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PubMed1976

Space, territory and psychiatry.

Space and territory have been the hidden dimensions of human and other animal life. Beginning with studies reported in animals, and incorporating the few formal studies and several informal observations of man, this paper explains the importance of mastering the unwritten rules of space and territory which differ with individual cultures in relation to the behavioral aberrations possibly resulting from the disrupted territoriality of modern urban life.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Behavioral recovery on a spatial variant of the Konorski test following prefrontal damage in dogs.

Two groups of naive dogs were trained on a spatial variant of the Konorski Test, in which pairs of successively presented auditory location cues were differentiated in a conditioning procedure. Instrumental leg flexion to positive stimuli was reinforced by food. Combinations of four different location cues were used as compound conditioned stimuli (CS). In group AA a positive CS involved two identical, successively presented location cues, Sx-Sx, separated by an interval of 5 s, whereas the negative CS was formed by two different successive location, cues, Sx-Sy, with the same intercomponent interval. In group AB positive and negative combinations of location cues were reversed: Sx-Sy combinations were positive, while Sx-Sx were negative. Solving the task required a comparison of the second CS component with the memory trace left by the first component of CS. The two groups did not differ in reaching the preoperative criterion, but the response time was significantly shorter in the AA group. Prefrontal proreal lesion produced a significant but transient impairment of performance in both groups. The third group, trained on a simple differentiation task with single location cues, was completely unimpaired.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1997

Functional architecture of the mystacial vibrissae.

We investigated the transduction operation and function of the mystacial vibrissae, using a comparative morphological analysis and behavioral experiments in rats. Vibrissal architecture was documented in a series of mammals to identify evolutionary conserved features of vibrissal organization. As a result of this analysis, we distinguish between a frontal microvibrissal system and macrovibrissal system of the mystacial pad. The latter was invariably comprised of whiskers aligned in regular rows. In each row, whiskers were oriented perpendicular to the animal's rostrocaudal axis; all shared a specific dorsoventral orientation. In all species, progressing from rostral to caudal in any vibrissal row, there was a precisely exponential increase in whisker length. Each whisker appeared to act as a lever-like transducer, providing information as to whether or not--but not where--an individual vibrissa had been deflected. The rat's frontal microvibrissae system was found to have a vibrissa tip density that was about 40 times higher than that of the mystacial macrovibrissae. In behavioral studies spatial tasks and object recognition tasks were used to investigate (a) search behaviors; (b) single whisker movements; (c) object recognition ability; and (d) effects of selective macro- or microvibrissae removal on task performances. A clear distinction between the functional roles of macro- and microvibrissae was demonstrated in these studies. Mystacial macrovibrissae were critically involved in spatial tasks, but were not essential for object recognition. Microvibrissae were critically involved in object recognition tasks, but were not essential for spatial tasks. A synthesis of these morphological and behavioral data led to the following functional concept: The mystacial macrovibrissae row is a distance decoder. Its function is to derive head centered obstacle/opening contours at the various dorsoventral angles represented by vibrissal rows. This distance detector model is functionally very different from traditional concepts of whisker function, in which the mystacial whiskers were hypothesized to form a fine grain skin-like object-recognizing tactile surface.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The role of cortical sympathetic ingrowth in the behavioral effects of nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions.

Following cholinergic denervation of the neocortex by nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) lesions, peripheral sympathetic fibers grow into the neocortex. Two experiments were performed to determine the behavioral effects of this neuronal rearrangement. Group I animals underwent training on a standard radial-8-arm maze task, while Group II animals learned a modified version (i.e. 4 arms baited). Following acquisition, NBM lesions were performed. Animals with lesions but without sympathetic ingrowth performed consistently better in both behavioral paradigms, than animals with NBM lesions and sympathetic ingrowth. These studies suggest that cortical sympathetic ingrowth can alter behavior and is detrimental to the learning of a spatial memory paradigm.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1992

Creative musical behavior and sex hormones: musical talent and spatial ability in the two sexes.

Creative musical behavior, musical intelligence, and spatial ability were investigated in relation to salivary testosterone (T). In a cross-sectional study with 117 adults and in an 8-yr longitudinal study with 120 adolescents, composers, instrumentalists, and nonmusicians of both sexes were compared by analyses of variance. Results indicate that an optimal T range may exist for the expression of creative musical behavior. This range may be at the bottom of normal male T range and at the top of normal female T range. In addition, musicians were found to attain significantly higher spatial test scores than nonmusicians, both, in an 8-yr-period of adolescent development and in adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Differences in vulnerability and susceptibility to dexamphetamine in Nijmegen high and low responders to novelty: a dose-effect analysis of spatio-temporal programming of behaviour.

Susceptibility to behavioural effects of dexamphetamine (0.5-2.0 mg/kg, SC) was analyzed in Nijmegen high responders to novelty (HR) and Nijmegen low responders to novelty (LR), using an automated ethological analysis. The main results were that, first, dexamphetamine was more toxic in HR than LR: 5.0 mg/kg dexamphetamine was lethal in 75% HR, respectively, 25% LR. Second, dexamphetamine had effects in HR at doses far lower than in LR: a dose of 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg dexamphetamine was already sufficient to produce ceiling effects in HR, whereas a minimum dose of 2.0 mg/kg dexamphetamine was required to reach effects of a similar magnitude in LR. Third, the behavioural responses to 2.0 mg/kg dexamphetamine did not differ between HR and LR. These data show that HR are both more vulnerable and more susceptible to the toxic and behavioural effects of intermediate doses of dexamphetamine than LR. It is concluded that knowledge acquired previously about the neurochemical differences between Nijmegen HR (APO-SUS) and Nijmegen LR (APO-UNSUS) rats can be used to analyze further the mechanisms of action underlying individual-specific differences in drug abuse in animals and man.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Selective information use and perseveration in the search behavior of infants and young children.

Two experiments examined the early development of selective information use in search. The first experiment tested 9- and 16-month-olds on a modification of Piaget's Stage IV object permanence task. It examined infants' use of information from previous experiences with an object (prior information) and from the most recent hiding (current information) to locate a hidden object. In the second experiment, 2-, 2 1/2-, and 4-year-old children received these same sources of information along with new forms of prior and current information: information about the typical locations of objects (location specificity) and verbal information. No systematic perseveration was observed at 9 months, although previous findings related to perseveration were replicated. Perseveration was found at 16 months, but there was also evidence of selectivity at that age. When errors occurred, they tended to be to the prior location, but they were infrequent in comparison to correct searches at the current location. The preschoolers, while continuing to show perseveration, were more consistently selective than the infants. They also showed considerable generality in extending their selectivity to new sources of information.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Effects of temperature and social interactions on huddling behavior in Mus musculus.

Huddling behavior in grouped house mice (Mus musculus) was observed at two ambient temperatures, and in groups containing one or both sexes. Increased huddling was observed in all sex combinations at the lower ambient temperature. The differences observed between groups varied with temperature: in general, male mice were more likely to alter their behavior in response to temperature and social situation, while the behavior of females was more consistent. The results are discussed in relation to the competing effects of thermoregulatory demand and Darwinian fitness.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Waiting for a crowd: the behavioral and perceptual effects of anticipated crowding.

An experiment was conducted in which subjects were convinced that crowding was imminent. It was hypothesized that the arousal of expectations of crowding would cause subjects to behave in ways suggesting that they were preparing for the experience of crowding by taking steps to reduce the impact of crowding before its onset. Similarly, it was predicted that anticipation of crowding would influence subject perceptions of the experimental room, interpersonal affect, and general levels of discomfort. Data collected indicated that these predictions were accurate; subjects anticipating crowding chose more socially isolated seat positions, avoided contact with others, experienced crowding and discomfort, and rated others in the setting as well as the room in ways generally consistent with definitions of crowding.

Adolescent↗