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PubMed1991

Physiological properties of afferents from tactile hairs on the hindlegs of the locust.

1. The spatial distribution and physiological properties of the tactile hairs and their sensory afferents of the hindlegs of the locust Schistocerca gregaria are described. Hairs occur in a consistent position from animal to animal. Hairs on the dorsal tibia are of a greater mean length, 403.1 +/- 17.9 microns, than hairs on the ventral tibia, 265.2 +/- 10.44 microns. Hairs on the dorsal and ventral femur are approximately 310 microns long and hairs on the tarsus are shorter, approximately 200 microns. 2. Based on their threshold responses to sinusoidal mechanical stimulation, the tactile hairs are of two basic physiological types. High-threshold hairs occur only on the proximal dorsal tibia and at the proximal base of each tibial spine, whereas low-threshold hairs are found on the femur, tibia and tarsus. 3. High-threshold hair afferents respond phasically to imposed deflections of the hair shaft and have mean velocity thresholds of 21.1 +/- 4.2 degrees s-1. They adapt rapidly to repetitive stimulation, after as few as 11 cycles at 5 Hz. Low-threshold hairs respond in a more phaso-tonic manner to imposed deflections and have velocity thresholds of less than 3 degrees s-1. They adapt to repetitive stimulation at a similar rate to the high-threshold hairs, but continue to respond to stimulation after 200 cycles at 5 Hz. 4. All the hairs are directionally sensitive, with the preferred direction being oriented proximally and medially (i.e. proximally and towards the body); they are least sensitive to deflections in the opposite direction.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Contralateral coordination and retargeting of limb movements during scratching in the locust

Locusts, Schistocerca gregaria, in common with many limbed vertebrates, can make directed scratching movements in response to tactile stimulation. For instance, stimulation of different sites on a wing elicits different movements that are accurately targeted so that the hindleg tarsus passes across the stimulus site. I have analysed these limb movements to define the ability of a locust to target stimulus sites correctly under a range of experimental conditions. In particular, I describe aspects of the behaviour that reveal possible neuronal pathways underlying the responses. These neuronal pathways will be the subject of further physiological analyses. Limb targeting during scratching is continuously graded in form; different patterns of movement are not separated by sharp transitions. The computation of limb trajectory takes into account the starting posture of the hindleg, so that different trajectories can be used to reach a common stimulus site from different starting postures. Moreover, the trajectories of the two hindlegs moving simultaneously from different starting postures in response to a single stimulus can be different, so that their tarsi converge onto the common stimulus site. Different trajectories can be used to reach a common stimulus site from the same start posture. Targeting information from a forewing is passed not only down the nerve cord to the ipsilateral hindleg but also across the nerve cord, so that the contralateral hindleg can also make directed movements. This contralateral transmission does not rely on peripheral sensory feedback. When the stimulus site moves during a rhythmical scratch, the targeting of subsequent cycles reflects this change. Both ipsilateral and contralateral hindlegs can retarget their movements. The trajectory of a single cycle of scratching directed towards a particular stimulus site can be modified after it has begun, so that the tarsus is redirected towards a new stimulus site.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Stereotypic leg searching movements in the stick insect: kinematic analysis, behavioural context and simulation.

Insects are capable of efficient locomotion in a spatially complex environment, such as walking on a forest floor or climbing in a bush. One behavioural mechanism underlying such adaptability is the searching movement that occurs after loss of ground contact. Here, the kinematic sequence of leg searching movements of the stick insect Carausius morosus is analysed. Searching movements are shown to be stereotypic rhythmic movement sequences consisting of several loops. The typical loop structure allows the mean tarsus trajectory to be calculated using a feature-based averaging procedure. Thus, it is possible to describe the common underlying structure of this movement pattern. Phase relationships between joint angles, analysed for searching front legs, indicate a central role for the thorax-coxa joint in searching movements. Accordingly, the stereotyped loop structure of searching differs between front-, middle- and hindlegs, with leg-specific patterns being caused by differing protraction/retraction movements in the thorax-coxa joint. A simple artificial neural network that had originally been devised to generate simple swing movements allows two essential features of empirical searching trajectories to be simulated: (i) cyclic movements and (ii) the smooth transition into a search trajectory as a non-terminated swing movement. It is possible to generate several loops of a middle-leg search, but the precise size and shape of the loops fall short of a real-life approximation. Incorporation of front-leg retraction or hind-leg protraction during searching will also require an extension to the current model. Finally, front-leg searching occurs simultaneously with antennal movements. Also, because leg searching movements are a local behaviour, the legs remaining on the ground continue their stance phase, causing a forward shift of the body, including the searching leg. As a result of this shift, the centre of the searched space is close to the anterior extreme position of the tarsus during walking, representing the location of most likely ground contact according to past experience. Therefore, the behavioural relevance of searching movements arises from the combined actions of several limbs.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Pictorial review: foot axes and angles.

Using radiographs and diagrams, this article reviews the most commonly used axes and angles of the foot, including: longitudinal axis of the rearfoot, collum tali axis, talocalcaneal angle, cuboid abduction angle, longitudinal axis of the lesser tarsus, lesser tarsus angle, talonavicular angle, longitudinal axis of the metatarsus, forefoot adductus angle, metatarsus adductus angle, first intermetatarsal angle, hallux valgus angle, proximal and distal articular set angles, and hallux interphalangeal angle, plane of support, collum tali axis, talar declination angle, calcaneal inclination axis, lateral talocalcaneal angle, first metatarsal declination axis and calcaneal inclination angle.

Foot↗
PubMed2003

Body louse remains found in textiles excavated at Masada, Israel.

A leg of the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L. (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), was found in a storeroom at Masada build during the reign of King Herod the Great. The unearthed culture material clearly indicates that the room was occupied by the rebels during the first Jewish revolt against the Romans (AD 66-73/4). The context of the textiles associated with the louse and their nature suggest a rebel origin. An exuvium of a leg of the third nymphal stage of body louse was found. The first three parts of the leg (tarsus, including the tarsal claw, tibia and femur) were preserved entirely, while the fourth segment of the leg, the trochanter, was only partially conserved. The comparison of the tarsus of this specimen with the legs of present day third instar nymphs of body and head lice revealed that the leg found within the archaeological debris belongs to a body louse.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A new mite of the winterschmidtiid genus Ensliniella (Acari: Astigmata) associated with the vespid wasp Allodynerus mandschuricus (Insecta: Hymenoptera) from Japan.

A new species of Ensliniella is described from deutonymphs from two localities in central Japan as the seventh species of the genus. Ensliniella asiatica sp. nov., found in the nests and acarinaria (mite chambers) of the vespid wasp Allodynerus mandschuricus, differs from the most similar species, E. kostylevi, in having a more reduced, shorter, subconical solenidion psi on tibia IV and ensiform setae e and r on tarsus III. It is readily distinguished from the remaining five known congeners in having a solenidion omega2 on tarsus I. This is the second species of Ensliniella known from Japan.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Floppy eyelid syndrome: a diagnostic dilemma.

BACKGROUND: Floppy eyelid syndrome may be the underlining cause of papillary keratoconjunctivitis. Patients initially report a nonspecific irritation, redness, or a foreign body sensation. METHODS: As a result of its vague presentation, floppy eyelid syndrome is frequently misdiagnosed. A careful slit-lamp evaluation and a complete history aids in the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The most distinctive feature of floppy eye syndrome is a pliant upper tarsus that is easily everted without excess manipulation. Histopathology has attributed the laxity of the lid to a decreased amount of elastin within the tarsus. Treatment includes prevention of the upper lid from everting during sleep or surgical procedures such as horizontal eyelid shortening. Our case report illustrates a patient with a classic case of floppy eyelid syndrome.

Conjunctivitis, Allergic↗
PubMed2000

[Taste sensitivity in homeotic mutants of the drosophila leg-arista-wing complex].

It is well established that taste chemoreceptors in Drosophila are located on the tarsi of the first leg pair. In order to investigate the influence of the novel homeotic arista-tarsus transformation on behavior, an analysis of taste perception in the lawc-mutants, characterized by the transformation of the arista into tarsus elements, was carried out. The data were subjected to thorough statistical treatment. It was shown that elements of an additional leg that appeared as a result of homeotic transformation of the arista were sensitive to gustatory stimuli. Analysis of the innervation of the homeotic organs by means of cobalt staining of afferent projections showed that the afferents starting from the homeotic leg reached the thoracic ganglion.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diagnosis of skeletal massiveness and somatic type of man by blood type].

The oseological collection of the chair for anthropology, Moscow State University, including 7 mature male foot bones and 13 mature female foot bones, was studied. The canonical and discriminative analyses were made use of to work out a diagnostic model designed for determining the massiveness of the skeleton on the basis of measurement features of the tarsus and metatarsus bones. Besides, models for the diagnosis of a body constitution on the basis of separate foot segments were elaborated. The correct classification based on the metatarsus osteometry amounts to 67.2%, and the one based on the osteometry of tarsus--to 58.3%. Cases from the practice of experts are described, which significantly facilitates the mastering of the suggested methods.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2003

[The role of releasing the fibrous bundles across levator muscle in correcting congenital blepharoptosis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of releasing the fibrous bundles across the levator muscle between the medial canthus and lateral canthsus near the top of tarsus in the correction of the congenital blepharoptosis. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with 40 eyes of blepharoptosis were undergoing the treatment. It was performed by releasing the fibrous bundles across the levator muscle between the medial canthus and lateral canthsus near the top of tarsus to correct the mild and moderate blepharoptosis. A further procedure can also be added to by folding the levator aponeurosis if necessary. In the severe blepharoptosis, the frontalis aponeurose flap may be applied for the suspension as well during the operation. RESULTS: Of the 40 eyes in 27 cases with mild, moderate and severe blepharoptosis were treated by using this method, with 38 eyes corrected satisfactorily and 2 eyes corrected mostly in the following-ups from 3 months to 1 year. CONCLUSION: The above mentioned technique may be a good, simple and effect method to corret congenital blepharoptosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Surgical treatment of congenital anophthalmia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigates the surgical treatment for congenital anophthalmia. METHODS: The operation was performed in two steps. At first, the orbit was enlarged and the tarsus was reconstructed with cartilage transplantation. At the second step, blepharoptosis was corrected with levator shortening or frontalis muscle suspension. RESULTS: Five cases have been treated successfully with this method and satisfactory results were obtained. CONCLUSION: Orbit amplification and tarsus reconstruction along with ptosis correction is an effective treatment for anophthalmia both aesthetically and functionally.

Anophthalmos↗
PubMed1978

[Congenital ectropion of the upper eyelids due to an anomaly of the eyelids in down's syndrome (author's transl)].

A 5-months-old female baby with Down's Syndrome developed an intermittent spastic ectropion of the upper eyelids. The reasons for this are thought to be the flaccidity of the connective tissue, which is typical in Down's Syndrome, and a little anomaly of the eyelids, the tarsus was too short horizontally and very weak and the upper eyelids were somewhat larger than normal and elongated. Suturing Bangerter's lid-sheets on the upper eyelids for 15 days resulted in a scarring of the tarsus with the lax connective tissue of the upper eyelids. The ectropion disappeared and did not recur.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed1990

Irradiated homologous tarsal plate banking: a new alternative in eyelid reconstruction. Part I. Technique and animal research.

Reconstruction of full thickness eyelid defects requires the correction of both posterior lamella (tarsus, conjunctiva) and anterior lamella (skin, muscle). Tarsal substitutes including banked sclera, nasal cartilage, ear cartilage, and periosteum can be beneficial for posterior lamellar repair, while anterior lamellar replacement, including skin grafts, pedicle flaps, advancement flaps, etc., is important to cover the posterior reconstructed portion. At times, due to extensive tissue loss, the eyelid reconstruction can be particularly challenging. We have found an alternative posterior lamellar reconstructive technique utilizing irradiated homologous tarsal plate that can be particularly useful in selected cases of severe tissue loss. The experimental surgical procedure in monkeys and the histological fate of the implanted tarsus is described in Part I, and followed in Part II by our experience with this tissue in six human patients.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Surgical treatment of postburn cicatricial inversions of the lower eyelids with involvement of the lid edge and conjunctival ectopia].

Examinations of 30 patients with postburn cicatricial inversions of the lower lids have revealed involvement of the median half of the tarsus and ciliary edge in approximately 1/5 of them. Conjunctival growth and creeping of the conjunctiva on the edge and outward surface of the eyelid, manifesting as a red spot, are observed at the site of this involvement, where no eyelashes grow. The treatment of 6 patients with such condition has led the authors to a conclusion that ectopic conjunctiva is subject to tangential resection with plasty of the eyelid, its tarsus and ciliary edge, released from the cicatrices, with a single graft of split skin. The technique of surgery is described.

Ankle↗
PubMed1989

[Changes in bones of the foot and development of inserting tendons of the lower leg musculature in tibial aplasia].

Skeleton, muscles and tendons were investigated in 3 lower legs with aplasia of the tibia. The tibiofibular joint appears to be rather a syndesmosis than a diarthrosis. In all 3 cases, talus and calcaneus are connected by a synostosis. Also in the other parts of the skeleton of the feet, synarthroses with different extensions are found. The muscles, normally originating from the tibia, have shifted their origin to the fibula. The proximal part of the inserting tendons under the retinacula is quite normal. Also, their distal part in the region of the metatarsalia and of the digits exhibits no alterations. In the region of the tarsus in which already alterations in bone formation are found, the tendons of the flexor muscles of the toes exhibit some variations. Often the muscles show a new, strong insertion into the bones of the tarsus. The normal connection between the proximal and distal parts of the tendons is sometimes still indicated by a thin bundle of collagenous fibers. In all 3 cases, the tibialis anterior muscle inserts into the distal part of the tendons of the flexor muscles of the toes, indicating that there are also connections between tendons of muscles from different blastemas.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The classic. Arthrodesing operations on the feet: Edwin W. Ryerson,M. D.

The concept of stabilizing paralytic or otherwise deformed joints by surgical fusion started with Eduard Albert of Vienna in the latter 19th century. His classic paper on arthrodesis of the knee appeared in its first English translation in this journal in 1946 (No. 34) (see Classics of Orthopaedics, Phila. J. B. Lippincott Co., 1976). However before his success in the knee in 1882, he had attempted fusion of the tarsus. Immediately following Albert's publication, attempts at fusion of the tarsus were published by Golding-Bird in England, Ogston of Scotland, and many others up to Gwilyn G. Davis of Philadelphia in 1913 whose subtalar arthrodesis became the popular procedure for a decade and seriously competed with Royal Whitman's astragelectomy. In 1923 Edwin W. Ryerson of Chicago (1872-1961) designed a surgical procedure for which he used the term triple arthrodesis. This operation, with minor modifications, became standard and except for the basic concept of Albert, remains among the classics in this subject. It was a relatively frequent procedure when polio was a world-wide orthopedic problem, but has continued a valuable part of the armamentarium of foot surgery whenever trauma or other cause leaves a painful deformed foot.

Arthrodesis↗
PubMed1986

[Suspension of the eyelid to the frontal muscle in the surgery of ptosis. Technic and indications].

Twenty seven frontalis sling procedures were performed with use of autogenous fascia-lata. The choice of this procedure was performed sometimes at the first stage for severe ptosis with poor levator function: isolated congenital ptosis, blepharophimosis syndrome, Marcus Gunn Jaw-Winking ptosis, ptosis with severe myopathy, some traumatic ptosis. This procedure was also performed in a second stage after failure of the useful procedures (levator resection) and after verification that the levator was not exploitable. Sometimes the choice of the procedure is done during the exploration of the eyelid and the levator because there is not always "parallelism" between the levator function and his anatomy. So operative technique must always be performed by a complete anterior palpebral approach, the surgeon can passed the suspensory material from the tarsus to the roof of the orbit, just anterior to the levator aponeurosis, and then out above the eyebrow. The pulley this created by the periosteum of the superior orbital margin prevents vertical traction lines. The skin crease is created with sutures which pick up the tarsus and the lid retractors. If, during the explorations the levator is "exploitable", a super maximum levator resection will be performed at the first stage, the frontalis suspension will be maintained in case of failure of the levator resection.

Blepharoptosis↗
PubMed1979

Tarsal grafting for correction of cicatricial entropion.

A technique of tarsal grafting was used as a simple yet effective procedure for the correction of upper-lid cicatricial entropion. A tarsal graft, 3 to 4 mm in height, excised from the superior tarsus of the donor upper eyelid and placed in a marginal tarsotomy, vertically expands the posterior lamella of the involved lid. This graft also provides a base for suture fixation of the everted lid margin. One case of unilateral cicatricial entropion corrected with a contralateral tarsal graft and one case of bilateral cicatricial entropion corrected by ipsilateral tarsal grafting demonstrate results obtained with this technique. Functional and cosmetically satisfactory results have been achieved with this technique. No recurrence of cicatricial entropion has been noted. With this procedure, tarsus provides excellent graft material for correction of the eyelid deformities associated with cicatricial entropion.

Adult↗