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PubMed2006

Synthesis, structure and fluorescent studies of novel uranium coordination polymers in the pyridinedicarboxylic acid system.

Self-assembly under hydrothermal conditions has been employed to synthesize several novel uranium-containing polymeric materials in the pyridinedicarboxylic acid (pydc) system. Uranium containing coordination polymers were synthesized utilizing 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (2,3-pydc), 2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (2,4-pydc) and 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (2,6-pydc) as the organic linker. Furthermore, several bimetallic compounds were also synthesized, U-M-2,6-pydc (M = Cu, Ag, Pb). A new secondary building unit for uranium(vi) compounds has also been realized in compound 4 [(UO(2))(2)(C(7)H(3)NO(4))(O)(H(2)O)] through tetramer building units edge shared to form one-dimensional chains. Presented herein will be the syntheses, crystal structures and fluorescent properties of these uranium-containing compounds.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Effectiveness of sodium 4,5-dihydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonate (Tiron) in protecting against uranium-induced developmental toxicity in mice.

The effect of Tiron (sodium 4,5-dihydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonate), a chelating agent used in the treatment of experimental poisoning by a number of heavy metals, on uranium-induced developmental toxicity was evaluated in Swiss mice. A series of four Tiron injections was administered intraperitoneally to pregnant mice immediately after a single subcutaneous injection of 4 mg/kg of uranyl acetate dihydrate given on day 10 of gestation and at 24, 48, and 72 h thereafter. Controls received 0.9% saline with or without uranyl acetate. Tiron effectiveness was assessed at 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg per day. Amelioration by Tiron of uranium-induced embryolethality was not noted at the two lower doses. The percentage of dead and resorbed fetuses in the Tiron-treated groups was not statistically different from that in the positive control group. However, treatment at 1500 mg/kg per day showed isolated protective effects against uranium fetotoxicity, such as that evidenced by the lack of differences in fetal body weight between this group and the uranium-untreated group, as well as by a decrease in the number of skeletal defects. According to these results, the ability of Tiron to protect the developing mouse fetus against uranium-induced developmental toxicity offers only modest encouragement with regard to its possible therapeutic potential for pregnant women exposed to this metal.

1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium ↗
PubMed1989

The developmental toxicity of uranium in mice.

To evaluate the developmental toxicity of uranium, 5 groups of 20 pregnant Swiss mice were given by gavage daily doses of 0, 5, 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg of uranyl acetate dihydrate on gestational days 6-15. Cesarean sections were performed on all females on gestation day 18. Fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities. The results indicated that such exposure resulted in maternal toxicity as evidenced by reduced weight gain and food consumption during treatment, and increased relative liver weight. There were no treatment-related effects on the number of implantation sites per dam, or on the incidence of postimplantation loss (resorptions plus dead fetuses). The number of live fetuses per litter and the fetal sex ratio were not affected by the treatment. However, dose-related fetal toxicity, consisting primarily of reduced fetal body weight and body length, and an increased incidence of abnormalities was observed. Malformations (cleft palate, bipartite sternebrae) and developmental variations (reduced ossification and unossified skeletal variations) were noted at the 25 and 50 mg/kg per day test levels. Therefore, administration of uranyl acetate dihydrate during organogenesis in mice produced maternal toxicity at 5, 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg per day. The "no observable effect level" (NOEL) for fetotoxicity including teratogenicity was below 5 mg/kg per day, as some anomalies were observed at this dose. There was no evidence of embryolethality at any dosage level used in this study.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2000

Catalysis of the addition of benzenethiol to 2-cyclohexen-1-ones by uranyl-salophen complexes: a catalytic metallocleft with high substrate specificity.

The base induced addition of benzenethiol to 2-cyclohexen-1-one and its 4,4-, 5,5- and 6,6-dimethyl derivatives is catalysed by a salophen-uranyl based metallocleft 2 in chloroform solution with high turnover efficiency and low product inhibition. Analysis of rate data coupled with equilibrium measurements for complexation of the catalyst with the enone reactants and addition products shows that the catalytic mechanism involves the three main steps typical of single-substrate enzymatic processes, namely substrate binding and recognition, transformation of the bound substrate, and release of the reaction product. Unlike the reference salophen-uranyl 1, catalyst 2 is endowed with a structured binding site responsible for a high degree of substrate specificity among the investigated enones, due to recognition of their shape and size.

Antinematodal Agents↗
PubMed1984

Glomerular alterations in uranyl acetate-induced acute renal failure in rabbits.

The study was performed to elucidate the progression and regression of superficial and inner glomerular alterations in uranyl acetate-induced renal failure in rabbits. Fifteen hours after the drug injection, creatinine clearance (CCr) decreased to 55% of controls with slightly elevated plasma creatinine concentration (initiation stage). After 5 days, urine flow and CCr decreased to approximately zero, with severe azotemia (maintenance stage). Scanning electron microscopic observations in these stages revealed a flattening and spreading of podocyte cell bodies associated with loss of epithelial foot processes, and reduction in the density of endothelial fenestrae. These changes were more advanced in the maintenance stage. Glomerular and fenestral diameters did not significantly change in the initiation stage but increased in the maintenance stage. There was no significant difference in these morphologic alterations, however, between the superficial and inner glomeruli. Glomerular alterations reverted to normal within 14 days, with good recovery of glomerular function. The findings show no significant difference in the progression or regression of the glomerular changes between the superficial and deep cortex. These morphologic changes may play a role in the reduction of CCr observed in this model.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1971

Structure of soncanavalin A at 4 A resolution.

Concanavalin A, a phytohemagglutinin isolated from the jack bean, crystallizes at pH 6.8 in the orthorhombic space group 1222 with a = 89.9, b = 87.2, and c = 63.1 A. We have analyzed x-ray diffraction intensity data to 4 A resolution on native concanavalin A and five heavy-metal derivatives: lead, mersalyl, chloroplatinate, uranyl, and o-mercuri-p-nitrophenol. Heavy-atom positions, occupancies, and isotropic thermal parameters have been refined by least-squares methods. The electron density maps clearly show the molecular shape and the packing of the concanavalin A molecules. The asymmetric unit (mol wt 27,000) forms an elliptical dome or "gumdrop" with a base of approximately 46 x 26 A and a height of 42 A. The subunits are paired across 2-fold axes parallel to the c-axis to form dimers. The dimers are in turn paired across points of D(2) symmetry to form tetramers of roughly tetrahedral shape. Each unit has a depression located on the surface which could be the site of saccharide binding. In many regions we have been able to trace the course of the polypeptide chain.

Concanavalin A↗
PubMed2002

Choice of alpha-probe operating voltage to suit a wide range of conditions.

Alpha probes, consisting of a ZnS(Ag) scintillator and a photo-multiplier tube, are commonly used throughout the nuclear industry for radiation protection and clearance of materials during decommissioning. The success in achieving these purposes is dependent on a number of factors including the counting efficiency of the probe, the condition of the material being monitored, the speed of monitoring and the distance between the probe and material. The efficiency of the probe is dependent on the operating voltage and is the only factor that is under the control of the calibration facility. As the calibration laboratory may not be aware of the specific environment in which the probe will be used, an operating voltage to suite a wide range of conditions must be chosen. In the past, it has frequently been assumed that it is necessary to set as high an operating voltage as possible in order to maximise the counting efficiency to low-energy alpha particles. However, the response to gamma rays, particularly those having low energies, also increases with operating voltage and will therefore limit the upper operating voltage that can be set. The efficiency of a scintillation-type probe (NE Technology AP2) in measuring contamination levels on a number of typical surfaces using different operating voltages has been investigated. It has been found that the surface characteristics of the material being monitored have far more effect on the results of alpha monitoring than the choice of operating voltage. Thus the calibration laboratory can set the operating voltage below the level at which there is a risk of response to low-energy gamma rays without significantly affecting the overall counting efficiency for low-energy alpha particles.

Alpha Particles↗
PubMed2002

An ion pair formed by protonated Fe(cp*py)2 and the octanuclear cluster U8Cl24O4(cp*py)2 [cp*py is tetramethyl-5-(2-pyridyl)cyclopentadiene].

In bis[1,1',2,2',3,3',4,4'-octamethyl-5-(2-pyridinio)-5'-(2-pyridyl)ferrocene] di-mu(3)-chloro-hexadeca-mu(2)-chloro-hexachlorodi-mu(4)-oxo-di-mu(3)-oxo-bis[(eta(5),kappaN)-1,2,3,4-tetramethyl-5-(2-pyridyl)cyclopentadienyl]octauranium(IV) dichloromethane tetrasolvate, [Fe(C(14)H(17)N)(C(14)H(16)N)](2)[U(8)Cl(24)O(4)(C(14)H(16)N)(2)].4CH(2)Cl(2), (I), two protonated Fe(cp*py)(2) units [cp*py is tetramethyl-5-(2-pyridyl)cyclopentadiene] form an ion pair with the dianionic centrosymmetric cluster U(8)Cl(24)O(4)(cp*py)(2). The latter is the highest nuclearity assemblage in the chemistry of uranium (non-uranyl) compounds reported to date.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

The genome sequence of the obligately chemolithoautotrophic, facultatively anaerobic bacterium Thiobacillus denitrificans.

The complete genome sequence of Thiobacillus denitrificans ATCC 25259 is the first to become available for an obligately chemolithoautotrophic, sulfur-compound-oxidizing, beta-proteobacterium. Analysis of the 2,909,809-bp genome will facilitate our molecular and biochemical understanding of the unusual metabolic repertoire of this bacterium, including its ability to couple denitrification to sulfur-compound oxidation, to catalyze anaerobic, nitrate-dependent oxidation of Fe(II) and U(IV), and to oxidize mineral electron donors. Notable genomic features include (i) genes encoding c-type cytochromes totaling 1 to 2 percent of the genome, which is a proportion greater than for almost all bacterial and archaeal species sequenced to date, (ii) genes encoding two [NiFe]hydrogenases, which is particularly significant because no information on hydrogenases has previously been reported for T. denitrificans and hydrogen oxidation appears to be critical for anaerobic U(IV) oxidation by this species, (iii) a diverse complement of more than 50 genes associated with sulfur-compound oxidation (including sox genes, dsr genes, and genes associated with the AMP-dependent oxidation of sulfite to sulfate), some of which occur in multiple (up to eight) copies, (iv) a relatively large number of genes associated with inorganic ion transport and heavy metal resistance, and (v) a paucity of genes encoding organic-compound transporters, commensurate with obligate chemolithoautotrophy. Ultimately, the genome sequence of T. denitrificans will enable elucidation of the mechanisms of aerobic and anaerobic sulfur-compound oxidation by beta-proteobacteria and will help reveal the molecular basis of this organism's role in major biogeochemical cycles (i.e., those involving sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon) and groundwater restoration.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1980

Overestimation of glucose in uranyl acetate-treated samples: modification of the deproteinization method.

It is demonstrated that uranyl ions remaining in deproteinized supernatants of blood, serum, or liquor cerebrospinalis lead to falsely elevated glucose values by forming insoluble precipitates of uranyl phosphate. Furthermore, glucose is overestimated in hemolytic blood samples because of the UV-absorption of incompletely precipitated hemoglobin. A modified deproteinization method is recommended which overcomes these problems: the specimen volume is reduced to one half of the usual volume (0.05 instead of 0.1 ml) and excess uranyl ions are removed from the deproteinized supernatant by precipitation as uranyl phosphate, using phosphate-coated tubes. The supernatant obtained after centrifugation is free of uranyl ions and hemoglobin. Therefore, a sample blank may be omitted.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1983

An ultrastructural evaluation of the cell organelle specificity of the uranaffin reaction in two human endocrine neoplasms.

The organelle specificity of the uranaffin reaction was determined by subjecting two human neoplasms (a pheochromocytoma and islet cell carcinoma) to four different experimental conditions. In Uranaffin Procedure (UP) I, fixed tissue was immersed in 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) before reacting with 4% uranyl acetate (pH 3.9) for 24 hours. In UP II, the tissue was prepared as in UP I with the exception that the tissue was immersed in uranyl acetate for 48 hours. In UP III, fixed tissue was prepared as in UP I with the exception that tissue was immersed in 0.1M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.2) instead of 0.9% NaCl. In UP IV, fixed tissue was prepared as in UP III with the exception that the tissue was immersed in uranyl acetate for 48 hours instead of 24 hours. When UPs I and II were utilized, only three cell organelles showed electron-dense reactivity: the nucleus, ribosomes, and cytoplasmic neurosecretory-like granules. In the nucleus, the nuclear chromatin, nucleolus, interchromatinic granules and perichromatinic granules were intensely stained. The reaction product in all of the uranaffin-positive organelles had a finely granular appearance. When fixed tissue was immersed in cacodylate buffer instead of isotonic saline, a non-specific reactivity was observed. The reaction product in some areas had a distinct crystalline appearance and filled some areas of the cytosol, the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the perinuclear cisternae, the nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, neurosecretory-like granules and larger lysosome-like bodies. There was a statistically significant (p less than 0.05) increase in the number of uranaffin-positive granules/mu2 when both endocrine neoplasms were reacted with uranyl acetate for 48 hours instead of 24 hours. The increase in uranaffin-positive granules using UP II did not result in an increase in non-specificity of the staining reaction.

Adenoma, Islet Cell↗
PubMed1998

Assessment of physico-chemical and biokinetic properties of uranium peroxide hydrate UO4.

Comprehensive studies on the radiotoxicological risk of an intermediate compound UO4, which is not specified in ICRP Recommendations, were motivated by its increased use in the nuclear fuel cycle and the lack of information such as physico-chemical and biokinetic properties. The aim of this work was to give an experimental basis for assessing the appropriate limits on intake for workers exposed to UO4 and to provide guidance for the interpretation of personal monitoring data. Particle size measurement of the UO4 dust indicated a geometric diameter D of 0.5 microm, which corresponds to an activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) of 1.1 microm. In vitro experiments conducted in culture medium showed that UO4 is a soluble compound with 66.2% dissolved in 1.9 d and 33.8% in 78 d. Results of dissolution obtained with macrophages showed a significant decrease of 50% at 1 d in terms of solubility. Biokinetic data in the rat obtained from two in vivo studies involving intratracheal instillation in rats indicated half-times in the lung of 0.5 d (96.6%) and 27 d (3.4%) for an initial lung deposit (ILD) of 195 microg, and 1.2 d (90.3%) and 38 d (9.7%) for an ILD of 7.6 microg. Absorption parameters to blood as defined in the ICRP Publication 66 human respiratory tract model were calculated with the specific software GIGAFIT and led to the rapid fraction fr (0.800 to 0.873), the rapid rate sr (0.525 to 0.928 d(-1)), and the slow rate ss (1.57 x 10(-2) to 2.42 x 10(-3) d(-1)). Effective dose coefficients by inhalation for this UO4 compound using the in vivo experimental results were calculated to be between 0.52 and 0.70 x 10(-6) Sv Bq(-1). Comparison of these values with effective dose coefficients defined in ICRP Publication 68 for workers showed that UO4 could be considered as a fast soluble compound of Type F.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Syntheses, structures and fluorescent properties of two novel coordination polymers in the U-Cu-H3pdc system.

Two novel coordination polymers, UO2(C5H2N2O4)(H2O) (1) and (UO2)Cu(C5H2N2O4)2(H2O)2 (2), have been prepared by the hydrothermal reaction of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate [(UO2(NO3)2.6H2O], 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid (H3pdc) and copper(II) nitrate hemipentahydrate (Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O) and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Compound 1 (monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a=6.9556(6)A, b=11.302(1)A, c= 10.5288(9)A, beta=90.057(2) degrees and Z=4) consists of a two-dimensional sheet containing uranyl hexagonal bipyramids. Compound 2 (triclinic, P-1, a=5.1014(7)A, b=7.6067(11)A, c=10.2910(15)A, alpha=72.380(3) degrees, beta=86.796(3) degrees, gamma=84.447(3) degrees and Z=1) consists of two-dimensional sheets. Both structures contain the linear UO2(2+) moiety and have extended networks built up from the H3pdc ligand. Compound 1 exhibits the characteristic UO(2)2+ emission spectra when it is excited at the ligand or uranium excitation wavelength. With the addition of the copper metal center in compound 2, the uranium emission is absent regardless of the excitation wavelength.

Journal Article↗