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PubMed1977

A clinical assessment of locabiotal in the treatment of infections of the nose and throat.

One hundred and twenty patients suffering from diseases of the nose and throat were admitted to an open clinical trial of the aerosol inhaler Locabiotal which contains the antibiotic fusafungine. The patient population was derived from three sources--out-patients, patients subjected to surgery and emergencies. The aerosol was administered five times daily to the throat or into the nose. The aerosol was highly effective in controlling infection and in relieving the various symptoms of the diseases treated. Variation in particle size was considered to be an advantage in penetrating various parts of the upper respiratory tract. Thirty-three patients experienced minor side-effects. These were thought to be misuse of the inhaler, or possible allergy to the antibiotic. This form of medication is recommended for a variety of diseases of the nose and throat.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The evolution of Web-based medical information on sore throat: a longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: The content of a page can change and is likely to change over time; this is one of the useful qualities of the Web, but also a dangerous one. OBJECTIVE: To monitor the evolution of Web page contents on sore throat over a 3 year period. METHODS: Two medical doctors independently evaluated 34 Web pages on sore throat. Pages were found using a metasearch engine. The evaluation factors were: the adherence of medical contents to a gold standard (American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations) composed of 5 subfactors (epidemiological, clinical, complications, diagnosis, and therapy); the completeness of the contents in terms of considered/missed factors of the gold standard; references to medical literature; and a specified last update of the page. During the observation period these sites were revisited twice, after 28 and 39 months, to examine any changes therein since the first visit. RESULTS: The degree of adherence to the gold standard did not significantly change. Variations (both positive and negative) were recorded solely with regard to the update and references factors as well as with regard to the availability of the pages over time (18% disappeared during the observation period). CONCLUSIONS: In 3 years medical contents have not changed significantly and despite the contemporary epochal Internet revolution (in terms of, eg, technology, graphics, and access) and the increase in the number of sites dealing with the issue of sore throat, there has been no corresponding qualitative increase in the contents of the pages monitored.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test and white blood cell count in acute throat infections.

The clinical value of the NBT test and of leucocyte counts in the aetiological differentiation of acute throat infections was investigated. In our hands a frequency of less than 13% NBT positive neutrophils is considered as normal and a test value above 19% as "positive", i.e. indicating a bacterial infection. More than 19% or more than 1 800 NBT positive neutrophils per mm-3 blood were found in 10 of 18 patients with an infection caused by beta-haemolytic streptococci, in 1 of 2 patients with a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and in 1 patient with both a streptococcal and mycoplasmal infection, but in none of 19 patients with a viral infection. Since 8 of 18 patients with streptococcal throat infection had normal NBT test results, the NBT test apparently is of limited value in the early recognition of these infections. A high NBT test value would however support the diagnosis. The white blood cell and neutrophil counts were of little value in the differentiation between streptococcal and viral throat infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Effect of phenoxymethylpenicillin and clindamycin on the oral, throat and faecal microflora of man.

Phenoxymethylpenicillin in capsules was given orally in doses of 800 mg twice daily for 7 days to 10 subjects. Saliva, throat and faecal specimens were taken up to 29 days for cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. No changes in the normal flora in saliva, throat or faeces were noticed during the observation period. Clindamycin was given orally in doses of 150 mg 4 times daily to 10 other subjects. No changes in the aerobic oral flora were observed, while a significant decrease in the number of anaerobic bacteria occurred. In 2 volunteers, overgrowth of clindamycin-resistant clostridia were seen from days 4--16 in one and from days 2--7 in the other. The throat flora showed changes similar to the oral flora. Pronounced changes in the aerobic and anaerobic faecal bacterial flora occurred. Thus among the aerobes enterococci proliferated and among the anaerobes significant decreases in the number of cocci and gram-negative rods were noticed. In 4 subjects, clindamycin-resistant clostridia increased 4log. One of them developed diarrhoea and harboured an unidentified toxin-producing clostridial strain rather similar to Clostridium difficile.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Influence of erythromycin on the normal human flora and colonization of the oral cavity, throat and colon.

Erythromycin stearate was given orally in doses of 500 mg twice daily for 7 days to 10 volunteers. Saliva, throat and faecal specimens were taken up to 16 days for cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. In specimens from saliva and throat only minor changes in the numbers of bacteria were detected during the antibiotic administration period, while pronounced changes in the aerobic and anaerobic faecal flora occurred. Thus among aerobes the number of enterobacteria significantly decreased and also the numbers of most anaerobes. During the erythromycin administration period, 8 subjects were colonized by erythromycin-resistant enterobacteria in the oral cavity and throat. All subjects were colonized by erythromycin-resistant enterobacteria, clostridia or yeasts in the colon. Many of the colonizing microorganisms were potential pathogens.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Optimal site of throat swab for the isolation of beta-hemolytic streptococci.

The optimal site for the isolation of beta-hemolytic streptococci (BHS) from throat cultures was investigated in 164 healthy elementary school children. All throat cultures were streaked onto duplicate blood agar plates (BAP), one of which was taken from the tonsillar fossae and the other from the posterior pharynx. BHS were isolated in cultures from 56 (34.2%) of the children. BHS were more frequently recovered from the tonsillar fossae than from the posterior pharynx (54 vs. 47; both sites, 45; tonsillar fossae only, 9; posterior pharynx only, 2; P < 0.0001). There were significantly more numerous colonies in the tonsillar fossae than in the posterior pharynx (p < 0.01). To conclude, the tonsillar fossae are more optimal sites of throat cultures to isolate BHS than the posterior pharynx.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1989

[Psychosomatic aspect of a choking lump sensation in the throat].

In order to elucidate the relationship between a choking lump sensation in the throat and psychosomatic status, the authors subjected 339 in-patients above 17 years of age with various kinds of otorhinolaryngologic diseases and evaluated their psychosomatic conditions by means of two questionnaires: Cornell Medical Index Questionnaire (CMI) and Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI). According to the answer to one of the CMI questions "Do you often feel a choking lump in your throat?", the patients were divided into two groups: "Yes" group and "No" one. "Yes" group comprised 51 males (56.1 +/- 15.6 years old of mean +/- SD age) and 34 females (57.9 +/- 13.9 years old) and "No" group 170 males (57.7 +/- 14.3 years old) and 84 females (47.8 +/- 15.8 years old). The data were analysed for comparison between the two groups and the following results were obtained. Patients with benign and malignant oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal diseases were included in the "Yes" group with a significantly higher rate when compared to the patients with benign and malignant ear or nasal diseases. Patients in "Yes" group made significantly more complaints and judged to be significantly more neurotic and autonomic nerve dysfunctioning than those in "No" group. Therefore, diseases in the pharyngolaryngeal region more likely produces abnormal sensation in the throat as well as many other symptoms relating to the autonomic nerve function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Effect of Impletol injection into paratonsillar tissue on abnormal sensation in the throat].

If the abnormal sensation, such as a lump or choking, in the throat was mainly caused by inflammatory changes in the palatine tonsils or their surrounding tissues and conveyed via vagal nerve branches distributing there, the sensation might be reduced by topically injected Impletol (Procaine and caffeine in saline solution), i.e. Impletol test for focal tonsillitis. One hundred patients with abnormal sensation in the throat were injected Impletol (Impletol group), 50 patients were injected saline solution alone (Saline group) and 50 patients had injection needle simply inserted into the peritonsillar tissues (Needle group). The Impletol group showed the best result and was followed by Saline group and then Needle group. Namely, the degree of sensation reduced by 80% or more in 38% of the Impletol group and by 50% or more in 62% of them. Those rates were 26% and 60% for Saline group and 28% and 52% for Needle group, respectively. Though the results were indicative of the effectiveness of the Impletol injection for the abnormal sensation in the throat, the difference among these three groups was not statistically significant.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Evaluation of throat discomfort with visual analogue scale (VAS)].

We adopted a visual analogue scale (VAS) to evaluate discomfort like the sensation of a choking lump in the throats of 92 patients (24 male and 68 female, 17-80 years of age) who consulted us complaining of the sensation. The VAS consisted of a 100 mm long horizontal straight line defined by anchors with verbal labels: the left end point (0 mm) indicated no throat discomfort, the right end point (100 mm) overwhelming throat discomfort. We determined the VAS score (1 mm = 1) by measuring the distance from the left end point to the mark made by the patient. On the first day of the study, the patients evaluated the sensation with the VAS alone. One, two and three weeks later they evaluated the sensation with the scale, and at the same time, they were asked to compare the strength of the existing sensation with that on the first experimental day and to express the percent change in the sensation. The latter data were used for calculation of the predicted VAS score. It was neither difficult nor time-consuming for the patients, some of whom were fairly elderly, to display the strength of the sensation on the scale. The VAS score on the first day of the study for each patient ranged from 6-92, and the mean and the standard deviation were 44.6 and 21.0, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Treatment of sore throat in light of the Cochrane verdict: is the jury still out?

There are few good-quality studies of the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment of proven group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis in children; available data suggest that antibiotics may reduce symptom duration. While there is limited justification for antibiotic treatment of GAS pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever in non-Indigenous Australians, there is no justification for routine antibiotic treatment of all patients with sore throat. Two strategies are open to clinicians: not to treat GAS pharyngitis with antibiotics, in which case no investigations should be done; or to treat cases of sore throat with clinical features that suggest GAS, in which case diagnosis should be confirmed with a throat swab, and penicillin started while awaiting the result. Penicillin should be discontinued if the swab is negative, or continued for 10 days if it is positive for GAS. Surveillance of GAS infections and acute rheumatic fever is needed in Australia, as are further studies of effectiveness (including cost-effectiveness) of antibiotic treatment of proven GAS pharyngitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Throat cultures and rapid tests for diagnosis of group A streptococcal pharyngitis.

This article reviews the use of diagnostic tests to guide management of adults with sore throats. Pharyngitis due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci represents the major diagnostic concern in these patients. Organisms other than group A streptococci can cause pharyngitis, but their clinical importance and their diagnostic tests have not yet been established. For many years, physicians have used routine throat cultures to diagnose group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Rapid tests have recently been introduced that detect the group A streptococcal antigen on throat swab specimens. Because both tests have high sensitivity and specificity, the choice of tests may depend on test turnaround time. Rapid tests should improve management by decreasing both short-term morbidity and inappropriate use of antibiotics.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Titration of varicella-zoster virus DNA in throat swabs from varicella patients by combined use of PCR and microplate hybridization.

We devised a simple procedure for titration of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) DNA in throat swabs from varicella patients. DNA which was extracted from throat swabs, together with known copy numbers of a cloned VZV DNA fragment, were 10-fold serially diluted and used as template in PCR. The PCR products, after heat denaturation, again serially diluted in 1.5 M NaCl and adsorbed to microplate wells. Then, biotin-labeled DNA probes were hybridized with the immobilized DNA. The hybridization signal was produced by streptavidin-conjugated beta-galactosidase and a fluorogenic enzyme substrate. By comparing the titration curves of a clinical specimen with those of the cloned fragment, of which detection limit was about 10 copies, we estimated the copy numbers of VZV DNA in the specimen. With this technique, we evaluated the degree of potential contagiousness of the patient along the course of infection: we found that varicella patients possessed highest quantity of VZV DNA in the throat on the first day of illness.

Chickenpox↗
PubMed1999

[Sore throat in general practice. Minimizing diagnosis--preventing superfluous use of antibiotics].

Sore throat usually is caused by viral pharyngitis, in about 15 to 30% by group A beta-haemolytic streptococci. Based on current concepts a guideline for the management in general practice is developed. If the typical symptoms of streptococcal pharyngo-tonsillitis are present--serious sore throat, fever more than 38.5 degrees C, purulent tonsillar exsudate, painful cervical lymphadenopathy, lack of cough or rhinorrhea--without any other diagnostic procedure penicillin is given for ten days. Only in cases of doubt throat swabs are taken for rapid diagnostic test and culture. The implementation of the guideline permits differentiation between viral pharyngitis and streptococcal tonsillitis by simple questions and physical examination and prevention of unnecessary diagnostics and antibiotic overuse.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Throat swab in the chronic tonsillitis: how reliable and valid is it?

INTRODUCTION: The diagnostic test of swabbing the surface of the tonsil as a culture specimen for the determination of the organism responsible for the tonsil infection is still in practice, despite controversy. To date there has been no reports of establishing the reliability and validity of this common diagnostic test by appropriate statistical test of Likelihood ratios taking into consideration the specificity and sensitivity. AIMS: To assess the reliability and validity of throat swab in the diagnosis of bacterial microflora in chronic tonsillitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study of 40 patients clinically diagnosed to have chronic tonsillitis undergoing tonsillectomy was undertaken. The reliability of the throat surface swab was then assessed and validated with the reference (gold) standard of tonsil core culture. RESULTS: The likelihood ratio of this diagnostic test being positive (LR +ve) was 0.84 to similar and 1.3 to general organism pathogen. CONCLUSION: Routine culture of the throat by surface swab in the accurate diagnosis of bacterial flora in chronic tonsillitis is neither reliable nor valid. The clinical implications of this investigation which is still very popular is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Prof. Sheng Canruo's experience in acupuncture treatment of throat diseases with yan si xue.

Yan Si Xue ([symbol: see text]) refer to four points in the throat summarized by Prof. Sheng Canruo in his long-year clinical experience based on the combination of TCM theory and the knowledge of modern medical anatomy. By taking "Yan Si Xue" as main points, and other differential adjunct points, Prof. Sheng has obtained satisfactory therapeutic results in treating various throat diseases such as hoarseness, paralysis of vocal cord, dysphonia after radiotherapy on throat tumor, vocal nodules, disorder of the glossopharyngeal nerve, hysteric aphasia, and acute or chronic laryngopharyngitis.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed2000

Throat carriage of pneumococci in healthy school children in the Union Territory of Pondicherry.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Colonisation of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the throat is common among children the world over. Little is known about the relationship of nasopharyngeal carriage and invasive disease or the way it spreads within the households and close confines. There is a paucity of data on the colonization of Strep. pneumoniae in the throat of healthy children in India. To determine the prevalence of pneumococcal carriage in school children of urban and rural Pondicherry, a study was undertaken. METHODS: Throat swabs of healthy school-going children between 5-10 yr of age were examined for pneumococcal carriage, by standard bacteriological techniques. RESULTS: A prevalence rate of 24.3 per cent was noted. There was no difference in the carriage rate among the rural children when compared to urban children. No age, sex or geographical predilection of pneumococcal carriage was noted. A statistically significant seasonal variation, however, was seen. Carriage rate increased during the colder months and was found to be the highest in the months of March and November. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Strep. pneumoniae circulates in the community among healthy children. Carriage rate is influenced by seasonal variation.

Carrier State↗
PubMed2001

[Penicillin for acute throat infections. Are there arguments for modifying the guidelines of the Dutch College of General Practitioners?].

A recent study concludes that a 7-day penicillin treatment for a sore throat is superior to a 3-day treatment or a placebo, because the symptoms are resolved two days earlier. Prior to this study, the difference--based on the conclusions of a Cochrane review--was thought to be just 8 hours. The total number of patients included was too small to conclude that penicillin could reduce the number of short-term and long-term complications. In the guidelines of the Dutch College of General Practitioners, a 7-day penicillin treatment for a sore throat is only recommended in severe cases. It is still quite acceptable for Dutch GPs to discuss the treatment options for a sore throat with their patients. A change to the current guidelines is not necessary.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1975

The occurrence of Mycoplasma arthritidis in the throat and middle ear of rats with chronic respiratory disease.

Twenty-three rats with chronic respiratory disease were examined for the presence of Mycoplasma arthritidis in the throat and middle ear. Samples were taken at necropsy and swabbed onto an agar medium. Morphologically typical colonies were subcultured and identified serologically. All of the rats showed evidence histopathologically of chronic respiratory disease, and typical M pulmonis colonies were isolated from 21 of 23. M arthritidis was isolated from 7 (30=) of the middle ears and 3 (13%) of the throats, confirming a previous observation of the occurrence of this organism in the middle ear of rats and also indicating it can be present in the throat.

Animals↗