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PubMed1980

High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of satratoxins G and H in cereal grains.

A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described for the detection and quantitative determination of satratoxins G and H in cereal grains. The toxins are extracted from the sample by blending with methanol--water (55 + 45) in the presence of hexane, followed by partitioning into chloroform. The chloroform extract is further purified on a 10 g silica gel column. A high pressure liquid chromatograph, equipped with a microparticle silica gel column and a 254 nm absorbance detector, is used for the determination. Additional confirmation of identity is obtained by mass spectrometry or by a brine shrimp bioassay of the HPLC eluates corresponding to the retention times of satratoxins G and H. The recoveries of added satratoxins G and H from wheat samples averaged 65% for G and 71% for H (200--1000 mg/kg). The coefficients of variation (CV) were 15% for G and 14% for H. The lower limit of detection was 200 microgram/kg for wheat. Analysis of corn, oats, and barley samples (400 microgram/kg of each toxin added) gave comparable recoveries. Only the corn extract exhibited HPLC interferences at the retention time for satratoxin H. The method was also used to analyze samples of corn, oats, wheat, barley, and rice on which Stachybotrys atra had been cultured.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1977

Epidemiological features of the mycotoxicoses.

Although mycotoxicoses attract more and more attention, the epidemiology of these diseases is still not adequately studied. The author devotes his study to certain diseases. In addition to the diseases whose mycotoxic nature is in no doubt, he conditionally includes certain diseases whose mycotoxic causation needs further proof. The author has assigned stachybotryotoxicosis and alimentary toxic aleukia or fusariotoxicosis to the first category and endemic nephropathy and primary liver-cell carcinoma to the second. His intention in adopting this approach is to establish the common features and differences in their epidemiological manifestations. Epidemiological studies not only help to define the incidence and prevalence of these disease but also make an important contribution to the determination of their nature. When stachybotryotoxicosis--the "unknown horse disease"--was being studied in the mid-thirties, in the Ukraine, the research workers headed by V. G. DROBOTKO, noticed that horses belonging to the Army remained unaffected while in the same localities those belonging to the collective farms were stricken by this "unknown disease". This epidemiological phenomenon suggested the hypothesis that the unknown diseases must be due to fodder, which was different for horses belonging to the Army and those belonging to the collective farms. This led members of the team to investigate the mycoflora of the fodder. The collective farmers themselves had noted the link between the disease and the feeding of poor quality musty straw to horses. For that reason in every collective farm where such cases occurred samples of the available fodder were studied. The numerous investigations remained fruitless for a long time until P. D. JATEL discovered straw which had been fed to horses before an outbreak of the disease. This straw contained a blackened layer copiously overgrown with the fungus Stachybotrys alternans. Feeding of fodder infected with that fungus to experimental horses reproduced the pattern of the "unknown disease", which thereafter began to be known as "stachybotryotoxicosis". When human stachybotryotoxocosis was studied, all the clues in the epidemiological investigation pointed to barley straw as a source of the disease. F. A. LINNIK (1938) noted that immediately before falling sick patients had been in close contact with musty straw. Among collective farmers the disease had a sudden onset and was mainly confined to men. No one contracted the disease who had not something to do with this musty straw. The members of the families of the patients also remained in good health. The disease bore a familial character when farmers had used the straw as litter on their private holdings. In their study of the nature of alimentary toxic aleukia, S. G. MIRONOV and M. K...

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Mycoflora and natural occurrence of mycotoxins in tobacco from cigarettes in Egypt.

Forty-two species and 4 varieties belonging to 21 genera were collected from 40 tobacco samples on glucose- and cellulose-Czapek's agar at 28 degrees C and 45 degrees C. The most common mesophiles (at 28 degrees C) in tobacco on the two types of media were: Aspergillus flavus, A. flavus var. columnaris, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Penicillium chrysogenum and P. funiculosum. Two samples were heavily contaminated with members of Fusarium (F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. solani). Some fungi were encountered only on plates of cellulose agar as Chaetomium globosum, Stachybotrys atra var. microspora and S. chartarum. At 45 degrees C the most prevalent fungus was A. fumigatus. Truely thermophiles were also collected: Humicola grisea var. thermoidae, Rhizomucor pusillus and Thermoascus aurantiacus. Based on biological assays (brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina L.) and Bacillus megatherium test) and chemical analysis of chloroform extraction of tobacco (TLC and UV spectrophotometric), four samples (out of 40) had toxicity and four compounds of mycotoxins were detected namely; aflatoxins B1 & B2 (2 samples; 15.5 and 20.7 micrograms/kg), zearalenone (1 sample, 5.5 micrograms) and T-2 toxin (1 sample, 2.8 micrograms). For studying the tracing of aflatoxins in smoking cigarettes, three doses (10, 20 and 50 micrograms) of aflatoxins B1 and B2 (w/w, 1:1) were injected each in ten cigarettes. All extracts of cigarettes smoke proved to be non-toxic and mycotoxins not detected. However, aflatoxins were detected in topping filter (2.8, 3.5 and 8.8 micrograms/the three doses, respectively).

Aspergillus↗
PubMed1997

A succinylanthranilic acid ester and other bioactive constituents of Jolyna laminarioides.

Methyl 2-[propanamide-2'-methoxycarbonyl] benzoate, fucosterol, trans-phytol and p-formylphenol were isolated for the first time from a methanolic extract of Jolyna laminarioides. Methyl 2-[propanamide-2'-methoxycarbonyl]-benzoate exhibited chymotrypsin inhibitory activity and also found to be active against Escherichia coli and Shigella boydii. Fucosterol exhibited antifungal activity against Curvularia lunata, Stachybotrys atra and Microsporum canis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1998

[Sensitivity to disinfectants in certain rare micromycetes].

The authors investigated the effectiveness of 6 different disinfectants at recommended concentrations on strains of rare types of filamentous micromycetes: Scedosporium apiospermum and Exophiala dermatitidis (isolated from ophthalmomycoses), Fusarium dimerum (isolates from nosocomial fungaemia) and strains of Fusarium moniliforme and Stachybotrys alternans (isolates from the environment and potential producers of mycotoxins). The tested strains were mostly sensitive also to an alcoholic solution, to a preparation containing glutaraldehyde, with inorganic peroxocompounds, with peroxoacetic acid; the lowest effectiveness was found in the preparation containing active chlorine and the most resistant strain was Scedosporium apiospermum.

Disinfectants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mycotoxins.

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Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1983

[Tetracycline-like fluorescence in buried human skeleton parts].

Some ubiquitous soil-living micro-organisms are producing tetracycline-like fluorescences in skeletal remains. For this reason, the possibility of using tetracycline fluorescences in dating or allocating displaced skeletal parts is severely limited.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed2002

Detection of ciliostatic activity in fungal growth on building materials.

Varying ciliostatic activity was found in extracts of biomass from building materials inoculated with pure isolates of some molds previously isolated from buildings. Extracts from growth on materials composed of finely divided cellulose (plaster board and construction cardboard) were more active than those from growth on Rockwool. Extracts of biomass from all three materials demonstrated an activity greater than control samples. Based on the activity observed here, it is conceivable that the measurement of ciliostatic activity of biomass scraped from contaminated building materials could be useful for planning removal strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Modulation of the plasma cholesteryl ester transfer by stachybotramide.

Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), which mediates the transfer and exchange of neutral lipids (cholesteryl esters (CE) and triglycerides (TG) and phospholipids between plasma lipoproteins, plays an essential role in reverse cholesterol transport system. We have found that a fungal metabolite, stachybotramide, modulates the activity of CETP. Stachybotramide stimulated the [14C]CE transfer from high density lipoprotein (HDL) to very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) by 1.3- to 1.5-fold at 0.2-0.5 mM. This stimulation was abolished in the presence of anti-CETP antibody. On the other hand, the transfer of [14C]CE from LDL and VLDL to HDL was slightly reduced by stachybotramide at 0.5 mM. Unlike the transfer of [14C]CE, the transfer of [3H]TG from HDL was not significantly affected by stachybotramide. These results suggest that stachybotramide preferentially stimulate the CETP-mediated transfer of CE from HDL to both VLDL and LDL.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2004

Are indoor molds causing a new disease?

Three mechanisms for disease caused by mold-infection, allergy, and toxicity-are established and well recognized by clinicians. In each case the corresponding diseases are specific to a particular fungus. The mechanisms involved include a recognized inflammatory pathology that leads to objective clinical evidence of disease. Recent widespread litigation has arisen out of an unproved assertion that exposure to indoor molds causes an ill-defined illness. This illness is characterized by the absence of objective evidence of disease and by the lack of a defined pathology. There is usually no specificity for the involved fungus purported to cause the illness. Those publications that claim such an illness are reviewed. They are found to lack scientific validity, often on the basis of faulty methodology and insufficient information. There is no coherent clinical description for the presumed illness. Recommendations are offered for published reports and studies to address this problem.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2004

Toxic mold syndrome.

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Air Pollution, Indoor↗