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PubMed2001

Changes in masticatory muscle activity according to food size in experimental human mastication.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in masticatory muscle activity according to food size in human mastication. Sixteen subjects performed deliberate unilateral chewing of similarly cone shaped hard gummy jellies weighing 5 and 10 g. The masseter and anterior temporal muscle activity on both sides was recorded for the first 10 strokes. The normalized muscle activity during the chewing of the 10 g jelly was significantly higher than that of the 5-g jelly, and there was a considerably high significant correlationship between the muscle activity during the chewing of the 10- and 5-g jellies in each muscle on each side. The 10 g/5 g jelly ratio for the masseter muscle activity on the non-chewing side almost coincided with the theoretical energy ratio required to shear, although that of the chewing side was lower than the ratio. The 10 g/5 g jelly ratio for the temporal muscle activity on both sides almost coincided with the food height ratio. The results suggest that anterior temporal and masseter muscle activity changes according to the rate of change in the height of hard coherent food bolus and food resistance required to shear, respectively, during mastication.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Reconstruction of the maxilla with a double musculoperiosteal flap in connection with a composite calvarial bone graft.

A new technique is shown for a one-stage reconstruction of the mucosa of the floors of the nose and maxillary sinus, the bone structures of the maxilla and the hard palate, as well as the mucosal layers of the hard and soft palates and vestibulum. To accomplish this coverage, a vascularized calvarial bone graft with temporal muscle from one side is combined with a vascularized temporal muscle flap from the other side to achieve a three-layer "sandwich" plasty. The advantage of this procedure is reconstruction of the complete maxillary defect with the possibility of denture rehabilitation and the avoidance of oronasal fenestration. Besides the possible complication of insufficient vascularization of the bone and muscle grafts, the donor defect in the calvarial bone and the missing muscle for mastication are to be considered.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

[A case of pure trigeminal motor neuropathy].

A 38-year-old man suffering from pure trigeminal motor neuropathy was admitted with a complaint of occipitalgia. Neurological examination showed severe wasting of the left masseter muscle on chewing. The jaw deviated to the left when he opened his mouth. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was normal. The CT scan demonstrated a low density area in the left masseter, temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid muscles. On MRI, the lesion of the left masseter, temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid muscles showed high intensity of T1 and T2 weighted images. The cervical MRI revealed the non-communicating syringomyelia. Blink reflex, auditory brainstem response and trigeminal sensory evoked potentials were normal. EMG findings from the left masseter showed a neurogenic pattern. Muscle biopsy of the left temporal muscle demonstrated only fibroadipose tissue. Therefore, the present case was diagnosed as pure trigeminal motor neuropathy. It was suggested that multiple sclerosis might play an important role in the pathogenesis of this illness.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A quantitative electromyographic analysis of masticatory muscle activity in usual daily life.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate whether a quantitative electromyographic (EMG) analysis with a special reference to the EMG amplitude at 98N bite force could reduce the influence of electrode relocation and to examine the reproducibility of masticatory muscle activity in usual daily life within individuals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In the first experiment, two sessions of surface EMG recording for masseter and anterior temporal muscles during tapping, and chewing gum and marshmallow were performed for 10 subjects with an interval of at least 1 week with electrode relocation. In the second experiment, two sessions of EMG recording during daytime (142 min, including mealtime) and sleep (142 min) were carried out for 10 subjects with an interval of at least 1 week. The average rectified EMG values were normalised with a special reference to the EMG amplitude induced by a 98N bite force. RESULTS: In the first experiment, high correlation coefficients and no significant differences in the mean normalised values of muscle activity were found between two sessions. Although the average rectified values showed high correlation coefficients, the mean masseter muscle activity while chewing gum was significantly different between two sessions. In addition, the variation in temporal muscle activity between two sessions while chewing gum was significantly smaller in the normalised values than in the average rectified ones. In the second experiment, less intra-individual variation in the normalised values of masticatory muscle activity between two sessions indicated the reproducibility. Normalised masticatory muscle activity showed less variation during mealtimes than during usual daytime and sleep. CONCLUSIONS: This quantitative EMG analysis could estimate the masticatory muscle activity by reducing the influences of electrode relocation, demonstrating an availability of this analysis for the evaluation of masticatory muscle activity in usual daily life.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1979

Muscle spindle supply to the masticatory muscles in the Japane ermine (Carnivora).

Histological examination of the jaw muscles of the Japanese ermine showed that 4 jaw-closing muscles have 13 muscle spindles on one side of the face. The temporal muscle has 99 muscle spindles, 68 being in the anterior vertical and 31 in the posterior horizontal belly. The masseter muscle has 33 muscle spindles, 23 being in the profound and 10 in the superficial belly. The medial pterygoid muscle has 7 muscle spindles and the zygomaticomandibular muscle contains 4 muscle spindles. The lateral pterygoid and the jaw-opening muscles have no spindles.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Facial morphology and activity of temporal and lip muscles during swallowing and chewing.

The correlations between facial and bite morphology and the activity in the temporal muscle and in the musculature of the lip during swallowing and chewing were studied in 50 girls, aged 9-13 years. The activity was recorded electromyographically by determining the maximal mean voltage amplitude and morphologically by analysis of profile roentgenograms and dental casts. The activity in the lower lip during the swallowing was not correlated with any of the variables of the facial morphology with the exception of the width of the upper dental arch. On the other hand, the activity of the upper lip during swallowing, as in the anterior and posterior portions of the temporal muscle, was correlated with a number of variables used for measuring facial form. The activity was low in girls with a facial shape with anterior inclination of the maxilla and mandible, small face height, and pronounced prognathism. The activity in the upper lip during chewing varied, as in the lower lip, independently of facial form, while the activity of the temporal muscle during chewing showed the same relation to facial form as during swallowing. The number of chewing cycles required for trituration of the test media (apples and peanuts) was negatively correlated with the number of teeth and with age. This was interpreted as adaptation in such a way that the number of cycles decreased with development of the dentition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Accentuated temporal line on the frontal skull radiograph: a sign of hyperparathyroidism.

PURPOSE: To determine the importance of a temporal line (the marginal line for the attachment of the temporal muscle to the skull) that is accentuated on frontal skull radiographs of hyperparathyroid patients owing to subligamentous bone resorption under the temporal muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Radiographs from skeletal surveys of 134 surgically treated patients with primary (n = 102) or secondary (n = 32) hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and frontal skull radiographs of 63 age-matched control patients were reviewed. RESULTS: An accentuated temporal line was the most frequent finding (29.4% of cases) in primary HPT, followed by subperiosteal bone resorption in the hand (8.6%), salt-and-pepper appearance of the skull (3.5%), and rugger-jersey spine (1.1%). In secondary HPT, an accentuated temporal line became less obvious as subperiosteal bone resorption advanced. This finding was not seen in the control group. CONCLUSION: An accentuated temporal line is another radiographic indication of bone resorption in HPT.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Enhanced brain angiogenesis in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion after administration of plasmid human vascular endothelial growth factor in combination with indirect vasoreconstructive surgery.

OBJECT: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a secreted mitogen associated with angiogenesis. The conceptual basis for therapeutic angiogenesis after plasmid human VEGF gene (phVEGF) transfer has been established in patients presenting with limb ischemia and myocardial infarction. The authors hypothesized that overexpression of VEGF using a gene transfer method combined with indirect vasoreconstruction might induce effective brain angiogenesis in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, leading to prevention of ischemic attacks. METHODS: A chronic cerebral hypoperfusion model induced by permanent ligation of both common carotid arteries in rats was used in this investigation. Seven days after induction of cerebral hypoperfusion, encephalomyosynangiosis (EMS) and phVEGF administration in the temporal muscle were performed. Fourteen days after treatment, the VEGF gene therapy group displayed numbers and areas of capillary vessels in temporal muscles that were 2.2 and 2.5 times greater, respectively, in comparison with the control group. In the brain, the number and area of capillary vessels in the group treated with the VEGF gene were 1.5 and 1.8 times greater, respectively, relative to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: In rat models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, administration of phVEGF combined with indirect vasoreconstructive surgery significantly increased capillary density in the brain. The authors' results indicate that administration of phVEGF may be an effective therapy in patients with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, such as those with moyamoya disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Long latency components of the jaw jerk and blink reflex in man.

In the present study, the electromyographic (EMG) activity in the masseter and temporal muscles during about 200 ms after chin taps (jaw jerk response) was compared with the EMG activity in the orbicularis oculi after glabella tap (blink reflex). In two of ten subjects components with long latency and duration, analogous to blink reflex components BR2 and BR3, were found in the masseter and temporal muscles. They may represent the mechanical contraction which results in jaw closure. In two of the subjects chin taps were found to elicit late responses in the orbicularis oculi with the same latencies (25-30 and 80-100 ms) as BR2 and BR3 associated with glabella tap.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Swallowing activity of lip muscles in patients with a complete upper and a partial lower denture.

In 30 partially edentulous subjects provided with an immediate complete upper and a partial lower free-end denture the lip activity in swallowing was studied before and after denture treatment and during a 2-year period of denture wearing. Electromyographic recordings of the right side upper and lower orbicularis oris, mentalis and anterior temporal muscles were obtained during swallowing saliva and during swallowing of water with and without the dentures in the mouth. In the different types of swallows recorded, the lower lip and mentalis muscles showed much stronger activity than the upper lip and anterior temporal muscles and also initiated the swallowing activity. No significant changes in mean voltages of the swallowing activity were observed during the 2-year observation period. On the other hand, the durations of the swallows showed marked increases after 1 year of denture use, when no further rebasings of the complete upper denture had been made.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Alteration of the angle of the coronoid process in prognathism.

Muscles and bones may dynamically affect the functions of each other, resulting in changes in the activity of the muscle and/or morphological change in the bones. However, alterations of the morphology of the coronoid process have not been documented in relation to the temporal muscle between the mandible and the cranium. Angles of the coronoid process to the line through the right and the left frontotemporale were measured on posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms in patients with normal occlusions and Class II, division 1 malocclusions, and those with true skeletal Class III malocclusions. Standard deviation of the angle of the coronoid process in patients with Class III malocclusions was greater than those subjects with normal occlusion or Class II, division 1 malocclusions. Differences of angles between the right and the left coronoid process in each patient of either sex were significantly large in true skeletal Class III malocclusions (both P < 0.001). Large variation of angle of the coronoid process was related to prognathism, and this effect may represent adaptation of temporal muscle function to a variety of alterations in mandibular morphology.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Spatial, temporal and muscle action patterns of Tai Chi gait.

This study was to quantitatively characterize the spatial, temporal, and neuromuscular activation patterns of Tai Chi gait (TCG). Ten healthy young subjects were tested. The kinematics of TCG and normal gait (NG) were measured using a marker-based motion analysis system and two biomechanical force plates. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from six left-side muscles: tibialis anterior, soleus, peronaeus longus, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, and tensor fasciae latae. The results showed that TCG had (1) a longer cycle duration (11.9+/-2.4 vs. 1.3+/-0.2 s) and a longer duration of single-leg stance time (1.8+/-0.6 vs. 0.4+/-0.05 s); (2) a larger joint motion in ankle dorsi/plantar flexion (40+/-9 degrees vs. 20+/-8 degrees), knee flexion (82+/-8 degrees vs. 53+/-10 degrees), hip flexion (81+/-7 degrees vs. 24+/-4 degrees), and hip abduction (20+/-8 degrees vs. 0+/-3 degrees); (3) a larger lateral body shift (>25% vs. 5% body height); and (4) significant involvement of ankle dorsiflexors, knee extensors/hip flexors and hip abductors, as indicated by significantly higher peak (88+/-14%, 80+/-18% and 83+/-17% vs. 35+/-10%, 14+/-8% and 28+/-19% peak amplitude, respectively) and root-mean-square values of their EMG (37+/-6%, 32+/-7% and 33+/-7% vs. 23+/-7%, 11+/-8% and 22+/-11% peak amplitude, respectively), longer proportions of action (76+/-19%, 68+/-8% and 65+/-19% vs. 59+/-23%, 16+/-23% and 40+/-32% gait cycle duration, respectively), longer proportions of isometric and eccentric actions, and longer proportions of co-activations. These results demonstrate that the biomechanical characteristics of TCG can be quantified. The quantification of TCC movements is important for understanding its effect on balance, flexibility, strength, and health.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Severe limitation in mouth opening following transtemporal neurosurgical procedures: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Five new patients and six previously described patients with severe limitation in maximum mouth opening following transtemporal neurosurgical procedures are described. Six patients underwent an operation for epidural hematoma and three for skull-base meningloma; two were treated with a pterional craniotomy for an aneurysm. Limited maximum mouth opening in these circumstances is caused by temporal muscle scarring and shortening. Aggressive physiotherapy is potentially beneficial if started early. If, however, diagnosis is delayed, the efficacy of physiotherapy declines, and surgical treatments such as temporal muscle detachment and coronoidectomy are fully indicated. The differential diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of limited maximum mouth opening following neurosurgical procedures are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Postural and maximal activity in elevators of mandible before and after treatment of functional disorders.

In a longitudinal study we compared clinical data on pain and tenderness and electromyographic recordings of postural and maximal activity from 37 patients before and after treatment of functional disorders of the masticatory system. Forty-three dental students served as controls. Treatment was followed by a concomitant decrease of pain, tenderness and postural activity. Muscle strength in terms of the activity during maximal bite in the intercuspal position was not altered by treatment, but activation of the right and left anterior temporal muscles became more uniform. The relative postural loading of the elevators was assessed as their activity in percent of full effort. Following treatment, loading in patients decreased significantly and became more symmetrical in the anterior temporal muscles. Loading also tended to decrease in the posterior temporal and masseter muscles. However, it still significantly exceeded postural activity in percent of full effort in the controls. Since treatment involved correction of the occlusion we conclude that the intermaxillary conditions of tooth contact during function play a role in the etiology of functional disorders and that the reduction of the relative postural loading of the elevators of the patients due to this treatment contributed to their relief. The relatively high percentage of full effort displayed as postural activity by the patients even after treatment may explain fluctuation of symptoms and signs of functional disorders of the masticatory system. It also emphasizes the need for improved methods of treatment to reduce the probability of recurrence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Mechanisms underlying stabilization of temporally summated muscle contractions in the lobster (Panulirus) pyloric system.

Muscles are the final effectors of behavior. The neural basis of behavior therefore cannot be completely understood without a description of the transfer function between neural output and muscle contraction. To this end, we have been studying muscle contraction in the well-investigated lobster pyloric system. We report here the mechanisms underlying stabilization of temporally summating contractions of the very slow dorsal dilator muscle in response to motor nerve stimulation with trains of rhythmic shock bursts at a physiological intraburst spike frequency (60 Hz), physiological cycle periods (0.5-2 s), and duty cycles from 0.1 to 0.8. For temporal summation to stabilize, the rise and relaxation amplitudes of the phasic contractions each burst induces must equalize as the rhythmic train continues. Stabilization could occur by changes in rise duration, rise slope, plateau duration, and/or relaxation slope. We demonstrate a generally applicable method for quantifying the relative contribution changes in these characteristics make to contraction stabilization. Our data show that all characteristics change as contractions stabilize, but their relative contribution differs depending on stimulation cycle period and duty cycle. The contribution of changes in rise duration did not depend on period or duty cycle for the 1-, 1.5-, and 2-s period regimes, contributing approximately 30% in all cases; but for the 0.5-s period regime, changes in rise duration increased from contributing 25% to contributing 50% as duty cycle increased from 0.1 to 0.8. At all cycle periods decreases in rise slope contributed little to stabilization at small duty cycles but increased to contributing approximately 80% at high duty cycles. The contribution of changes in plateau duration decreased in all cases as duty cycle increased; but this decrease was greater in long cycle period regimes. The contribution of changes in relaxation slope also decreased in all cases as duty cycle increased; but for this characteristic, the decrease was greatest in fast cycle period regimes, and in these regimes at high duty cycles these changes opposed contraction stabilization. Exponential fits to contraction relaxations showed that relaxation time constant increased with total contraction amplitude; this increase presumably underlies the decreased relaxation slope magnitude seen in high duty cycle, fast cycle period regimes. These data show that changes in no single contraction characteristic can account for contraction stabilization in this muscle and suggest that predicting muscle response in other systems in which slow muscles are driven by rapidly varying neuronal inputs may be similarly complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Activity recognition in long-term electromyograms.

Long-term electromyography with portable recorders allows the study of muscle activity in the natural environment to investigate whether muscle overuse or oral habits may contribute to initiate or perpetuate a myoarthropathy of the masticatory system. At present, little is known about the behaviour of masticatory muscles over long time periods. The aim of this preliminary study was to define parameters which allow the automatic recognition of different types of oral activities from the electromyogram form. A programme with functional and parafunctional activities was performed by four volunteers (total of 333 functional and 82 parafunctional recordings). Electromyograms of the masseter and temporal muscles were recorded by means of a self-developed portable intelligent solid state recorder. Signal mean level (mw) and dynamics (dw) within a sliding window were determined. Temporal muscle recordings allowed better discrimination between function and simulated parafunction. The average of mw for clenching was 51.4 +/- 3.5% and for tooth grinding 21.2 +/- 2% of the peak electromyogram value at maximum voluntary clench. At 0.96 s sliding window duration, clenching, tooth grinding and chewing signals had maximum separation, using dw/mw as parameters (average: 0.16 +/- 0.01 for clenching, 0.39 +/- 0.01 for teeth grinding and 0.88 +/- 0.01 for chewing).

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The subperiosteal subtemporal approach in the surgical treatment of craniostenosis. Apropos of 9 cases].

The authors describe the approach consisting of direct subperiosteal, subtemporal cleavage based on existing anatomical continuity between the subtemporal plane and the cranial periosteum in young children. This allows for downward cleavage up to the level of the malar processes, for dissecting both orbits as well as the external columns. Frontoorbital remodeling which is needed for management of craniostenosis may be readily carried out with the improved field of vision. It will suffice, then, to depress the scalp and to suture the skin to obtain perfect repositioning of the temporal muscle, remaining one piece with the cutaneous plane and maintained steady thanks to the salvaged continuity of the periosteum with the subtemporal plane. Utilization of this approach avoids having to cleave the temporal muscle superficially, to section and then reinsert it to the bony frontoorbital fascia after remodeling, thereby constituting a simplified technique of craniostenosis management. Experience gained in craniostenotic children treated via this direct subperiosteal subtemporal approach opens the way for possible applications in adult traumatology patients, as well as for the constitution of unilateral pterion flaps without jeopardizing the frontal ramus of the facial nerve.

Cranial Sutures↗
PubMed1984

Brain stem reticular influences on lumbar axial muscle activity. II. Temporal aspects.

Epaxial muscle electromyographic (EMG) responses to electrical stimulation of the pontomedullary reticular formation were analyzed for temporal patterns in the urethan-anesthetized rat. Recordings were obtained from the transversospinalis, medial longissimus, and lateral longissimus groups of back muscles. In response to a series of repetitive stimulus trains, the latency of muscle activation decreased with successive trains. Typically a 10-fold decrease in latency required eight to nine stimulus trains (5 trains/s, 25 pulses/train) with currents of 25-30 microA. Individual pulses within long stimulus trains evoked muscle spike potentials at low probability but with short latencies (population range 4-7 ms). The results suggest that whereas influences on lumbar axial musculature from brain stem reticular formation were not powerful enough to evoke muscle spikes with single-pulse stimulation at currents applied in this study, they can yield short, relatively fixed EMG onset latencies in response to individual pulses within stimulus trains once a potentiation phenomenon has occurred.

Animals↗