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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Opiate and cocaine dependencies. Techniques to help counter the rising tide.

Clonidine (Catapres) is a safe and effective agent for detoxification of selected opiate addicts. It seems best suited for transitional treatment between opiate dependency and aftercare with naltrexone (Trexan). The current epidemic of cocaine abuse in the United States is associated with intensified usage patterns and an increased prevalence of adverse medical consequences. Successful treatment of the cocaine abuser may require either hospitalization or structured outpatient treatment in a specialized program.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1996

Formation of C1' located sugar radicals from X-irradiated cytosine nucleosides and -tides in BeF2 glasses and frozen aqueous solutions.

Free radical formation in nucleosides and nucleotides containing cytosine as base was studied after X-irradiation at 77 K of samples prepared in frozen aqueous BeF2 glasses and in frozen aqueous solutions by means of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. By comparison with radical patterns from the cytosine base and from 1-CH3-cytosine, by using specifically base-deuterated nucleosides and by comparison between the 2'-deoxy- and the ribonucleotide it could be demonstrated that a radical at the C1'-position of the sugar was formed in nucleosides and nucleotides in both matrices. Quantitative analysis showed that in the BeF2 glass an initial population of about 10% of substrate located species due to this radical was present at 77 K and developed to about 25% after decay of the .OH (.OD) radicals at about 140 K. This was taken as proof that at least part of these radicals were formed from .OH radicals. In frozen aqueous solutions about 20% of C1' located sugar radicals were found to be present at 77 K, the population remaining roughly constant with increasing temperature to 140 K. The mechanistic findings of these unexpected results are discussed in terms of mobile .OH radicals and/or hole transfer in the glass and in the glassy regions of the frozen aqueous solutions.

Cytidine↗
PubMed2000

Stemming the tide: glycosphingolipid synthesis inhibitors as therapy for storage diseases.

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are plasma membrane components of every eukaryotic cell. They are composed of a hydrophobic ceramide moiety linked to a glycan chain of variable length and structure. Once thought to be relatively inert, GSLs have now been implicated in a variety of biological processes. Recent studies of animals rendered genetically deficient in various classes of GSLs have demonstrated that these molecules are important for embryonic differentiation and development as well as central nervous system function. A family of extremely severe diseases is caused by inherited defects in the lysosomal degradation pathway of GSLs. In many of these disorders GSLs accumulate in cells, particularly neurons, causing neurodegeneration and a shortened life span. No effective treatment exists for most of these diseases and little is understood about the mechanisms of pathogenesis. This review will discuss the development of a new approach to the treatment of GSL storage disorders that targets the major synthesis pathway of GSLs to stem their cellular accumulation.

1-Deoxynojirimycin↗
PubMed2002

Booze and beach bans: turning the tide through community action in New Zealand.

Many beach and holiday resorts experience major problems with alcohol-related public disorder. Following an escalation in alcohol-related incidents in the New Zealand beach community of Piha, a community-driven response to address issues of community well-being and safety was initiated by concerned residents. A case study evaluation reported on the development of a community coalition involving community and statutory stakeholders and the successful implementation of local community action strategies. These included a beach alcohol ban, extensive local publicity and a community policing presence over successive summers. An examination of the case study suggests that inter-sectoral collaboration, and multiple level strategies through policy, promotion and enforcement activities are key factors in enabling communities to successfully reduce alcohol-related harm.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1995

The rising tide of endstage renal failure from diabetic nephropathy type II--an epidemiological analysis.

In recent years there has been a substantial increase in the proportion of patients requiring renal replacement therapy who suffer from diabetes mellitus. In the lower Neckar region, a survey has been made comprising all patients admitted for renal replacement therapy from 1.1.1993-30.6.1994. Out of a total of 225 patients admitted, 95 suffered from diabetes (10 type I, 85 type II). The estimated annual incidence of terminal renal failure with diabetes was 52/mio/year. At the same time, 79 patients who suffered from diabetes were admitted to the renal unit in Heidelberg (outpatient clinic and ward) for evaluation of de novo renal failure (approximately 176/mio/year); standard primary chronic renal disease was found in 19/79 of these diabetic patients (25%). The discrepancy between the annual incidence of (i) renal failure and of (ii) terminal renal failure suggests that a high proportion of patients with diabetes (mainly type II) and renal failure, dies prior to reaching terminal renal failure. Potential reasons for the increasing incidence of endstage renal failure from diabetes type II are (i) the increasing prevalence of type II diabetes in Germany in recent decades, (ii) aging of the population in view of the known greater prevalence of type II diabetes in older individuals and (iii) improved survival of patients with type II diabetes secondary to diminished cardiovascular mortality. Particularly because of the latter factor a further increase of endstage renal failure in patients with type II diabetes must be anticipated.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2↗