazers" of the State Secretary for Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries].

The recently published 'Guidelines large herbivores'from the Secretary of State Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries are commented upon. These Guidelines pay insufficient attention to the welfare of the animals used. Only the management of domestic animals is discussed while the management of the deer, which form an integral part of the system is left open. The name of the Veterinary Guidance Committee Nature is questioned since it suggest an independent contribution of specialised veterinary knowledge on the various health and welfare issues, but in reality a broad representation of different governmental and public organizations is present. The view points of this so-called veterinary committee seem to disagree with those of the Dutch veterinary community as formulated by the Royal Netherlands Veterinary Association. Independent of the species of animals used for the management of the area a plea is held for active control of the population - 'looking through the eyes of the wolve' - to dampen large fluctuations in population size and prevent unnecessary suffering through starvation. Since the domesticated animals used to have to comply with the strict veterinary regulations when intended for human consumption the suggestion is made to investigate the the possibility of using only truly wild animals like deer, European bison and wild boar for the management of the wetland. When wild animals are used culled animals can be used for human consumption and this prevents that every year numerous cadavers of cattle and horse have to be collected from the area and incinerated.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ecological and epizootic characteristics of various zonal types of natural reservoirs of alveococcosis in the Omsk region].

Natural foci of alveococcis of various zonal types were found in the Omsk region. The final pathogen hosts are red (aspen and birch forests, northern and southern forest-steppe, steppe) and corsac (southern forest-steppe and steppe) foxes and, perhaps, wolves (southern taiga). There are intermediate hosts, that are small mammals of 10 species, among which Clethrionomys voles (northern redbacked, large-toothed redbacked, and bank voles in the southern taiga; northern redbacked voles in the aspen and birch forests and northern forest-steppe), root ones (in the northern and southern forest-steppe, and steppe), narrow-skulled ones and house mice (in the southern forest-steppe and steppe) are of the greatest epizootological significance. The seasonal and biotopical dynamics of the spatial pattern of a natural alveococcis foci was established in the subareas of the south taiga and northern forest-steppe.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in a stray dog population in western New York.

In a survey in 1973 undertaken to determine the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in 100 dogs from a public pound in western New York, 2 dogs were found to be positive. Microfilariae of Dipetalonema sp were not present. Hearts and pulmonary blood vessels were dissected for adult worms, and blood samples were examined for microfilariae, using a modified Knott technique. Although adult heartworms and microfilariae have been recovered from wild foxes, coyotes, and wolves in New York, this is the first report of heartworm in domesticated dogs in the state.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Once more about hepatoid circumanal glands of dogs. History of their discovery and reasons for revision the structural and functional data].

In the skin surrounding the anus in dogs and other Canidae, there is a glandular sheet consisting of strongly developed hepatoid glands, as well as single apocrine glands and a certain number of sebaceous glands, which are much smaller and occur less frequently than the hepatoid glands. All three circumanal glands have excretory ducts connecting with the hair bags (hair funnels). The hepatoid glands of some Canidae and Bovidae were extensively studied in the 1920s-1930s, but from the beginning of the 1950s until the present, as a result of the often repeated mistake passing from one book to another, old information about the hepatoid glands was fully lost, while the new information does not answer the question about the function of this complex and well developed structure. We were successful in repeating the data of the discoverers of the hepatoid glands and proved that these glands are exocrine and that their cells excrete protein to intercellular channels and then to ducts and hair funnels. According to the published data, the odor of the secretory substance of the circumanal hepatoid glands is essential for communication in wolves and dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Personalize your management development.

Most organizations struggle with leadership development. They promote tope performers into management roles, put them through a few workshops and seminars, then throw them to the wolves. Managers with the ability to survive and thrive are rewarded; those without it are disciplined or reassigned. The problem is, an alarming number of people fall into the second category. This happens not because managers lack skills but because companies fail to realize that there is no single kind of leader-in-training. In this article, Natalie Shope Griffin, a consultant in executive and organizational development at Nationwide Financial, describes four kinds of manager-in-training, each embodying unique challenges and opportunities. Reluctant leaders appear to have all the necessary skills to be excellent managers but can't imagine themselves succeeding in a leadership role. Arrogant leaders have the opposite problem; they believe they already possess all the management skills they'll ever need. Unknown leaders are overlooked because they don't develop relationships outside of a small circle of close colleagues. Finally, there are the workaholics who put work above all else and spend 100 hours a week in the office. The author outlines specific training approaches tailored to each type of prospective leader. By focusing on the unique circumstances of individual managers, investing in them early in their careers, offering effective coaching, and providing real-life management experiences, Nationwide's leadership-development program has produced hundreds of successful leaders.

Administrative Personnel↗