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PubMed2002

[Peptide-protein complexes of angiotensins in the mechanisms of thirst].

The comparative analysis of learned and natural drinking behavior under native angiotensin-I (A-I), angiotensin-II (A-II) and its protein-peptides complexes (PPC) administration in rats, was performed. Various effects of these substances on drinking behavior were observed. PPC of A-I became a dipsogenic agent as compared with the native one. Moreover, PPC of A-II facilitated selectively learned and not natural forms of drinking behavior. It's suggested that PPC of angiotensins play a specific role in endogenous mechanisms of thirst. An important function of this complexes due to their conformational properties and participation in realization of basic needs, is discussed.

Angiotensin I↗
PubMed2004

Nocturia in the elderly in relation to thirst, dry mouth and dry eyes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between nocturia, thirst and the perception of dryness in the eyes and mouth in a group of elderly men and women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised 6103 elderly men and women recruited by a questionnaire from a group of pensioners (n=10216; response rate 61.3%). The age of the men and the women was 73.0 (6.0) and 72.6 (6.7) years, respectively. The questionnaire included questions on their health, diseases and symptoms, drugs, sleep habits and the number of nocturnal voiding episodes. RESULTS: Dryness of the eyes increased from 6.5% in men without nocturnal micturition to 15.8% (p < 0.05) in those with > three nocturnal voids, and correspondingly from 9.9% to 33.1% (p < 0.0001) in women. Dryness of the mouth increased similarly from 15.7% to 37.3% (p < 0.001) in the men and from 17.0% to 56.7% (p < 0.0001) in the women. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that dry eyes and dry mouth increased with increasing nocturnal micturition independently of the influence of age, sex, analgesics and the use of diuretics. CONCLUSION: Nocturia is associated with a significant increase in the occurrence of dry eyes and dry mouth among the elderly. The results may indicate that nocturnal polyuria is an overlooked pathogenetic mechanism in these symptoms.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

[Primary dominant focus in thirst motivation].

In cats kept on the salt diet, spontaneous cortical EEG and electrohypothalamogram were recorded in stimulation of the tongue, stomach and intestine receptors with salt solutions. Longlasting bursts of hypersynchronized activity (HA) were recorded in the lateral and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, the bursts spreading over to the brain cortex in longer salt diets. The HA also were evoked with light and sound stimuli and disappeared after intracavital administration of water or after i.v. administration of saline. A primary focus of stationary excitation possessing some features of a dominanta in formation of the thirst motivation, seems to appear in the hypothalamus.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of aging on vasopressin secretion, water excretion, and thirst in man.

Disorders of water balance are common among elderly patients. A number of factors may contribute. Osmoreceptor-mediated release of AVP is increased, but the response to volume stimuli may be reduced. The capacity of the kidney to concentrate urine is reduced by age, but this impairment cannot be correlated with coincident loss of glomerular filtration (GFR); there may rather be a failure of cAMP response to AVP in aging kidneys. Free water clearance is reduced in the old in proportion to the loss of GFR. Thirst mechanisms are also significantly impaired in healthy as well as sick old people. This combination of factors renders old people particularly liable to develop disorders of water homeostasis during episodes of acute or chronic ill health.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Essential hypernatremia: disordered thirst and blood pressure control.

A 24 year old man developed partial central diabetes insipidus with impaired thirst and an elevated osmotic threshold to the release of arginine vasopressin (AVP). Plasma AVP was present in inappropriately small concentrations despite severe hyperosmolality. In addition, marked hypertension accompanied this disorder and all abnormalities, including the hypertension, responded to 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin therapy. Several lines of evidence suggest this disorder may be a disturbance of hypothalamic function.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Successful treatment of hypernatremic thirst deficiency with chlorpropamide.

Two patients with hypodipsia and hypernatremia are described. The first patient, whose hypodipsia was of unknown cause, developed hypernatremia unless large volumes of fluid were urged upon him; upon treatment with chlorpropamide normal serum sodium levels were achieved with spontaneous fluid intake. The second patient had hypodipsia and diabetes insipidus resulting from a craniopharyngioma. Treatment with vasopressin and a prescribed daily water intake resulted in frequent hyper- and hyponatremia, but treatment with chlorpropramide yielded serum sodium values which were more often normal and less variable. In neither patient could the improved water regulation be attributed to an effect of chlorpropamide on renal water excretion. Possible mechanisms for the effect of chlorpropamide on thirst are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Beta-adrenergic thirst and its relation to the renin-angiotensin system.

Isoproterenol is a potent dipsogen and antidiuretic agent. It also stimulates the release of renin from the kidney. Evidence is presented to substantiate the view that the drinking and increased vasopressin release that follow the systemic injection of a small dose of isoproterenol are mediated via increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system. Larger doses of isoproterenol, which have profound effects on the cardiovascular system, cause drinking and vasopressin release by mechanisms that do not depend solely on the renin-angiotensin system. Other experiments discussed do not support the hypothesis that hypothalamic beta-adrenergic neurons are important in facilitating thirst. Low doses of isoproterenol are more effective in causing drinking and vasopressin release when given peripherally rather than centrally. Evidence is discussed that supports the view that isoproterenol given centrally leaks into the periphery and causes release of renin and subsequent stimulation of drinking and vasopressin release.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The renin-angiotensin system and thirst: some unanswered questions.

Recent experiments dispute the significance of four findings that usually are cited to support the hypothesis that angiotensin is a natural dipsogen. First, although administration of exogenous renin consistently increases water intake, the plasma renin activities that are produced seem to be outside of the normal physiological range when the elicited drinking is substantial. Second, although plasma renin activities are elevated following caval ligation, colloid, or isoproterenol treatment, this activity of the renin-angiotensin system appears to account for only a small portion of the observed water intake. Third, although bilateral nephrectomy abolishes the water intake that otherwise occurs after caval ligation or isoproterenol treatment, the observed blood pressure appears to be so low as to preclude drinking behavior. Finally, although drinking can be stimulated in these hypotensive rats by various treatments, in each case a pressor response also is observed that might have restored the ability to drink. These new observations have provoked a reevaluation of the circumstances in which endogenous angiotensin stimulates thirst and the magnitude of its contribution then. At present, there is no persuasive evidence that the renin-angiotensin system normally plays a direct and substantial role in mediating the ingestion of water or saline.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1978

Posterior pituitary dopamine and noradrenaline content: effect of thirst, ethanol and saline load.

Dopamine and noradrenaline content in the posterior pituitary were found to be lower in alcohol-loaded unanesthetized rats than in rats thirsting for 72 h. Dopamine content was also found to be lower in anesthetized saline loaded rats in comparison with hydropenic animals. It is concluded that in situations in which an increase of vasopressin release is expected, the posterior pituitary content of catecholamines will also be increased, and vice versa, which might imply their role in the release of vasopressin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The spectral characteristics of the rabbit neocortical biopotentials during the termination of a dominant for thirst].

Spectral analysis of neocortical electrical activity of rabbits during learning blinking reaction which was directed to cessation of thirst dominant, revealed significant increase of the spectral power most pronounced and regular in the delta-range. On the basis of these data a conclusion is drawn that during the goal-directed behaviour of the animal the cortical structures are involved in the dominant constellation. Comparison of the spectral characteristics of potentials recorded in three successive 5-second intervals which preceded blinking, revealed a certain specificity (temporal and related to different frequency ranges) of changes in electrical activity in different cortex areas. These findings reflected functional ambiguity and phase course of the processes which accompany preparation for the goal-directed reaction.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1994

Regulation of plasma osmolality: thirst and vasopressin.

Sudden changes in plasma osmolality may have lethal consequences, because of abrupt changes in the volume of cells in the central nervous system. Acute osmotic disequilibrium can result in brain shrinkage or brain swelling. This article explores how the integrated responses of vasopressin and thirst maintain osmotic equilibrium through regulation of body water balance. These two mechanisms provide almost insurmountable barriers to excessive dilution or concentration of body fluids.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A coherence analysis of the electrical activity of the rabbit brain in a thirst dominant].

Study of the spatial-temporal relations of the brain electrical activity at the dominant of thirst revealed a definite reconstruction of electrical processes' interrelations in the cortex and subcortex in a low-frequency range. Regular increase of coherence level in the delta-range took place between the potentials of the frontal cortical area and APL, AHA, PV testifying to a formation of a primary dominant focus in these structures. At tonic state of the dominant the greatest increase of coherence function evaluations took place in the theta 1-range; before summation movement maximal values of coherence were observed in the theta 2-range. The above-mentioned differences are probably connected with the different levels of motivational-emotional excitation, appearing at corresponding stages of a dominant manifestation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The spectral characteristics of the electrical activity of the cortex and subcortex in the dominant of thirst].

Dominant of thirst was elaborated in water-deprived rabbits by sound stimuli. One judged about the formation of the dominant by a regular appearance of the swallowing or chewing reactions in response to testing stimulations. Spectral analysis of the brain electrical activity revealed a generalized lowering of the spectral power of the potentials of the studied cortical and subcortical areas all over the analysed frequency range. The paraventricular nucleus, the lateral preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas, in spectrograms of which an increase of estimations in the slow frequency range took place, were an exception. Analysis of the electrical activity recorded at different moments of the dominant manifestation (the tonic state of dominant and that immediately before the summation movement) showed that to each of these dominant states corresponded an appropriate maximum in the theta-frequency range, probably reflecting different levels of motivational-emotional excitation.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1977

Cramps, thirst and hypertension in hemodialysis patients -- the influence of dialyzate sodium concentration.

The effect of increasing dialyzate sodium concentration from 130 to 136 mmoles/l on the incidence of muscle cramps in patients on regular dialysis treatment is assessed. This change was found to be effective in markedly reducing the incidence of cramp at the cost of a slight rise in the complaint of thirst. Mean arterial pressure rose slightly but significantly and exchangeable sodium was increased to levels comparable to those measured during 1969, when with twice weekly dialysis hypertension was a problem. It is concluded that dialyzate sodium concentration may with benefit be increased to 136 mmoles/l, provided that blood pressure is carefully monitored.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1976

The importance of angiotensin II formation in the CNS in angiostensin I - elicited thirst.

The drinking response produced by direct injection of angiotensin I and II into the brain of the rat, was studied, using the angiotensin blocking agents SQ-20,881 (SQ) and P-113 (Saralasin). SQ inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme, preventing formation of angiotensin II, while P-113 is an analogue and competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II. SQ blocked central angiotensin I drinking, but only when the enzyme inhibitor was injected into the ventricle. Angiotensin II induced thirst was not blocked by SQ. P-113 inhibited angiotensin I and II drinking responses in both the preoptic area of the hypothalamus and the lateral ventricle. These data indicate that conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II is important in angiotensin-induced drinking, although an independent action of angiotensin I on drinking can not be ruled out at this time.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1988

Osmotic and hypovolemic thirst in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Osmotic- and hypovolemic-induced water intake as well as urinary excretion of sodium and other solutes were compared in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar (NWR) rats. No significant differences were found between SHR and NWR in water intake and urinary excretion under conditions of euhydration and in response to 24 hr water deprivation. Administration of osmotic load (0.5 ml.100 g-1 body weight of 10% NaCl IV) elicited: (1) higher intake of water (by 1.77 +/- 0.60 ml.100 g-1 body weight), (2) lower urinary excretion of sodium and other solutes, and (3) greater retention of fluid in SHR than in NWR. Reduction of blood volume by amount equivalent to 1.8% of body weight decreased arterial blood pressure by 31.9 +/- 3.5 and 10.8 +/- 1.7 mmHg in SHR and NWR, respectively. In spite of significantly greater hypotension, bleeding elicited in SHR smaller elevation of water intake than in NWR (1.39 +/- 0.25 vs. 2.14 +/- 0.49 ml.100 g-1 body weight). The data provide evidence for existence of significant differences in the control of body fluid balance between SHR and NWR. It is suggested that hyperdipsia elicited by administration of the hyperosmotic load in SHR does not result from primary hyperresponsiveness of the thirst system to osmotic/sodium stimulation but is rather secondary to osmotic load retention.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Age-related decline in thirst and sodium appetite in rats related to kininase II inhibition.

Water intake was examined in young (3-5 months) and old (20-24 months) rats following peripheral administration of either angiotensin (Ang) II or captopril+bradykinin (BK). Relative to body weight, intake after Ang II showed no age-related difference, while that after captopril+BK was markedly reduced in the old rats. In other rats that were not allowed to drink after captopril+BK, the induction of Fos-like immunoreactivity (IR) was much lower in the subfornical organ, supraoptic and median preoptic nuclei of old rats compared with their young counterparts. Intake of 0.15 M NaCl during chronic dietary administration of enalapril was robust in young rats but was much reduced in old rats, as was their plasma renin activity. Thus, reduced thirst and sodium appetite are found in conjunction with kininase II (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors in aging rats, possibly because they fail to generate the high levels of circulating renin seen in young rats under these conditions.

Aging↗