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PubMed1987

A longitudinal study of Japanese encephalitis in suburban Bangkok, Thailand.

A one-year study of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in a small focus of transmission was conducted in suburban Bangkok in 1985. Monthly data were collected on weather, vector density, sentinel pig and chick JE antibody seroconversions, and epidemiology as related to human JE cases. The primary vector species were found to be Culex gelidus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus; from which one isolate each was obtained in March and June, respectively. Pig JE antibody seroconversion peaked in April (the hottest month), with secondary peaks following in July and December. Chick seroconversions were found only in June and July. Human cases (7) in the primary focus occurred from May-July, and started 2 months following the finding of the first JEV isolate in mosquitoes and 1 month following mass JEV seroconversion in pigs. Overall, the attack rate in the focus (0.83/10(5] was greater than 4 times that of the rest of Bangkok (0.19/10(5]. Attack rates were highest in 0-9 and 10-19 year-old groups, respectively. Indications are that JEV is transmitted to humans in Bangkok at least 10 out of 12 months per year, but that cases are concentrated in the May to July period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in a suburban school area of Bamako (Republic of Mali)].

Epidemiology of schistosomiasis has been assessed in October, 1990 in three primary schools of a suburban district of Bamako: Magnambougou. It was a cross sectional study which was carried out on an hazardous sample of 549 pupils of 7 to 14 years old. The Kato-Katz and urine filtration methods were used to search schistosome eggs. The prevalence rate was 50% (256/512) in Schistosoma haematobium and 5.6% (26/464) in S. mansoni. Children from 11-14 years old were more infected by Schistosoma haematobium (59.4%), than those from 7-10 years old (35.2%) (p < 0.005). Among these children, 26.2% excreted more than 100 eggs per 10 ml of urine. The infection did not varied significantly no matter what the sex is (53.7 and 44.8% respectively in boys and girls) (p = 0.05). According to the residence, pupils living in Magnambougou were more infected (54.9%) than those of others district (31.1%) (p < 0.001). Likewise, S. haematobium infection was more important in A and C schools (64.9 and 73.2% respectively) than in B school (11.2%) (p < 0.001). Two major snails species which are the intermediate hosts of urine schistosomiasis in Mali (Bulinus truncatus and Bulinus globosus) were found in the shelters: however, B. truncatus was only infected in 13.1% (19/145). Contamination was local and "ruralization" activities (particularly gardening) seemed to be the most important displaying factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Thoracic outlet syndrome: the Suburban Hospital experience.

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) embodies a constellation of symptoms arising from compression of the nerves, arteries, and veins at the base of the neck. Symptoms may vary in distribution and intensity, depending on which of the three structures in the neurovascular bundle are involved. The majority of patients benefit from nonsurgical management; however, when surgery is indicated, transaxillary first rib resection has a high degree of acceptance from patients and surgeons. Length of hospital stay for surgery is brief and long-term results appear to be excellent. This article reviews the fundamentals of recognition and management of TOS and describes recent Suburban Hospital experience.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Dental health in suburban Jordanian preschool children.

There is no previous report from Jordan on dental health in preschool children. In the present study, carried out from November 1988 to January 1989, 255 Jordanian children aged 6 months to 6 years and living in a suburb of Amman were examined for dental caries and related factors. The disease was clinically visible in the second year of life. In the age group 3-6 years 72% had acquired caries, most of them severe. Boys and girls were affected similarly. The prevalence of caries was independent of social background factors. The reason for the high prevalence was probably early and uncontrolled intake of sweets combined with absence of dental cleaning. The authors pose that dental caries is becoming a major health problem among suburban Jordanian children and propose that this preventable disease should be tackled a the child health centers through teaching programmes directed to parents, commencing when the child is under one year of age.

Child↗
PubMed1993

[Incidence rates of cerebral palsy, severe mental and motor retardation, and Down syndrome in the city of Kokubunji in suburban Tokyo].

We investigated the incidence rates of cerebral palsy, severe mental and motor retardation, and Down syndrome in the City of Kokubunji in suburban Tokyo with a total population of about 100,000. The number of liveborn babies during 1985-1989 was 5,475. The number of children with cerebral palsy (CP) was 11 and the incidence rate was 2.01/1,000, which was equal to the rates in reports from several countries and was higher than those of the previous reports from Japan. Two out of 10 patients with CP had mild motor handicaps and were expected to "outgrow" their handicaps. The number of children with "severe mental and motor retardation" (SMMR) was 6 and the incidence rate was 1.10/1,000. Prenatal brain damage played a major role in the pathogenesis of CP and SMMR. The number of children with Down syndrome (DS) was 11 and the incidence rate was 2.01/1,000 which was higher than the previous rates. Incidence rates of CP, SMMR, and DS still remain high and further strategy to prevent pediatric neurological diseases is necessary.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1977

The nature of the problem in a Sydney suburban population.

The importance of trauma as a cause of disability and death in a suburban population has been documented. Nearly 10% of all hospital admissions and 50% of all casualty attendances at major hospitals in a city region were due to accidents. It was shown that the majority of injuries are due to sporting, work-related and domestic accidents and not to traffic accidents. It is believed that attention should be directed toward the identification of more detailed causes of domestic, sport and work accidents, to the education of the public and authorities concerned with these hazards and to the application of preventive measures involving the concept of "engineering out".

Accidents↗
PubMed1996

Deposition of malathion and permethrin on sod grass after single, ultra-low volume applications in a suburban neighborhood in Michigan.

Deposition of malathion and permethrin onto grass surfaces, after ultra-low volume (ULV) application, was studied in a suburban neighborhood in Saginaw County, Michigan. Commercial concentrates of malathion (Cythion ULV) and permethrin (Biomist 4 + 12) were sprayed using a truck-mounted ULV aerosol generator. Sod-grass blocks (0.18 m2) were placed in the frontyard and backyard of homes in the neighborhood at 4 distances to 91.4 m from the road where applications were made. Grass samples were taken from the sod blocks before application and at 15 min, 12 h, 24 h, and 36 h after application. Samples were extracted with solvent, and extractions were subjected to gas-liquid chromatography for detection of malathion and permethrin. Ranges of detection for malathion were 0.0-16.6 mg/0.18 m2 and for permethrin were 0.0-25.9 mg/0.18 m2. Most detections were from samples taken nearest the road at 15 min after application. Detections declined as a logarithmic function of time after application and as an exponential function of distance from the road.

Malathion↗
PubMed1997

[Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in Ixodes ricinus ticks at urban and suburban forest habitats].

The aim of this preliminary study was to estimate the risk of infection of Ixodes ricinus ticks by the agent of Lyme disease--Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. (Acari: Ixodidae). Ticks were collected from the vegetation during May--August 1996 at two different forest habitats: Dziekanów Leśny near Warsaw and Lasek Bielański in Warsaw. Prevalence of B. burgdorferi infection of the nymphs and adults ticks was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Tick occurrence during time of sampling was greater in Lasek Bielański than in Dziekanów Leśny. In both forest habitats ticks were infected with B. burgdorferi s.l., and prevalence of infection ranged from 19.2% in Lasek Bielański to 31% in Dziekanów Leśny. Four species of B. burgdorferi s.l. were identified in the ticks: B. burgdorferi s.l., B. garinii, B. afzelii and group VS116. This study shows that suburban forest and urban park habitats where I. ricinus is present are risk areas of human infection with Lyme disease spirochaetes.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Patterns and correlates of tobacco use among suburban Philadelphia 6th- through 12th-grade students.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tobacco use among teenagers is increasing, even in the face of an understanding of its harmful effects. Data suggest that tobacco use often begins before entrance to eighth grade. This study examined the prevalence of tobacco use among students in 6th grade and compared it to the prevalence of tobacco use among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders in a northeastern suburban community and to national data. METHODS: We used a survey that measured selected tobacco and smokeless tobacco use, demographic variables, school-related factors, and social influences on the use of tobacco products. RESULTS: Sixth-grade tobacco use existed but was minimal compared to the rates seen in 8th, 10th, and 12th graders. Only 1% of 6th graders reported they were current smokers, compared with 41% of 12th graders. Risk factors for becoming a smoker were smoking habits of parents, siblings, and friends. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette experimentation and use begins as early as sixth grade and increases substantially by eighth grade. Our data suggest that efforts toward primary prevention of smoking should be pursued between sixth and eighth grade.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The medical care of patients with primary care home nursing is complex and influenced by non-medical factors: a comprehensive retrospective study from a suburban area in Sweden.

BACKGROUND: The reduced number of hospital beds and an ageing population have resulted in growing demands for home nursing. We know very little about the comprehensive care of these patients. The objectives were to identify the care, in addition to primary health care, of patients with primary-care home nursing to give a comprehensive view of their care and to investigate how personal, social and functional factors influence the use of specialised medical care. METHODS: One-third (158) of all patients receiving primary-care home nursing in an area were sampled, and 73 % (116) were included. Their care from October 1995 until October 1996 was investigated by sending questionnaires to district nurses and home-help providers and by collecting retrospective data from primary-care records and official statistics. We used non-parametric statistical methods, i.e. medians and minimum - maximum, chi2, and the Mann-Whitney test, since the data were not normally distributed. Conditional logistic regression was used to study whether personal, social or functional factors influenced the chance (expressed as odds ratio) that study patients had made visits to or had received inpatient care from specialised medical care during the study year. RESULTS: 56 % of the patients had been hospitalised. 73 % had made outpatient visits to specialised medical care. The care took place at 14 different hospitals, and more than 22 specialities were involved, but local care predominated. Almost all patients visited doctors, usually in both primary and specialised medical care. Patients who saw doctors in specialised care had more help from all other categories of care. Patients who received help from their families made more visits to specialised medical care and patients with severe ADL dependence made fewer visits. CONCLUSIONS: The care of patients with primary-care home nursing is complex. Apart from home nursing, all patients also made outpatient visits to doctors, usually in both primary and specialised medical care. Many different caregivers and professions were involved. Reduced functional capacity decreased and help from family members increased the chance of having received outpatient specialised medical care. This raises questions concerning the medical care for patients with both medical and functional problems.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

The incidence and prevalence of anorexia nervosa in three suburban health districts in south west London, U.K.

OBJECTIVE: To determine incidence and prevalence of anorexia nervosa in a defined geographical area of south west London, UK, total population 519,900. METHOD: Hospital and community health workers in the defined area were contacted initially by letter asking them to identify all cases (new or existing) of anorexia nervosa known to them in the period July 1991-June 1992, using DSM-III-R criteria. A semistructured interview was conducted with the respondents to confirm the diagnosis. The large database record of the senior authors' specialist anorexia nervosa service, including inpatient and outpatient service records, was concurrently screened for cases living in the defined area. RESULTS: The prevalence of anorexia nervosa was found by this method to be 20.2 cases per 100,000 population (0.02% total population). Prevalence in females aged 15-29 years was 115.4 cases per 100,000 (0.1% of young females). Similarly, the annual incidence of anorexia nervosa was found to be 2.7 cases per 100,000 total population. In females aged 15-29 years the incidence was 19.2 cases per 100,000. DISCUSSION: Such prevalence and incidence figures are probably significant underestimates since the disorder can often defy detection or correct diagnosis and, with our own methodology, some identified cases may not have been reported to the study. However, these results can be used as a start for resource planning and service development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and suburban adolescents: knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and risks.

A seventy-nine question survey concerning AIDS was administered to 142 students in a high school senior class in Manhasset, Long Island, an affluent New York City suburb with a low incidence of AIDS. The instrument elicited information about knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, behaviors, and risks. Overall knowledge levels were high. However, substantial numbers of students demonstrated poor knowledge about the epidemiology of AIDS. Only a minority (22.7%) knew that most new cases of AIDS in the United States are among intravenous drug users. Of great concern is that 17.1% thought that AIDS could be contracted during a routine visit to the doctor's office. Of equal concern is that 19.9% thought or were not sure that AIDS could be transmitted while donating blood. When questioned about their attitudes toward those with AIDS attending school, visiting their homes, or living on their blocks, students exhibited the lowest level of tolerance for the school setting with 14.8% objecting to the presence of AIDS-infected students. While 97.9% knew of the protective effect of condoms, 25.6% were either not sure or erroneously thought that urinating after sexual intercourse lowers the risk of contracting the disease. Only a minority of students (39.7%) thought that the government was telling the truth about AIDS. While only 29.8% had had sexual intercourse, most (56.5%) planned to become sexually active in college. This coupled with the consumption of alcohol to the point of getting high or drunk by 57.1% and a history among 15.2% of having sexual intercourse while drunk is of concern. Significant AIDS risk factors found in this population include alcohol use and sexual activity.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗