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PubMed1999

Use of a pacifier and behavioural features in 2-4-month-old infants.

This study aimed to analyse a possible association between the use of a pacifier and particular behavioural features in 2-4-month-old infants as estimated by the means of the Early Infancy Temperament Questionnaire (EITQ). It comprised 192 randomly selected clinically healthy infants born in St Petersburg in 1997-1998. The mothers were asked to complete the questionnaires addressing infant, maternal and major demographic characteristics, and childcare practices, with particular emphasis on the use of a pacifier, as well as to fill in the EITQ. The EITQ scores nine different aspects of infant temperament: activity, rhythmicity, approach, adaptability, intensity, mood, persistence, distractibility and threshold. A total of 117 of 192 infants (60.9%) used pacifiers, and they appeared to have more rhythmic behaviour than non-users. This effect remained after adjustment was made for major potential confounding and/or modifying factors, including gender, parity, details from perinatal history and familial social background, feeding pattern, bed sharing and room sharing. With the exception of rhythmicity, no significant association was found between the use of a pacifier and any other particular feature of infant temperament. Use of a pacifier may be associated with higher rhythmicity in 2-4-month-old infants.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2001

Oroesophageal motor disorders in Pierre Robin syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Feeding disorders are one of the main clinical features in PRS, which combines a posterior U-shaped cleft palate, retrognathia, and glossoptosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral and esophageal motor function of children with PRS without additional neurologic symptoms. METHODS: All children hospitalized with Pierre Robin syndrome either isolated (n = 27) or associated with Stickler syndrome (n = 8) were included. Clinical evaluation of their oroesophageal disorders and systematic esophageal manometry were performed. RESULTS: Feeding disorders were always present, but type of disorder varied from one child to another. Esophageal disorders were frequent and seemed to be resistant to classic gastroesophageal reflux treatment. Eighty-six percent of the children required nasogastric tube feeding for a mean duration of 8.6 months. Esophageal manometric abnormalities were noted in 50% of the children: lower esophageal sphincter hypertonia, failure of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation at deglutition, and esophageal dyskinesia. These clinical and manometric disorders showed a trend to spontaneous regression after 12 months. CONCLUSION: In the current Pierre Robin syndrome series, clinical and manometric anomalies of oroesophageal motility were always present. The authors identified an unusual manometric pattern that has also been described in situations of neurovegetative instability. It could reflect dysregulation of the control of the central pattern generators of swallowing in the brain stem.

Cleft Palate↗
PubMed1977

Long-term effect on mother-infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post partum. II. A follow-up at three months.

Primiparous mothers and their infants who had an extra 15-20 minutes' suckling and skin to skin contact during the first hour after delivery, behaved differently at 36 hours post partum compared with a control group without this extra contact. The present study is a 3-month follow-up of these mothers and infants by means of direct observation of mother-infant free play and a personal interview with the mothers. Mothers in the extra contact group spent more time kissing and looking en face at their infants; these infants smiled more often and cried less frequently. A greater proportion of the mothers with extra contact were still breast feeding at 3 months. The influence of extra contact on behaviour was more pronounced in boy-mother than in girl-mother pairs.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Behavioral components of milk-induced activation in neonatal rat pups.

Neonatal rat pups exhibit a complex constellation of behaviors in response to a variety of salient stimuli such as the odor of milk or maternal saliva, stroking with a soft brush, electrical brain stimulation, and intraoral infusions of milk. Although psychobiologists have used the term "behavioral activation" to refer to such behavioral displays, the exact nature of "behavioral activation" and its underlying neural substrates have yet to be elucidated. This study was undertaken to characterize "behavioral activation" quantitatively to describe and define this apparently global pattern of response in terms of possible underlying components. Principal components analysis suggested that "behavioral activation" may be comprised of separable ingestive, exploratory, and locomotor behavioral "assemblies."

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The biological significance of skin-to-skin contact and maternal odours.

UNLABELLED: Infant-mother bodily contact is believed to be the species-typical pattern of immediate postpartum child care. Mothers and newborns engage in mutually beneficial interactions. Maternal odours stimulate breastfeeding activity and are implicated in individual recognition. CONCLUSION: Skin-to-skin contact and exposure to maternal odours facilitate infants' adaptation to the early postnatal environment.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1987

The frequency of suckling. A neglected but essential ingredient of breast-feeding.

This article presents data to suggest that an essential ingredient for the success of breast-feeding is feeding frequency. Increasing the frequency of feeding decreases nipple pain and breast tenderness, significantly increases milk output and infant weight gain, decreases the peak serum bilirubin levels, increases the success of lactation, and decreases ovulation, markedly improving the contraceptive effect of breast-feeding.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Sensory stimuli in the reproductive function].

There is very ancient evidence that sensory systems and specific stimuli affect reproductive functions. Studies of the reproductive cycles and behavior led to the concept that simuli acting through the nervous system could affect the endocrine system. The event which normally induces the milk ejection reflex is stimulation of the teat; however under certain conditions the reflex can be provoked by other sensory stimuli as the sound of other rats nursing their litters. The endocrine mechanisms involved in the termination of pregnancy in rats seem to be essential for the occurrence of parturition, the expression of maternal behavior and lactation. Ovariectomy performed on day 20 of pregnancy impaired parturition, maternal behavior and lactation. Treatment with estrogen permitted normal delivery, maternal response and lactation only when the hormone was injected immediately after ovariectomy. Estrogen administered the day after was not effective. The administration of progesterone to ovariectomized pregnant rats prevented parturition. Maternal behavior did not occur in ovariectomized-progesterone treated rats when delivery was induced by Caesarean section on day 22 of pregnancy. The association of a progesterone decrease and a simultaneous estrogen secretion is an important step for normal parturition, maternal behavior appearance and normal lactation. After parturition a progressive increase in circulating progesterone seems to "adapt" the C.N.S. to the steroid which may modulate the release of prolactin induced by suckling. An acute increase of the progesterone level by s.c. silastic implant or injection during the first 3 or 6 days following parturition impairs the normal growth of the litter probably by impairing milk secretion and milk ejection. Prolactin release was significantly diminished by the progesterone treatment. Pretreatment with an antiestrogen potentiates the inhibitory effect of progesterone on litter growth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Left versus right nipple preference in free-ranging infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

The examination of nonhuman primate (NHP) lateralized behaviors may provide insight into the evolution of hemispheric specialization. This study examined nipple preference in 64 infant macaques in order to consider the ontogeny of lateralized behavior. We used a focal animal sampling method to record nipple contact during 15, 30-min observation sessions collected across each infant's first year of life. Using a lateralized behavior index (LBI) we calculated individual and population preferences (LBI=(R-L)/(R+L); "R"=mean right nipple contact, "L"=mean left nipple contact). Strength of preference was calculated as the absolute value of this score. Infants exhibited no population preference for a particular nipple, but showed a significant strength of preference that developed after 48 hr. Interestingly, successive siblings preferred the nipple not used by the previous infant. These findings suggest that nipple preference is guided by external stimuli, and that nipple preference during infancy may not be a behavioral representation of hemispheric specialization.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Changes in appetitive behavior in weanling-age rats: transitions from suckling to feeding behavior.

To help identify determinants of rat appetitive behavior during the weanling period, rat pups 17-32 days of age were studied in a Y-maze. One arm of the maze provided pups with the opportunity to suckle a lactating or nonlactating anesthetized female. The other arm always contained a familiar food, either liquid diet or ground laboratory chow. In some experiments the dam was separated from the food compartment by a thin gauze screen. In other tests maternal contact could be maintained in the feeding goal but suckling in that compartment was prevented by nipple involution. Age was the major determinant of choice, with more older animals choosing the food arm. Availability of maternal contact in the feeding compartment increased the percentage of rats that chose to feed by about 20% at all ages studied. Food quality, but not quantity, affected choice at each age, as did lactational status. Prior food, water, and maternal deprivation (2 or 24 hr) did not affect choice behavior at any age but did influence behavior in the goal box. These findings are discussed within the context of the changing demands faced by the rats during the weaning period.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Control of suckling and feeding by methysergide in weaning albino rats: a determination of Y-maze preferences.

To assess the effects of serotonergic receptor blockade on the weaning process, 20-, 25-, and 30-day-old albino rat pups were injected with methysergide and were permitted to choose between suckling and feeding in a Y maze. At every age, progressively larger doses of methysergide enhanced pup preferences for the suckling goal, increased the frequency of suckling when in the suckling goal, and decreased the frequency of feeding when in the feeding goal. These results, with the support of other findings, suggest that the weaning process may be, in part, the result of emerging or changing serotonergic neurological mechanisms.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Drinking behavior and motor function in rat pups depleted of brain dopamine during development.

The ability of rat pups depleted of brain dopamine (DA) at either 3 or 15 days of age to increase fluid intake in response to intracellular dehydration was studied. Despite near-total depletions of striatal DA, animals depleted at either age ingested normal amounts of fluid even as soon as 3-7 days after incurring the brain damage. The effects of DA receptor blockade on ingestion and motor function were also studied. Haloperidol had markedly different effects as a function of the age at which the depletions were sustained. Weanlings that were depleted of DA at 3 days of age failed to exhibit the drug-induced adipsia, akinesia, and catalepsy seen in controls and animals that were depleted at 15 days of age. These findings suggest that the DA depletions were performed at different periods of brain organization. The resultant neural controls of ingestion and motor function are qualitatively different in the two groups of depleted animals. Rats depleted at 3 days of age utilize nondopaminergic mechanisms, whereas animals lesioned at 15 days of age continue to rely upon residual DA neurons for both behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Maternal influences on milk intake in SHR and WKY pups.

Mother to pup milk transfer was examined in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and its normotensive progenitor, the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY). Litters of SHR and WKY pups were either reared by their natural mothers or cross-fostered to mothers of the opposite strain shortly after birth. At postpartum days 7 and 14, pup body weights were monitored throughout a 2-h maternal separation period followed by a 3-h refeeding period during which pups remained with their mothers. Weight increases of pups over the refeeding period served as an indirect measure of milk ingestion. At postpartum day 7, both SHR and WKY pups nursed by SHR mothers received lower quantities of milk compared to their counterparts nursed by WKY mothers. Maternal strain differences in milk transfer were largely attenuated at postpartum day 14. The different nutritional environments provided by SHR and WKY mothers may mediate the alterations in offspring cardiovascular physiology and physical development that occur with reciprocal cross-fostering.

Animals↗