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PubMed2000

Chronic Drug Use and Crime.

This paper used bivariate and multivariate analyses to estimate the relationships between chronic drug use and various measures of criminal activity. The data for these analyses were derived from the 1993 (1) and 1995 (2) National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). Measures of criminal justice system contact and criminal activity included ever arrested, arrested during the previous year, commission of a predatory crime (e.g., assault, fighting) during the previous year, and commission of a property crime (e.g., theft, property damage, car theft, breaking and entering) during the previous year. The analysis was conducted separately for males, females, and age groups, and it distinguished between chronic drug users, nonchronic drug users, and nondrug users. The results consistently showed a significant linear relationship between criminal activity and frequency of drug use. These findings have implications regarding the potential reduction in predatory and property crime that could occur from a decrease in drug use. Significant differences in criminal behavior between chronic drug users and other cohorts may signal a critical need to develop targeted interventions for this particular type of drug user.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

The impact of the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC) on crime.

The current study aimed to model the effect of Australia's first Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC) on acquisitive crime and loitering by drug users and dealers. The effect of the MSIC on drug-related property and violent crime was examined by conducting time series analysis of police-recorded trends in theft and robbery incidents, respectively. The effect of the MSIC on drug use and dealing was examined by (a) time series analysis of a special proxy measure of drug-related loitering; (b) interviewing key informants; and (c) examining trends in the proportion of Sydney drug offences that were recorded in Kings Cross. There was no evidence that the MSIC trial led to either an increase or decrease in theft or robbery incidents. There was also no evidence that the MSIC led to an increase in 'drug-related' loitering at the front of the MSIC after it opened, although there was a small increase in 'total' loitering (by 1.2 persons per occasion of observation). Trends in both 'drug-related' and 'total' loitering at the front of the MSIC steadily declined to baseline levels, or below, after it opened. There was a very small but sustained increase in 'drug-related' (0.09 persons per count) and 'total' loitering (0.37 persons per count) at the back of the MSIC after it opened. Key informant interviews noted an increase in loitering across the road from the MSIC but this was not attributed to an influx of new users and dealers to the area. There was no increase in the proportion of drug use or drug supply offences committed in Kings Cross that could be attributed to the opening of the MSIC. These results suggest that setting up an MSIC does not necessarily lead to an increase in drug-related problems of crime and public loitering.

Australia↗
PubMed2004

Personal assistance providers' mistreatment of disabled adults.

This article describes a survey of 84 adults with disabilities who received personal assistance with activities of daily living from family members, informal providers, or agency personnel. Results showed that 30 percent reported mistreatment from their primary provider, and 61 percent reported mistreatment by another provider. Verbal abuse, physical abuse, and theft or extortion were the most common forms of mistreatment by primary providers. Verbal abuse, neglect, poor care, and theft were the most common forms of mistreatment by other providers. Adults with lower incomes were the most likely to experience mistreatment. Male providers were more likely to mistreat, as were providers who were inexperienced and who provided more than 50 hours of care per week.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Cache protection strategies by western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica): hiding food in the shade.

In the presence of conspecifics, food-caching western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) implement a variety of strategies to reduce the chances of cache theft. This experiment aimed to determine whether the jays could exploit an environmental variable, the level of ambient light, to reduce the transfer of visual information to potential pilferers. Each jay was allowed to cache non-degradable food in two trays, one of which was well lit, whereas the other was in shadow. In some trials the birds cached in private and in others they were observed; however, they always recovered their caches in private. When observed the jays preferentially cached in the shaded tray, whereas both trays were used equally when caching in private. By caching in shaded sites, the quality and transfer of visual information available to the observer may be reduced, thereby making the location of cache sites less certain. These results suggest that western scrub-jays may selectively cache in the shade as a strategy to reduce the chance of cache theft by observing conspecifics.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Use of insecticide-impregnated targets for the control of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) and trypanosomiasis occurring in cattle in an area of south-west Ethiopia with a high prevalence of drug-resistant trypanosomes.

In the Ghibe valley, south-west Ethiopia, a tsetse control trial using deltamethrin-impregnated targets was started in May 1990. The mean relative density of the main vector, Glossina pallidipes, fell from 2.1 flies per trap per day in the 12 months prior to introduction of tsetse control to 0.41 flies per trap per day in the 12 months after tsetse control was initiated. The annual mean prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense infections in cattle fell from 32% in the 2 years before tsetse control to 13% in the 2 years following deployment of targets. The largest reduction occurred in the first quarter of 1991 when the mean monthly trypanosome prevalence was 5%. There was also a decrease of approximately 75% in the estimated rate of relapse of trypanosome infections in cattle after treatment with diminazene aceturate. However, in June 1991, socio-political disturbances occurred in Ethiopia and were associated with substantial thefts of targets. Following these thefts, the mean relative density of G. pallidipes rose from 0.41 flies per trap per day in the period May 1990-April 1991, to 1.29 flies per trap per day in the period April 1992-March 1993. Associated with this rise, the mean trypanosome prevalence in cattle increased from 13% in the period May 1991-April 1992 to 28% in the period May 1992-April 1993. This was similar to the mean trypanosome prevalence in cattle during the pre-control period. Thus, while effective tsetse control methods can be used to reduce the transmission of trypanosomes their long-term impact is dependent on their sustainability.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A macro-economic framework for evaluation of cyber security risks related to protection of intellectual property.

The article is based on the premise that, from a macro-economic viewpoint, cyber attacks with long-lasting effects are the most economically significant, and as a result require more attention than attacks with short-lasting effects that have historically been more represented in literature. In particular, the article deals with evaluation of cyber security risks related to one type of attack with long-lasting effects, namely, theft of intellectual property (IP) by foreign perpetrators. An International Consequence Analysis Framework is presented to determine (1) the potential macro-economic consequences of cyber attacks that result in stolen IP from companies in the United States, and (2) the likely sources of such attacks. The framework presented focuses on IP theft that enables foreign companies to make economic gains that would have otherwise benefited the U.S. economy. Initial results are presented.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

Food sharing among captive Leontopithecus rosalia.

Captive L. rosalia were observed to exchange food routinely in family groups, a process varying from donation to theft. Donation involved the use of 'invitational' signals which operated most efficiently in parent-infant sharing and in donating live prey. Food moved, by sharing and theft, toward: (a) males prior to the female's first conception; (b) females during late pregnancy; (c) carriers of infants; (d) weanlings; (e) juveniles when infants died; (f) third animals in trios, regardless of their age and relatedness to the pair. Successful reproduction, a complex behavior involving all group members in cooperative infant care and provisioning, is probably enhanced by captive L. rosalia's food-sharing habits.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Involvement with the criminal justice system among new clients at outpatient mental health agencies.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed involvement with the criminal justice system among new clients of community mental health centers and self-help agencies in order to determine the characteristics and service needs of this population. Such information has implications for improving the care available for persons with mental illness who have been involved with the criminal justice system. METHODS: Interview assessments and criminal records were obtained for 673 new clients of 21 outpatient mental health agencies. Descriptive statistics, chi square tests, and multivariate analysis of variance were used to describe these new help-seekers and their involvement with the criminal justice system. RESULTS: A total of 303 study participants (45 percent) had at least one contact with the criminal justice system before arriving at the agency, with an approximately equal percentage at community mental health centers and self-help agencies. The mean+/-SD number of contacts with the criminal justice system was 7.81+/-9.12. A total of 240 individuals (36 percent) had at least one criminal conviction, including 128 (19 percent) with a felony conviction. Common charges and convictions included petty theft, assault and battery, felony theft, narcotics offenses, and misdemeanor drug offenses. Clients who had been involved with the criminal justice system were more likely to be homeless, to have drug dependence, to have greater psychological disability, and to have less personal empowerment than other clients. CONCLUSIONS: The population overlap between the mental health system and criminal justice system and the multiple problems facing criminally involved clients argues for greater collaboration between the two systems and a comprehensive package of services to meet the multiple needs of this population. The equal distribution of these individuals and similar offense patterns at both types of agencies necessitates further consideration of the role that nontraditional service providers have in serving individuals with a history of involvement with the criminal justice system.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Primary source of income is associated with differences in HIV risk behaviors in street-recruited samples.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between primary source of income and HIV risk behaviors and the racial/ethnic differences in risk behavior profiles among disadvantaged populations have not been fully explored. This is unusual given that the phenomenon of higher risk in more disadvantaged populations is well-known but the mechanisms remain unclear. We examined the relationship between primary source of income and differences in HIV risk behaviors among four racial/ethnic groups in the southern United States. METHODS: Self-reported data on primary source of income and HIV risk behaviors were collected from 1494 African American, Hispanic, Asian, and White men and women in places of public congregation in Houston, Texas. Data were analyzed using calculation of percentages and by chi-square tests with Yates correction for discontinuity where appropriate. RESULTS: Data revealed that a higher proportion of whites were involved in sex for money exchanges compared to the other racial groups in this sample. The data suggest that similar street sampling approaches are likely to recruit different proportions of people by primary income source and by ethnicity. It may be that the study locations sampled are likely to preferentially attract those involved in illegal activities, specifically the white population involved in sex for drug or money exchanges. Research evidence has shown that people construct highly evolved sexual marketplaces that are localized and most unlikely to cross racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic or geographical boundaries. Thus, the areas that we sampled may have straddled a white sexual marketplace more than that of the other groups, leading to an over-representation of sex exchange in this group. Drug use was highest among those with illegal primary sources of income (sex exchange and drug dealing and theft), and they were also those most likely to have injected drugs rather than administered them by any other route (p < 0.001). In addition, bisexual or homosexual identification was reported by more respondents in the sex exchange as primary source of income category. The number of sexual partners in the last three months followed a similar pattern, with those whose primary source of income was drug dealing or theft reporting relatively high partner numbers. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that social disadvantage is associated with HIV risk in part by its association with drug and sex work for survival, and offers one variable that may be associated with the concentration of disease among those at greatest disadvantage by having an illegal and unstable primary income source.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. I: Disorders of thought content.

In a sample of 178 subjects with Alzheimer's disease, diagnosed by clinical criteria (NINCDS/ADRDA), delusions had occurred in 16% of the sample since the onset of the illness and been present within the last 12 months in 11%. Simple delusions of theft and suspicion were the most common types and a greater proportion of men suffered delusions of theft. Subjects with other types of delusion had relatively well preserved lateral ventricular size and basal ganglia calcification. Twenty per cent of the group had experienced persecutory ideation short of delusions since the onset of the illness. Cognitive function at entry to the study and cognitive deterioration over the succeeding 12 months was not influenced by the presence of disorders of thought content.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Age and gender differences and predictors of victimization of the older homeless.

Using data from the National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients (NSHAPC) and an application of Felson's Routine Activities Theory, this paper examines gender and age differences in victimization experiences of a sample of more than 4,200 homeless and near-homeless people, mostly adults. Results suggest that there are no differences in victimization experience by homelessness status and that the negative relationship between age and victimization rates found in the general population is also found in the homeless population. However, the relationship is relatively weak and erratic, suggesting that homeless older adults who are at least 50 years old are at increased risk of becoming victims, a finding consistent with Routine Activities Theory. In addition, similar to research with other populations, younger homeless males are statistically more likely to report being victims of theft and physical assault while females of all ages are more likely to report being victims of sexual assault. However, for older homeless adults, the gender difference in likelihood of victimization disappears. Perhaps because older homeless women are labeled as easy targets, they were equally as likely as men to be victims of physical assault and theft in old age. This is also consistent with Routine Activities Theory.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Spontaneous language production and aging: sex and educational effects.

Sex and educational level effects on spontaneous language production at different ages were analyzed in a 180-normal subject sample taken from the general population. Subjects were divided into groups according to three variables: (1) age (16-30, 31-50, and 51-65 years), (2) educational level (3-7, 8-12 and more than 12 years of formal educational), and (3) sex (males and females) with 10 subjects in each cell. The oral description of the Plate #1 ("The Cookie Theft") from the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (Goodglass & Kaplan, 1972) was selected. Number of nouns, verbs, adjectives and grammatical connectors were scored for each subject's picture description. It was concluded that: (1) the ratio among different phrase elements was very uniform across age, educational level and sex groups; (2) the total number of words used to describe the "The Cookie Theft" picture significantly increased with the subject's educational level; (3) the amount of spontaneous language in general decreased with age; however, a significant interaction-effect between age and sex was observed. A steady and pronounced spontaneous language decrease across age-groups was observed in males. However, only mild differences across age-groups were observed in female subjects. It was hypothetized that language changes during aging are strongly sex-dependent: while in men spontaneous language rapidly decreases with aging, in women spontaneous language production remains quite well-preserved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effects of outside issues on the comparison question test.

In the present study, the authors examined the effects of outside issues on the validity of the Comparison Question Test in a laboratory mock-crime paradigm. In a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, 192 participants either did or did not commit (a) a mock theft of a dollar (about which they were tested), or (b) a mock theft of dollars 20 (the outside issue); and they either were or were not asked questions about an outside issue. The presence of the outside issue had a strong differential impact on the participants who were innocent of the tested issue, and it dramatically moved their scores toward deception. The impact of an outside issue on the guilty was minimal. Test questions about possible outside issues were ineffective in detecting the presence of the outside issue, but they did function as comparison questions. The results have implications for understanding the high rate of false positive outcomes in some studies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Crime in hospitals 1995--the latest IAHSS survey.

Overall crime in hospitals participating in the tenth annual IAHSS survey increased by 7% in 1995 versus 1994. On a per-hospital basis, five crime categories showed increases--murder, suicide, physical assault, sexual assault, and theft (except auto). Six categories showed decreases--robbery, arson, burglary, auto thefts, bomb threats, and vandalism. While crime in urban/suburban hospitals in 1995 leveled off after a sharp increase reported for 1994 over 1993, rural hospitals showed a 9% increase in crime in 1995 over the previous year. The 1995 crime rate was 11% higher than the preceding eight-year average, with physical assault 36% higher than the eight-year average, and sexual assault 88% higher on a per-hospital basis. Some 38 Tables and Graphs are included.

Canada↗
PubMed2000

Characteristics of mentally retarded criminal offenders in Northern Taiwan.

The characteristics and criminal behavior in mentally retarded individuals remain largely unstudied. This retrospective study sought to establish a set of reference of criminal behavior characteristics in an ethnic Chinese mentally retarded group. Data were collected from forensic psychiatric evaluation of 32 mentally retarded offenders. Of the 32 offenders, only four (12.5%) cases were female. Mean age at the time of the offenses was 31. By IQ testing, 23 (71.9%) of the group fell into the mild mental retardation range, seven (21.9%) into the moderate mental retardation range, and two (6.2%) into the severe mental retardation range. Nineteen (59.3%) of the group also suffered from additional mental disorder. Eight (25%) had definite neurological deficit. Fourteen (43.8%) were repeat offenders. A total of 24 (75%) of the offenders had committed crimes against property, with 13 having committed petty theft. Furthermore, the pattern of offending shows differences from that of the general population or other mental disorders. The property offenses, especially petty theft and arson, were frequently seen. There was no noteworthy above average frequency of sexual offenses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The 2002 IAHSS survey--crime in hospitals.

The 2002 IAHSS crime survey reverses a decade-long trend that generally reported declines in property crimes. In 2002, three of the four property crime categories--burglary, larceny theft, motor vehicle theft--showed increases amounting to a 20% growth in reported crimes per hospital over 2001. There was also a 20% increase in vandalism per hospital reported. Violent crime categories, however, while showing slight decreases, continued the 10-year pattern of minimum change, either upward or downward.

Crime↗
PubMed2005

[New therapeutic strategies for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia].

Interventional studies, with the aim of reducing the burden of care through drug or non-drug therapies of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), have been scarce. However, we are now able to do pharmacological management for BPSD with new drugs such as atypical neuroleptics, SSRIs, and cholinesterase inhibitors. Delusions of theft are one of the most frequently observed BPSD in patients with AD. In addition, the delusions and ensuing aggression and anxiety are major factors that increase the burden of caregivers. Delusions of theft in patients with AD were eliminated or reduced with low-dose atypical neuroleptics (risperidone). This significantly reduced the burden of care overall for caregivers. New therapeutic strategies such as cholinesterase inhibitors for visual hallucinations in DLB and SSRIs for overeating and stereotyped behavior in FTLD might also remarkably reduce the burden of care for these patients. For many dementia patients, there are still no drugs that offer a principal cure. It is, therefore, important to evaluate their BPSD correctly at the earliest possible time, so that the burden of caring can be reduced through appropriate drug treatment. This reduction is critical for the continuation of satisfactory at-home care and might contribute to the health economics.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2005

The 2003 IAHSS survey--crime in hospitals.

Data in the 2003 IAHSS crime survey reverted to the decade-long trend of declines in property crimes. In the 2002 survey, three of four property crime categories--Burglary, Larceny, Theft, and Motor Vehicle Theft--had shown increases. In 2003, violent crimes in hospitals continued a 10-year pattern of minimum change with one category--Simple Assaults--registering a consistent increase in reported incidents.

Crime↗