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PubMed1979

A three-year study of the effects of exercise on active young men.

The changes occurring in leanness-fatness, physical working capacity, isometric strength, and motor ability have been followed in 20 highly active young adult males over a period of 3 years. Body weight and estimated percentage of fat increased over the 3-year period but there were no significant changes in the other variables. Within the 3-year period physical working capacity and relative leanness-fatness showed significant variations which are attributed to the state of training of the subjects. Strength was found to be highly related to somatotype but was apparently not influenced by the state of training; changes in relative leanness-fatness occurring with training were found to be influenced by somatotype.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Gender differences in anaerobic power tests.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the differences in anaerobic power between males and females could be accounted for by differences in body composition, strength, and neuromuscular function. A total of 82 untrained men and 99 women took part in the study. Body composition, somatotype, isometric strength, neuromuscular function were measured, and four anaerobic power tests performed. The men were significantly different from the women on all strength, power, and neuromuscular measurements except reaction time and on all anthropometric and somatotype dimensions except ectomorphy. Strength and anthropometric dimensions were similarly related to anaerobic power values within each sex. Relative fat (%fat) exerted different degrees of influence on sprint and jump performances in each sex. Removing the influence of anthropometric, strength, and neuromuscular differences by analysis of covariance reduced, but did not remove, the significant differences between the sexes. Therefore, factors other than lean body mass, leg strength, and neuromuscular function may be operating in short-term, explosive power performances to account for the differences between the sexes. The task-specific nature of anaerobic power tests and the relatively large influence of anthropometric factors on power production were confirmed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Do selected kinanthropometric and performance variables predict injuries in female netball players?

The aim of this study was to determine which kinanthropometric and performance variables predict injuries in female netball players. In a prospective study, 72 volunteer grade A netball players (mean age 20.6 +/- 3.6 years, range 15-36 years) were measured for hypermobility, somatotype, static balance, jumping abilities and anaerobic fitness at the University of Western Australia Human Movement Performance Laboratory prior to the start of their 14-week season. Injuries were classified by site, diagnosis and severity, and were monitored throughout the entire season by the same physiotherapist at the Western Australia (WA) Matthews Netball Centre, Perth, Australia. A total of 22 injuries in 22 players were recorded, affecting the ankle joint lateral ligament complex (59%), knee ligaments (18%), back (18%) and Achilles tendon (5%). Injuries were more common among grade A1 players than other grades (54 vs 19%, P < 0.001). Within grade A1 players, the proportion of injuries decreased with age (P < 0.05). Players were more likely to have had an injury if they had better jumping ability, better anaerobic fitness and if they were low on the endomorphy somatotype scale (P < 0.05). After allowing for both jumping ability and endomorphy, there was no longer a significant difference between A1 and non-A1 players in their risk for injury. Young elite players are at a substantially increased risk of injury. This higher risk appears to be associated with--if not a direct consequence of--their being thinner, fitter and having more powerful jumping capabilities. This suggests that injury-prevention programmes should be targeted at elite players, especially the younger ones.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Physiology applied to field hockey.

Field hockey is a sport with a long history that has undergone quite rapid and radical change within the past decade. The advent of the synthetic playing surface has changed the technical, tactical and physiological requirements of the game at all levels, but in particular at the elite level. In order to cope with the technical evolution within the game, the hockey player has also had to develop physiologically to meet the physical standards required at elite levels. Analysis of the physiological cost and energy expenditure of playing hockey has placed it in the category of 'heavy exercise', with reported VO2 values during a game of 2.26 L/min. Energy expenditure has been estimated to range from 36 to 50 kJ/min. Physiological profiling of female hockey players has shown that somatotype tends towards 3.5/4.0/2.5. Figures for percentage body fat in female players range from 16 to 26%. Anaerobic power output has been shown to compare favourably with other groups of sportswomen and has also been shown to be a discriminating factor between elite and county level female players. Aerobic power amongst female players has been shown to range from 45 to 59 ml/kg/min. The reported somatotypes of male hockey players have shown considerable variation but there seems to be a trend away from ectomorphy towards mesomorphy. Anaerobic power output in male players has been shown to be the same as that of soccer players and better than other sports, e.g. basketball and also higher than reference norms. The range of aerobic power reported in the literature is 48 to 65 ml/kg/min and it would appear that an aerobic power in excess of 60 ml/kg/min is required for elite level play. The physical strain of hockey play has been shown to be considerable, in particular with respect to spinal shrinkage. There is a greater injury risk inherent in playing on synthetic surfaces than on grass.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1999

[The morphology and constitution-based criteria for the assessment of individual risk for the development of vibration disease].

The authors studied morphologic and constitutional features in individuals with various durability to vibration. Patients fragile to vibration were pectoral and indefinite somatotypes with connective tissue dysplasia and small congenital abnormalities (spondylodysplasia, venous wall deficiency. "dysplastic" heart signs and others). Patients durable to vibration were muscular and abdominal somatotypes with rare connective tissue dysplasia and small congenital abnormalities (2.5-10.2% of cases). Evaluation of morphologic and constitutional characteristics is recommended in preliminary and periodic medical examinations of workers subjected to vibration, for assessment of individual risk degree and differential medical follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Correlations of various parameters of the human constitution].

Correlation links were established during the study of anthropometric and dermatoglyphic constitution parameters in teenagers. Dermatoglyphic parameter (width of cristae) that indicates the density of papillary figure correlates with anthropometric values that reflect the extent of development of bony and muscular systems and form mesomorphic axis of somatotype. Delta index reflecting complication of papillary figure negatively correlates with extent of development of adipose tissue, that forms endomorphic somatotype axis. According to the results of the study endo-mesomorphic gradient of dermatoglyphics parameters was established. Maximal informative value of the index of cristae width was demonstrated in the course of studying the correlative links of dermatoglyphic and anthropometric signs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Long-term results of undescended testicle operative treatment.

Men affected with unilateral and bilateral undescended testicles have been examined 10 to 20 years after orchidopexy. The examined patients were divided into groups of individuals operated before and after the 8th year of life. Fertility, structure of the genitals, somatotype, psychosexual behavior, and plasma testosterone levels were tested. It was found that a significant number of cryptorchid patients was infertile, especially the bilateral ones. Abnormalities in the structure of the genitals, somatotype, and in some cases psychosexual behavior disorders as well as plasma testoterone levels lower than normal, have also been found.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Testing of two score systems for the diagnosis of malnutrition.

Two score systems, one for the diagnosis of obesity and another for diagnosing undernutrition were tested in thirteen overweight and seven underweight children aged five years and preliminarily classified as malnourished. These score-systems included indicators grouped into three categories, those which evaluate total body mass changes (one-point group); those which assess fatness (two-point group); and those which assess fatness and/or body composition through complex indices (three-point group). Indicators such as Energy/Protein Index, AKS Index, Somatotype ratings, and Somatotype Dispersion Distances were included in the third group and played an important role in the final score. A subject was classified as malnourished if he reached 80% of the maximum possible score. According to these criteria, only six among the thirteen overweight children could be considered obese and none of the seven underweight ones could be classified as undernourished. Mild or moderate overweight or underweight may be misleading and an incorrect diagnosis of either obesity or undernutrition can be made if the possibility of constitutional corpulence or thinness is not taken into account.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1997

[Serum lipids in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with various types of diabetes mellitus].

In 12 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and in 14 with the disease concurrent with types I and II diabetes mellitus, a somatotype was determined and lipid metabolism was studied by the blood levels of various lipid fractions, by the fractional composition of lipoproteins and atherogenicity coefficient. Lipid metabolic changes in patients with tuberculosis and in those with the accompanied abnormality were not found to depend upon sex, age, somatotype and the type of tuberculosis, but are apparently related with the severity of tuberculous intoxication. In the concurrent disease, lipid metabolic changes depended on the type of diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Studies on the obesity of Hawaii- and Amami-born Japanese children].

Carrying out a somatotype comparison of both, by using data of anthropometry of Hawaii-born Japanese Children (Hawaii-Children) and Amami-born Japanese Children (Amami-Children) that were carried out in 1977-78 a study with regard to the determination of obesity was carried out. The result that compared a somatotype was as follows. 1. The height of hawaii-Children was almost higher than that of Amami-Children. 2. A body weight was almost the same. 3. Trunk length of Amami-Children was longer than that of Hawaii-Children. 4. Lower limb length of Hawaii-Children was bigger than that of Amami-Children a little. 5. The letio of Rohrer index of Amami-Children was greater than that of Hawaii-Children. Therefore, it is determined that Amami-Children were obesity even from Hawaii-Children. when obesity index is judged from the ratio of the height to body weight. As for skin-fold thicknesses (amount of subcutaneous fat), Hawaii-Children is showing a high value more always than Amami-Children and Hawaii-Children is obesity obviously. Although the measurement result of Rohrer index and skin-fold thicknesses are contradicting this cause is because it differs with both trunk length and Lower limb length. Considering those result, it became obvious that a obesity index calculated from the height and body weight does not show fat volume inside a body precisely. The measurement of amount of subcutaneous fat needs to be carried out to check real obesity. Also, it is important to carry out the measurement of trunk length and Lower limb length in addition to the height and a body weight at least, to know a obesity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Body size in different periods of life and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women.

Adult obesity has been associated with an increased risk of post-menopausal breast cancer, but it is unclear whether this relationship reflects a causal role of obesity during childhood and adolescence, of weight gain during adult life or of adult obesity per se. In a population-based case-control study in all of Sweden, we included 3,345 (84% of all eligible) women aged 50-74 years with invasive breast cancer, and 3,454 (82% of all selected) controls of similar age. Mailed questionnaires and telephone interviews were used to collect detailed information on anthropometric measures. Odds ratios were estimated through multiple logistic regression. Women with the leanest somatotype at age 7 had about a 3-fold higher risk of breast cancer than the most obese (P for trend 0.0009). A suggested protective effect of a high body mass at age 18 and a detrimental influence of body mass 1 year prior to data collection largely reflected the effect of weight gain after age 18, a strong predictor of breast cancer risk. Among women at least 20 years post menopause, those who had gained 30 kg or more since age 18 had an odds ratio of 2.04 (95% confidence interval 1.20-3.48) of breast cancer compared with those who had maintained their weight unchanged. The effect of weight gain was unequivocal among non-users but not among users of hormone replacement therapy. Our findings have important implications, suggesting weight preservation as a means for prevention of post-menopausal breast cancer as well as a causal role of childhood body build in breast cancer etiology.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body size, composition, and blood pressure of high-altitude Quechua from the Peruvian Central Andes (Huancavelica, 3,680 m).

Although much information is available about the effects of high altitude on physiological characteristics, less is know about its effect on body composition. In the present study, anthropometric and body composition variables were investigated in a sample of 77 adult Quechua males from the Peruvian Central Andes (Huancavelica, 3,680 m). The subjects are shorter in relation to body weight than other ethnic groups, whereas body proportions are macrocormic (indicating a long trunk relative to the lower extremities), with intermediate values of the acromial-iliac index. All skinfold thicknesses are low (approximately 15th percentiles of NHANES reference values for the triceps and subscapular skinfolds), but tend to be higher than in the other Quechua populations. Similar results are obtained when percentage fat is estimated. Somatotypes are dominant in mesomorphy with very low ectomorphy. Comparison with a sample of high-altitude Kirghiz (3,200 m), previously studied with the same methods, shows higher values in the Peruvian sample for all variables related to adiposity. The presence of low adiposity in the Quechua population could be associated with stresses of the high-altitude environment. Mean values of blood pressure are very low and there is no correlation with age.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1981

Female homosexuality and body build.

A recent report utilizing self-reported and small-small-size data suggests that group differences in body build between heterosexual and homosexual women are likely to be minor. The data presented in this paper do not support this contention. Interviews were conducted with 241 nonpatient, exclusively homosexual women to determine their socioeconomic status, their psychosexual identification, and their overt sexual behavior patterns. The entire sample was then divided into seven psychosexual/behavioral categories derived from the interview data. Anthropometric data were collected for five subsamples and included (1) height measurements, (2) biacromial and bi-iliac measurements, (3) androgyny scores, (4) arm and leg girth measurements, (5) bicondylar diameters of the femur and humerus, (6) triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds, and (7) somatotype profiles. These data indicate that the homosexual women have narrower hips, increased arm and leg girths, less subcutaneous fat, and more muscle than heterosexual women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Tonic heart rate level, social class and antisocial behaviour in adolescents.

On the basis of previous empirical research it was hypothesised that (a) antisocial behaviour in adolescence would be characterised by lower tonic heart rate levels and (b) any such relationship would be particularly borne out in the higher social classes where the 'social push' towards antisociality may be relatively weaker. These predictions were tested by relating tonic heart rate levels in a sample of 15 year old male schoolchildren to self-report and teacher ratings of antisocial behaviour/undersocialization. An 'antisocial' group was found to have significantly lower heart rate levels than a 'prosocial' group. Several analyses on high and low class groups resulted in a significant low heart rate/antisociality relationship in the high classes only. It was speculated that the heart rate/antisociality relationship may be mediated by somatotype, or alternatively that low levels in high class antisocials may reflect a vagal passive adaptation to mildly aversive events.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Physique characteristics of Pan American Games lightweight rowers.

The emergence of lightweight rowing as an international sport has made the optimization of physique within the weight restrictions a matter of primary importance in selection and training of the participants. The occasion of the Xth Pan American Games provided opportunity to obtain comprehensive anthropometric data on 20 male and 13 female lightweight rower finalists including most of the medal winners. Anthropometric characteristics, somatotype, and proportionality profiles showed the male rowers to be similar in most aspects to a student control sample, with the exception of short sitting height and large transverse chest breadth. The females, on the other hand, appeared to be very different from the control sample, having a number of characteristics similar to those of Olympic rowers. The female lightweight rowers also uniquely demonstrated two distinct physique prototypes.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2001

The evolution of physique in male rugby union players in the twentieth century.

Data on 1420 high-standard rugby union players measured between 1905 and 1999 were collated to chart the evolution of body size and shape in rugby union football. Individual data were available for 843 players. Where only summary statistics were presented, Monte Carlo simulation was used to generate pseudo-data. Anthropometric variables included height, body mass, body mass index (BMI) and somatotype where available. The rates of increase in body mass (2.6 kg per decade) and BMI (0.4 kg x m(-2) per decade) were well above those of the general population of young males. The increase in height (1.0 cm per decade) was comparable to the secular increase. The increases in body mass and BMI since 1975 have been three to four times those between 1905 and 1975. Since 1975, players have been less endomorphic (-0.3 units per decade) and less ectomorphic (-0.4 units per decade), but much more mesomorphic (+1.1 units per decade) than before. There is a close association between body size and success. Final ranking in the 1999 World Cup showed significant correlations with the average mass of the squads.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Physical structure of winter sports athletes.

A review of the results concerning the body size, growth, maturation, shape, composition, and strength of ice hockey players, cross-country skiers, alpine skiers, ski jumpers and Nordic combined skiers is presented. The comparisons of the results in body height, weight, somatotypes, percent fat, LBM and hand grip from various authors are made. Also the differences between ice hockey players and skiers of all disciplines are shown. The review covers all the available results. It may be concluded that the elite athletes in each studied sport form a highly select group which has, from the biomechanical point of view, the best physical structure for their sport discipline.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Anthropometric characteristics as discriminators of body-building success.

A total of 36 non-elite male body builders were observed at the time of competition. Their mean physical characteristics (+/- S.D.) were: age, 24.6 +/- 4.8 years; height, 174.4 +/- 6.7 cm; bodyweight, 80.3 +/- 11.0 kg. Their body composition values were: percentage body fat, 9.3 +/- 1.6%; fat-free mass, 72.8 +/- 9.8 kg. The mean somatotype for all subjects was: endomorphy, 2.3 +/- 0.6; mesomorphy, 6.2 +/- 0.9; ectomorphy, 1.2 +/- 0.6. The body proportions (cm) included: biacromial diameter/bi-iliac diameter, 1.463 +/- 0.132; torso length/height, 0.468 +/- 0.018; chest circumference/abdominal circumference, 1.345 +/- 0.059. The body builders in the present study were younger, had lower bodyweights, lower fat-free mass, lower mesomorphy ratings, smaller circumferences, and smaller skeletal dimensions than elite body builders reported in the scientific literature. When the body builders in the present study were divided into successful and unsuccessful groups based on actual competition results, a multiple-discriminant analysis found that biacromial diameter/bi-iliac diameter, torso length/height, chest circumference/abdominal circumference, percentage body fat, height, and bodyweight accounted for 80.6% of the explained variance. These data indicate that the success of a body builder can be accounted for in large part by easily obtained physical variables.

Adult↗