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PubMed1997

The sensitivity of thermography to temperature changes in breast tissue.

This study evaluates the ability of thermography to i) detect temperature changes in a lactating breast in response to the application of therapeutic ultrasound; ii) identify an area of raised temperature in a breast affected by mastitis; and iii) detect temperature changes in the affected area in response to the application of ultrasound. An area of raised temperature (36 degrees C), corresponding with the area of inflammation, was identified in a mastitic breast. Eighty-seven per cent of this area had returned to normal resting breast temperature (33 degrees C) within 30 minutes of application of pulsed ultrasound. The use of thermography to evaluate temperature changes in mastitic breast tissue before and after the application of ultrasound is supported.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Observations of Ice Nucleation and Propagation in Plants Using Infrared Video Thermography.

We evaluated the use of infrared (IR) video thermography to observe directly ice nucleation and propagation in plants. An imaging radiometer with an HgCdTe long-wave (8-12 [mu]m) detector was utilized to image the thermal response of plants during freezing. IR images were analyzed in real time and recorded on videotape. Information on the videotape was subsequently accessed and analyzed utilizing IR image analysis software. Freezing of water droplets as small as 0.5 [mu]L was clearly detectable with the radiometer. Additionally, a comparison of temperature tracking data collected by the radiometer with data collected with thermocouples showed close correspondence. Monitoring of an array of plant species under different freezing conditions revealed that ice nucleation and propagation are readily observable by thermal imaging. In many instances, the ice nucleation-active bacterium Pseudomonas syringae placed on test plants could be seen to initiate freezing of the whole plant. Apparent ice nucleation by intrinsic nucleators, despite the presence of ice nucleation-active bacteria, was also evident in some species. Floral bud tissues of peach (Prunus persica) could be seen to supercool below the temperature of stem tissues, and ice nucleation at the site of insertion of the thermocouple was frequently observed. Rates of propagation of ice in different tissues were also easily measured by thermal imaging. This study demonstrates that IR thermography is an excellent method for studying ice nucleation and propagation in plants.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Facial thermography during nasal provocation tests with histamine and allergen.

Changes of skin temperature (T degree) of the nose area during nasal provocation tests with histamine and allergen were followed by means of an infrared thermography camera. By a colimator system in which temperatures measured on a given surface can be integrated and averaged, thermography allows the continuous and quantitative recording of the temperature during the whole procedure in a completely noninvasive way. In 10 normal subjects, increasing doses of histamine induced a dose-dependent rise of the nose external temperature. No significant change was observed with the vehicle solution. In six subjects allergic to grass pollen, the nebulization of increasing concentrations of a pollen extract induced a dose-dependent rise in T degree. The T degree rise observed after histamine or allergen corresponded to a marked nasal obstruction. The nebulization of the highest dose of the pollen extract did not induce any T degree rise in six nonallergic subjects. The continuous recording of the skin temperature by a noninvasive method might yield additional information on the vascular changes rapidly occurring during nasal challenges.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

[Effect of oblique needling after equal division and positioning of anatomic points on acute sacroiliac joint injury assessed with infrared thermography].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect of oblique needling after equal division and positioning of anatomic points on acute sacroiliac joint injury assessed with infrared thermography. METHODS: A total of 150 patients with acute sacroiliac joint injury were randomly divided into an oblique needling group, a perpendicular needling group, and an acupressure+tuina group, with 50 cases in each group. After equal division and positioning of anatomic points at sacroiliac joints, the oblique needling, perpendicular needling and acupressure+tuina techniques of acupuncture were operated in three groups, respectively. The treatment was administered once daily, 5 sessions per week; 10 sessions constituted one treatment course, with a total of one course required in the trial. Before and after treatment, the scores of Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA), visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain, and World Health Organization quality of life-BREF (WHO QOL-BREF), as well as the average temperature of the lumbosacral region were observed in each group. Additionally, the correlation between the average lumbosacral temperature and efficacy indicators was explored. RESULTS: After treatment, the scores of JOA, WHO QOL-BREF in the oblique needling group were higher (P<0.01, P<0.001), and the VAS score was lower (P<0.01, P<0.001) than those in the perpendicular needling group and the acupressure+tuina group; and the average temperature of the affected lumbosacral region in the oblique needling group was lower compared with that in the other two groups (P<0.001). After treatment, the average lumbosacral temperature of the affected side showed a negative correlation with the JOA score in each group (r=-0.645, -0.482, -0.809, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Following equal division and positioning of anatomic points, the therapeutic effect of acupuncture with oblique needling is superior to the perpendicular needling and acupressure+tuina on acute sacroiliac joint injury. The average temperature of the affected lumbosacral region is correlated with the severity of lumbosacral dysfunction after treatment.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Thermography as a predictor of prognosis in cancer of the breast.

Although thermography is generally considered to lack sufficient sensitivity to be a useful in diagnosis of cancer of the breast, the association of a thermal abnormality with some breast cancers cannot be discounted. Breast cancers demonstrating such a thermographic abnormality have been reported to be associated with decreased survival when compared with patients with no such change. In a study of 214 patients confirmed to have breast cancer without distant metastases, 121 were found to have a thermographic abnormality. Patients whose tumors were thermographically abnormal had significantly larger primary lesions and a higher proportion of metastatic axillary lymph nodes. However, both the 5-year survival and the 5-year disease-free survival were not significantly different from patients who had no thermographic abnormality.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1993

Use and misuse of conventional electrodiagnosis, quantitative sensory testing, thermography, and nerve blocks in the evaluation of painful neuropathic syndromes.

A number of laboratory tests are critically important in the quest to diagnose presence or absence of organic neuropathic dysfunction and to establish the relevance of such to the subjective pain complaints. However, none of these tests has absolute diagnostic value and their results must be interpreted in the light of the clinical picture. Conventional electrophysiology evaluates function of large caliber afferent and motor fibers leaving the function of small caliber afferent fibers unexplored, and cannot explore the basis for positive sensory phenomena. The quantitative somatosensory thermotest is the best test available to explore function of small caliber afferents. It allows documentation of positive sensory phenomena in the form of thermal hyperalgesia. Because it is a psychophysical test, it lacks localizing value. Thermography sensitively detects and precisely delineates areas of cutaneous thermal change of neural origin. Three types of diagnostic neurologic blocks are used in the clinic: compression-ischemia, local anesthetic and sympathetic blocks. Although they may provide important information about the pathophysiology of pain and hyperalgesias, adequate placebo control is of the essence because chronic neuropathic pain patients may express a high incidence of placebo response.

Electrodiagnosis↗
PubMed1990

Identification of functioning sweat pores and visualization of skin temperature patterns in X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia by whole body thermography.

In this preliminary study, non-invasive infrared thermography has been used to visualize individual sweat pores and whole body skin temperature patterns in subjects with X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XHED) and normal controls. The findings in eight obligate heterozygotes and four affected males were compared to six normal female controls and to six non-manifesting females at risk for carrier status. Sweat secretion from individual pores in circumscribed areas was imaged using a high spatial resolution SPRITE infrared detector system working in the 8-14 microns band. In seven out of eight obligate heterozygotes, skin areas devoid of active sweat glands were found on the face, the hands or the trunk. Tear front movement over the cornea was also visualized and abnormal patterns were identified in obligate heterozygotes. Whole body skin temperature patterns, obtained with an Agema 780 Medical Thermovision system, identified abnormal skin temperature distributions, including characteristic aberrant "cascade" back patterns, in obligate carriers. Two out of six "at risk" females had skin temperature patterns comparable with obligate heterozygotes and we have tentatively concluded that they are carriers. Thermal imaging may be used for the examination of "at risk" non-manifesting females in families with a single affected male. The results of this study suggest that the random X-inactivation in females with XHED, as well as producing relatively large skin areas with sweat pore aplasia, is also associated with abnormal temperature patterns that are consistent with altered peripheral vascular perfusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Thermography and the sensory dermatome.

The basic neuroanatomic and physiologic aspects of the sympathetic outflow to the limbs are reviewed and correlated with the somatic sensory dermatomes. The recent literature is considered. A thermocouple thermometer was used to test 30 normal patients and 87 patients with clinically proven nerve root lesions. Thermographic imaging of the sensory dermatome is not plausible, and thermography is not recommended for clinical documentation of painful conditions of the neck, back, or limbs.

Female↗
PubMed1998

Diagnostic value of duplex ultrasound and liquid crystal contact thermography in preclinical detection of deep vein thrombosis after proximal femur fractures.

During a prospective clinical study the diagnostic value of the two non-invasive examinations colour-coded duplex ultrasound (Duplex) and fluid crystal contact thermography (LCCT) was investigated in relation to phlebography, the standard examination for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), in 112 patients with proximal femur fractures. In 19% of the patients, DVT was diagnosed by phlebography, with the main localisation in the lower leg in 19 of 21 (90%) thromboses. With a negative prediction value of 83%, Duplex is less suitable than LCCT under such difficult examination conditions as the early postoperative period. The specificity of Duplex is 95%, but the sensitivity only 18%. The specificity of LCCT is 85% and the sensitivity 75%. Considering the frequency of postoperative DVT after surgery on the legs, especially hip surgery, a postoperative screening for DVT should become mandatory. LCCT has proved to be a suitable, cheap, non-invasive examination with a negative prediction value of 94%.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of mean skin temperature formulas by infrared thermography.

To study the reliability of formulas for calculating mean skin temperature (Tsk), values were computed by 18 different techniques and were compared with the mean of 10,841 skin temperatures measured by infrared thermography. One hundred whole-body infrared thermograms were scanned in ten resting males while changing the air temperature from 40 degrees C to 4 degrees C. Local, regional average and mean skin temperatures were obtained using an image processing system. The agreement frequency, defined as the percentage of the calculated Tsk values which agreed with the corresponding infrared thermographic Tsk within +/- 0.2 degree C, ranged for with the various formulas from 7% to 80%. In many sites, the local skin temperature did not coincide with the regional average skin temperature. When the local skin temperatures which showed the highest percentage similarity to the regional average skin temperature within +/- 0.4 degree C were applied to the formula, the agreement frequency was markedly improved for all formulas. However, the agreement frequency was not affected by changing the weighting factors from specific constants to individually measured values of regional surface area. By applying the physiologically reliable accuracy range of +/- 0.2 degree C in the moderate and +/- 0.4 degree C in the cool condition, agreement frequencies of at least 95% were observed in formulas involving seven or more skin temperature measurement sites, including the hand and foot. We conclude that calculation of a reliable mean skin temperature must involve more than seven skin temperature measurement sites regardless of ambient temperature. Optimal sites for skin temperature measurement are proposed for various formulas.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Isotope perfusion and infrared thermography of arterialised, venous flow-through and pedicled venous flaps.

In an experimental study on the epigastric venous system of rats, we examined three types of venous flaps with regard to their perfusion and long-term results: arterialised venous flaps, flow-through venous flaps and venous island flaps. We documented afferent and efferent blood flow with radiolabelled substances and blood distribution with infrared thermography. By measuring the surviving flap surfaces after 4 months, the relative success rate for each flap type was determined. The results show that in the chosen model the entire surface of the arterialised venous flap had a survival rate of 92.7%, the flow-through venous flap 62.4%, and the venous island flap about 31%. The venous island flaps had the worst distribution of intravenously injected 125J-Fibrinogen, and it was significantly worse in all types of venous flaps than in standard epigastric flaps; moreover, the clearance of intracutaneously injected 99mTc was the lowest in venous island flaps. The infrared thermographic study showed that the blood in the arterialised venous flaps dispersed faster and over a larger area than in flow-through venous and island flaps. Given these results, we conclude that arterialised venous flaps are the safest form of venous flaps, whereas venous island flaps carry a high risk of partial or total necrosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Electronic thermography of normal facial structures: a pilot study.

New electronic thermographic instruments capable of routine clinical examination need to be evaluated for their potential as a diagnostic aid in dentistry. This study assessed thermal symmetry of the face and neck in 20 normal subjects with the use of frontal and lateral views, at 1.0 degree C and 0.5 degree C sensitivity, under controlled conditions. Electronic thermographic images were analyzed for thermal symmetry, by means of a grid matching technique, in 12 anatomic regions and the overall face. Results indicated that thermal symmetry for the entire face was high (70.2%). The 12 specific facial areas demonstrated varying levels of thermal symmetry. Regions of high symmetry on frontal projections included the anterior portion of the neck (82.0%), the TMJ (80.0%), the lower lip (78.6%), and the upper lip (77.3%). The temporal region (46.7%) was found to be of relatively low thermal symmetry. Regions of high symmetry on lateral projections included the nasal region (69.5%) and the inframandibular region (67.0%). The posterior neck region (44.2%) was found to be of relatively low thermal symmetry. In general, normal subjects demonstrated high levels of thermal symmetry over most regions of the face. This pilot investigation is an early step in the evaluation of electronic thermography for future use in dentistry.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Electronic thermography in the assessment of internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. A pilot study.

Current diagnostic imaging methods to evaluate internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) include arthrotomography, arthroscopy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Most of these techniques either require ionizing radiation or are invasive, and all are expensive. Electronic thermography (ET) is an alternative diagnostic imaging modality that is inexpensive, nonionizing, and noninvasive. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess ET in the diagnosis of internal derangements of the TMJ. The study population consisted of 11 patients with internal derangement, and 12 normal patients. ET was conducted with an infrared thermographic unit, at 1.0 degrees and 0.5 degrees C sensitivity. Results from subjective blinded interpretations by two experts for the diagnosis of internal derangement of the TMJ were as follows: sensitivity, 86% (+/- 7.8%); specificity, 78% (+/- 7.1%). Results from objective measurements of thermal symmetry of the TMJ region were as follows: normal subjects, 89.3% (+/- 3.0%); internal derangement patients, 66.1% (+/- 16.2%); t21 = -4.89, p less than 0.01. In conclusion, ET appears to have some promise as a diagnostic aid in the evaluation of internal derangement of the TMJ. Additional, more extensive studies are needed before thermographic diagnosis of internal derangement is accepted clinically.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Temperature changes in bovine mandibular bone during implant site preparation: an assessment using infra-red thermography.

OBJECTIVES: Changes in bone temperature during the sequence of drilling for implant site preparation using the Branemark technique were monitored using infra-red thermography. METHODS: Bovine mandibles were used to provide cortical bone of a similar quality to human mandibular bone. To ensure the consistency in the drilling procedure, one operator used a conventional dental handpiece with a motor provided by Nobelpharma. The manufacturer's specifications were followed during the implant site preparation, except that no irrigation was employed since infra-red radiation does not transmit through water. Thermal images were recorded using the Thermovision 900 system. A sequence of images was recorded during implant site preparation. Three drills were examined in terms of temperature changes during drilling over the entire area involved. The three drills used were a round bur, which determines the site of the fixture, a spiral drill (2 mm twist drill) which establishes the direction of the implant and finally a pilot drill (3 mm) which progressively increases the diameter of the site. RESULTS: Average values (n = 10 drill sequences) for maximum recorded temperature (Max T degrees C), change in temperature (delta T degrees C) from baseline and the area of involvement (mm2) for each drill in the 10 drill sequences were as follows: round, spiral (2 mm) and pilot (3 mm) drills gave maximum temperatures of 82.7 degrees C, 130.1 degrees C and 126.3 degrees C, respectively. The changes in temperature, delta T degrees C, were 45.7 degrees C, 79.0 degrees C and 78.9 degrees C for the round, 2 mm twist and 3 mm pilot drill, respectively. The average areas recorded for the round, spiral and pilot drills were 49 mm2, 140.1 mm2 and 273.0 mm2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the methodology employed accurately recorded temperature changes at and around the dental implant site, and provided preliminary baseline data against which the cooling efficacy of different irrigant systems may be compared.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Clinical application of infrared thermography in the diagnosis of appendicitis.

To determine the clinical usefulness of infrared skin temperatures in diagnosing appendicitis, the authors conducted a prospective study of 86 adult and pediatric emergency department (ED) patients presenting during a 4-month study period with acute right lower abdominal pain. Skin temperature readings (FirstTemp digital thermometer, Intelligent Medical Systems, Inc, Carlsbad, CA) were taken from the right lower abdominal quadrant and a corresponding position on the left. An unpaired t test was used to determine if there was a significant difference between the right and left lower quadrants in patients with appendicitis. Discharged patients were followed up by telephone to determine any subsequent morbidity. A total of 23 patients had appendicitis confirmed by surgery; 63 subjects had other medical diagnoses. There was no significant skin temperature differential between the lower abdominal quadrants in either patient group (0.0 degree C vs 0.1 degree C; P > .5). Three patients had a skin temperature on the right that was at least 1 degrees C warmer than on the left; none of these patients had appendicitis. The results suggest that infrared thermography is not a sensitive diagnostic test for acute appendicitis in the ED population.

Abdomen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infrared tympanic thermography in the emergency department.

The failure to diagnose hypothermic and hyperthermic states can have profound clinical implications. Thus, accurately determining body temperature is an integral component of the evaluation of all emergency department (ED) patients. Oral measurements are most commonly obtained but may not reflect core temperatures. Rectal temperatures are considered more reliable but may not reflect fluctuating core temperatures, and are dependent on site placement. The objective of this study was to determine the practicality and comparative accuracy of tympanic thermographic measurements in the ED. Oral, rectal and tympanic readings were compared in 411 patients. There were significant differences when comparing tympanic to oral (R2 = 0.599, P = 0.0001) and rectal to oral (R2 = 0.554, P = 0.0001) temperatures. In contrast, the correlation between tympanic and rectal measurements was R2 = 0.805, with no significant difference between the two, (P = 0.7077). No complications associated with the use of the tympanic probe were detected. Infrared tympanic thermography is an efficient and noninvasive technique for accurately measuring the temperature of ED patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Intracoronary thermography for detection of high-risk vulnerable plaques.

Up to two-thirds of acute myocardial infarctions develop at sites of culprit lesions without a significant stenosis. New imaging techniques are needed to identify those lesions with an increased risk of developing an acute complication in the near future. Inflammation is a hallmark feature of these vulnerable/high-risk plaques. We have shown that inflamed atherosclerotic plaques are hot and their surface temperature correlates with an increased number of macrophages and decreased fibrous-cap thickness. Multiple animal and human experiments have shown that temperature heterogeneity correlates with arterial inflammation in vivo. Several coronary temperature mapping catheters are currently being developed and studied. These thermography methods can be used in the future to detect vulnerable plaques, potentially to determine patients' prognosis, and to study the plaque-stabilizing effects of different medications.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Influence of catheter design on lumen wall temperature distribution in intracoronary thermography.

Intracoronary thermography is a currently used vulnerable plaque detection method. We studied how catheter design and catheter location influence the temperature readings, and thus its capacity to detect vulnerable plaques. Finite element calculations were performed on geometries representing the coronary artery, the vulnerable plaque and the catheter. Catheter material, diameter and location with respect to the plaque were varied. Both flow and no-flow situations were studied. Maximal lumen wall temperature difference without a catheter (DeltaT=0.12 degrees C, flow=75 cm(3) min(-1)) was considered the reference. Presence of a 1.0mm nitinol catheter right under the plaque increased DeltaT to 0.14 degrees C, whereas a 1.0 mm polyurethane catheter increased DeltaT to 0.51 degrees C. The location at which a thermosensitive element should be placed for most optimal temperature readings during a pullback was shown to lie at the catheter edge for the nitinol catheter and at 1.1mm from the catheter edge for the polyurethane catheter. Temperature readings decreased to background temperature when the catheter was in close proximity but not overlapping the plaque. DeltaT decreased approximately by 70% when a gap of 0.2 mm existed between the catheter and the lumen wall. Occlusion of blood flow increased DeltaT values in all cases, but most pronounced for nitinol catheters. A polyurethane catheter increased the temperature readings, since its heat conductivity is lower than that of blood, which makes it a very good choice for heat source detection. Catheter design can contribute to enhanced temperature readings and thus can enable more optimal vulnerable plaque detection.

Cardiac Catheterization↗