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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Changes in seasonal mortalities with improvement in home heating in England and Wales from 1964 to 1984.

Changes in summer (July-September) and winter (January-March) mortalities of people aged 70-74 in England and Wales from 1964 to 1984 were compared with possible causal factors. Summer mortalities were little affected by annual temperature or influenza epidemics and fell from 1972-1975 for all causes, coronary and respiratory causes, while cerebrovascular mortality fell more rapidly from that time. Cigarette consumption also fell from 1972-1975; falling consumptions of total fat from 1970 and saturated fat from 1972-1975 probably also contributed to the fall in arterial deaths, and likewise falls in prescription rates for tranquillisers and sedatives from 1976-1978 to the fall in respiratory deaths. From 1964 to 1984 use of central heating increased from 13% to 69% of households, domestic fuel consumption increased, and excess mortality in winter from respiratory disease declined by 69%, even relative to summer mortality and when adjusted for varying coldness of winters. The improvement was partly explained by a decline in influenza epidemics. By contrast, excess mortalities in winter from coronary and cerebrovascular disease, although rising in some early influenza epidemics, did not fall significantly as home heating improved. These thrombotic deaths together accounted for 56% of the total excess winter mortality by 1984. The findings support other indications that most of the excess mortality from arterial thrombosis in winter in England and Wales is due to brief excursions outdoors rather than to low indoor temperatures.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Declining first-marriage rates in England and Wales: a change in timing or a rejection of marriage?

Two different methods devised by Ryder and by Le Bras and Roussel are used "to assess how far the changes in first-marriage rates in England and Wales arise from a shift to marrying at later ages or from a decline in the popularity of formal marriage. The two methods yield consistent results, and indicate that the majority of young people...will continue to marry but that during the 1970s many were postponing marriage. The pattern of cohabitation and prevailing attitudes to marriage are compatible with such a finding. Recent marriage patterns in England and Wales are found to differ from those in France and Sweden." (summary in FRE)

Attitude↗
PubMed1992

Plasmid profiles demonstrate that an upsurge in Salmonella berta in humans in England and Wales is associated with imported poultry meat.

Sixteen plasmid profile types have been identified in drug-sensitive isolates of Salmonella berta isolated from humans and human food in England and Wales in the ten-year period 1981-1990. Since 1988 six profile types of epidemiological importance have caused infections in widely-separated geographical areas and of these, four types have been identified in S. berta isolated from chicken carcasses imported from Denmark. The findings suggest that imported Danish poultry has substantially contributed to a recent upsurge of S. berta in humans in England and Wales.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Immigrant suicide in Australia, Canada, England and Wales, and the United States.

"Factors influencing the suicide rates of numerous immigrants in groups in Australia, Canada, England and Wales, and the United States during the period 1959-73 were examined.... For males, the foreign-born in England and Wales had the lowest suicide rates and the foreign-born in the United States the highest. For females the variation was smaller, with immigrants in the United States having the lowest rates, and those in Australia the highest.... In each destination significant correlations existed between the suicide rates of the immigrants and those of the origin populations, indicating that the suicide rates for individual immigrant groups were to some extent predisposed by their experiences in the origin countries. Factors in the destination country also influenced immigrant suicide rates, as the rates of the majority of the immigrant groups converged towards the rates of the destination native-born.... The analyses also suggested that migration is more deleterious for females than males."

Americas↗
PubMed2000

Method availability and the prevention of suicide--a re-analysis of secular trends in England and Wales 1950-1975.

BACKGROUND: In England and Wales in the 1960s there were marked declines in suicide rates. These reductions were partly attributable to the detoxification of the domestic gas supplies; however, their extent varied by age and gender, with the most striking effects seen in older men. The objective of this study was to investigate method-specific trends in suicide between 1950 and 1975 to elucidate possible explanations for the patterns seen in different demographic groups. METHODS: An analysis of age-standardised method-specific suicide rates for England and Wales between 1950 and 1975 was carried out using routinely available mortality and population statistics. RESULTS: As has previously been shown, there were marked reductions in suicides by gassing in men and women of all ages between 1960 and 1975. In women and younger men, the effects of these reductions on overall suicide rates were partially offset by rises in drug overdose deaths (method substitution), but there were no immediate increases in the use of other suicide methods. In contrast, in older men, reductions in suicide by gassing were accompanied by only a slight increase in overdose suicides as well as reductions in rates of suicide using all other methods. The modest rise in overdose fatalities in older men occurred despite the fact that they were more often prescribed barbiturates and tricyclic antidepressants than younger men. CONCLUSIONS: Accessibility to and the lethality of particular methods of suicide may have profound effects on overall suicide rates. Such effects appear to depend upon the popularity of the method and the extent to which alternative methods that are acceptable to the individual are available. Social and psychological interpretations of fluctuations in suicide rates should only be made after assessing the possible contribution to these of changes in method availability and lethality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The incidence of childhood inflammatory bowel disease in Wales.

UNLABELLED: A prospective study was undertaken throughout Wales over the period from 1 January 1995 to 30 March 1997, to determine the incidence of childhood inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thirty-eight (24 male) new cases of IBD were reported. Twenty (16 male) of the reported cases had Crohn's disease, 11 (5 male) had ulcerative colitis (UC) and 7 (3 male) indeterminate colitis. Crohn's disease occurred four times more often in boys than girls, whereas there was no sex difference in the incidence for UC and indeterminate colitis. The median age at presentation was 12 (range 1.5-16) years and there was no difference in the age of presentation or the duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis in any of the types of IBD. CONCLUSION: The overall incidence (95% confidence intervals) for IBD in Wales was 2.6 (1.87-3.48) cases per 100,000 per year. The incidence for Crohn's disease was 1.36 (0.86-2.04) cases per 100,000 per year, for UC 0.75 (0.39-1.28) cases per 100,000 per year and for indeterminate colitis 0.48 (0.2-0.92) cases per 100,000 per year.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Environmental temperatures and the incidence of food poisoning in England and Wales.

The incidence of food poisoning in England and Wales has been increasing for many years and it is now a major public health problem. Superimposed on this general rising trend is a well-established tendency for the number of cases of food poisoning to rise during the summer when warm weather favours the multiplication of pathogenic micro-organisms. This paper shows that weekly notifications of food poisoning in England and Wales are strongly associated with environmental temperatures, but that there are some important time lags in this relationship. The number of cases of food poisoning in a given week was only weakly correlated with the temperature of that week and the one preceding it. This suggests that factors operating close to the point of consumption within or outside the home are not the principal cause of the rise in food poisoning associated with warm summer conditions. There was a much stronger association with temperatures 2-5 weeks earlier, pointing to the importance of factors operating earlier in the food production or distribution system. The results of this study suggest that the food poisoning problem requires action by food producers and distributors as well as by consumers.

England↗
PubMed2000

National survey of hepatitis testing and vaccination services provided by drug services in England and Wales.

Since viral hepatitis among intravenous drug users continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, the present study was conducted to survey drug agencies in England and Wales in order to identify the prevalence of hepatitis B and C testing and vaccination being provided. A postal survey of all 539 drug agencies in England and Wales was thus conducted to assess their current treatment provisions and practices. An analysis of the responses provided by the 373 agencies that returned usable data (69.2% response rate) revealed that only one-quarter (26.6%) of the drug agencies conducted routine hepatitis B testing, and 26.9% did not offer it at all. Just over half (55.7%) of the agencies provided hepatitis B vaccination, but only 21.7% did so routinely. Seventy percent provided hepatitis C testing, but only 24% did so routinely. Nevertheless, the majority of respondents, of whom 40.3% were nurses and 25.1% drug workers, believed that clients and their partners should be offered hepatitis B and C screening. The paucity of hepatitis testing and vaccination services being offered to injecting drug users is unacceptable, with users, their partners and children being needlessly exposed to continued risk. The disparity between recommended policy and current practice needs to be urgently addressed.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1980

Trends for gonorrhea and pelvic inflammatory disease in England and Wales and for gonorrhea in a defined population.

Recent trends for gonorrhea and pelvic inflammatory disease in England and Wales are presented using routinely available data. The drawbacks of these data are examined, and a study is described which has attempted to rectify some of these inadequacies. The study attempted to identify patients with and without symptoms of gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and candidiasis, living in a defined population. In addition, a calculation has been made of the number of cases of PID treated on an ambulatory basis in clinics for sexually transmitted disease in England and Wales.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Effectiveness of BCG vaccination in England and Wales in 1983.

The effectiveness of BCG vaccination, at about age 13 years, in the prevention of tuberculosis at ages 15-24 years in England and Wales in 1983, has been determined by the same method as in two previous surveys in 1973 and 1978. In 1983, the tuberculosis notification rate among those vaccinated in the schools' scheme was 3.30 per 100,000, compared with an estimated rate of 13.20 per 100,000 among those who were tuberculin negative and not vaccinated in the scheme. The protective effectiveness of BCG vaccination at ages 15-24 years in England and Wales in 1983 is thus estimated as 75%; the estimated efficacy in the white ethnic group is closely similar, namely 76%. The estimated efficacy of BCG at ages 15-19 and 20-24 years in the three surveys, both in the white ethnic group and in the entire cohort, has been compared with that found in the Medical Research Council's controlled trial of tuberculosis vaccines which began in 1950. There is no evidence of any decrease in the protective efficacy of BCG vaccination between the four cohorts of young adults, which span a total period of 29 years. However, there were steep decreases between the cohorts in the annual notification rates for the white ethnic group; these decreases occurred in the BCG vaccinated and in the tuberculin negative unvaccinated groups, as well as among those found tuberculin positive (and not vaccinated) in the schools' scheme. It is concluded that the level of protective efficacy of BCG vaccination at ages 15-24 years is high, and has remained unchanged since the start of the BCG in schools' scheme. However, as the tuberculosis notification rate in young adults has decreased steeply throughout this period, and is continuing to decrease, the benefits to be expected from the BCG in schools' scheme will decrease equally rapidly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

International trends in cancer mortality in France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, England and Wales, and the USA.

Age-specific worldwide trends in cancer mortality were reviewed, with emphasis on cancer sites where increases have been reported in the USA. Cancer rates vary by factors as high as 30 between all countries, and 5-fold within and between industrialised countries. In Italy, Japan, Federal Republic of Germany, England and Wales, and the USA, patterns of cancer mortality have shifted uniformly over the past two decades. Stomach cancer continues to decline, while brain and other central-nervous-system cancer, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, kidney cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and melanoma have increased in persons aged 55 and older. Cancer of the lung is starting to decline for men under age 85 and women under age 60 in England and Wales and men under age 45 in the USA, but is still rising for men and women in other countries. All forms of cancer are increasing in persons over age 54 except lung and stomach (which together comprise between 20% and 43% of all cancer in males in these countries). Studies of the quality of ascertainment and enumeration indicate that these increases are not attributable solely to diagnostic artifacts or to increased access to health care, although both these factors may be involved. These recorded increases in cancer should be assessed in greater detail to provide better projections of health care needs and to identify causal factors that may be controlled. The changes in cancer other than lung are so great and rapid that their causes demand intensive investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Age incidence of meningococcal infection England and Wales, 1984-1991.

The age incidence of meningococcal infections occurring between 1984 and 1991 in England and Wales was determined from data submitted with isolates to the Meningococcal Reference Laboratory for England and Wales. The incidence was maximum at 6 months of age and thereafter declined sharply to the age of 4 years. It was followed by a small secondary peak at 17-18 years. There was a relative excess of group B infections in the early months of life and, although group B and group C infections both peaked at 6 months of age, the latter did not decline until after the age of 9 months. Certain strains of meningococci were more likely to be associated with disease in older children and young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The mortality of centenarians in England and Wales.

Vital statistics data previously published by the Registrar General of England and Wales have been separated into male and female deaths in 1960-69 aged 100, 1961-70 aged 101, 1962-71 aged 102 etc., to represent cohorts of 292 male and 1463 female centenarians born in 1859-1869. Mortality is fitted to age by the method of maximum likelihood. Estimated male mortality declines after age 103 and falls below that of females (who show no decline) at age 105. The cause of this non-Gompertzian tapering off in mortality is found to be selection due to variability in the males, which is more than sufficient to offset the biological effects of aging that nevertheless occur in each individual. Selection causes a reduction of 0.01 per year of age in mean male centenarian mortality rates in England and Wales.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

The expectation of life without disability in England and Wales.

This paper calculates the Expectation of Life Without Disability (ELWD) for England and Wales, following the method of Robine et al. (Population 6, 1025-1042, 1986), using a question about limiting long-standing illness from the General Household Survey. Trends over the last decade are estimated. At present ELWD from birth is about 59 years for men, 62 for women. The trend is upward, but by no more and possibly less than the rate of increase in expectation of life. Men live a greater proportion of their lives without disability than do women. The improvement in ELWD is most marked in the highest age-groups, but the evidence is that the health of the elderly in relation to that of the population as a whole has been poorer in England and Wales than in two other countries for which similar evidence is available.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1982

The prevalence of Gasterophilus intestinalis in horses in northern England and Wales.

The stomachs of 448 horses from northern England and Wales were examined for Gasterophilus larvae, and 237 (52.7%) were found to be infected with G. intestinalis. Larvae were present in stomachs examined during each month of the year except August. Second instar larvae occurred from September through February and third instars were present from November through July. Adult fly activity began in August as indicated by the presence of eggs on horses. The life-cycle of G. intestinalis in northern England and Wales is outlined from the data presented. The mean instar burdens were 15.7 second and 38.0 third instars, and more than 75% of the infections consisted of up to 50 larvae. Prevalence of infection and mean larval burdens declined with increasing age of host. Only one of 258 duodena examined was infected with G. nasalis and this horse originated from the south coast of England, outside of the catchment area of the other horses examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Rural in-migration in England and Wales, 1980-1981.

"A partially constrained Poisson regression model approach was used to examine 31,356 district-level flows into and between rural areas in England and Wales between 1980 and 1981.... The results suggest that military redeployment was of considerable importance in explaining the patterns of rural in-migration in England and Wales between 1980 and 1981. Little evidence of a major redistribution of population from the largest urban centres to the rural periphery was identified."

Demography↗
PubMed1995

Geographical and social class effects on asthma mortality in England and Wales.

To determine whether asthma mortality is influenced by geographical or social factors, a retrospective analysis of deaths from asthma in England and Wales between 1979-1987 was performed. Death rates in the 15 Regional Health Authority areas of England and Wales were stratified by sex, age group (0-4, 5-34, 35-64, and > 64 years), and occupational social class. Detailed analysis was restricted to subjects aged 5-64 years because adequate social class data was only available over this age range. Death rates were higher in manual occupational groups (social class IIIb-V) than in non-manual occupations (social class I-IIIa), but on further analysis this effect was confined to males aged 35-64 years. In younger subjects (5-34 years), mortality was higher in the south of the country, and this difference was significant in males (P < 0.05). In older subjects (35-64 years), mortality in both sexes was significantly higher in the north of the country. This study demonstrates that mortality is not evenly distributed between social classes or regions of the country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

HIV-related tuberculosis in England and Wales.

Numbers of tuberculosis notifications in England and Wales increased by 8% from 1987 to 1989. An analysis of notifications by age and sex has been undertaken to determine whether this increase has been due to an increase in young male adults, as has occurred in the USA, implying that HIV is largely responsible for the increase in notifications. Though notifications increased by 9.5% in younger males between 1987 and 1989 they also increased by over 10% amongst most age groups of females, and elderly males. These findings would suggest that there are a number of factors causing a rise in tuberculosis notifications, and that HIV is not yet directly implicated in England and Wales.

Adolescent↗