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PubMed2001

The business model and social work: a conundrum for social work practice.

The economic and social philosophies of the "New Right" which emphasise individualism and self-fulfillment have become wide-spread. In the last two decades it has grown particularly strong in Western societies. Self-fulfillment of the individual now commands its own moral imperative, and promotes the shutting out of the greater issues and concerns (political, historical and religious) that transcend the self. This paper examines the impact of "New Right" ideologies on social workers and social work practice, with particular reference to social workers in New Zealand's largest mental health institution, Porirua Hospital. It argues that a life course approach is necessary to understand social variations in health. It explores the accumulation of risk for the underprivileged in the market environment, with its concomitant constraints on human services. The paper reviews the inherent and fundamental conflict of objectives in the ethical positioning of social organizations, as against those of the ew Right." Finally, the paper argues for social and economic policies that would defend the socio-economically disadvantaged against an accumulation of risk in the critical periods of their life. It highlights survival strategies for social work in a marginalizing practice environment.

Economic Competition↗

PubMed2002

Alexithymia, social support, psycho-social stress and mental health in a female population.

BACKGROUND: We wanted to look into what impact the level of alexithymia, as assessed by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale with 20 items (TAS-20), has on presence of social support and vulnerability for psycho-social stress assessed as occurrence of serious life-events, in an all-female population. METHODS: A total of 1032 of females employed in a child-care programme in Sweden participated. They were asked to fill in a questionnaire and 864 (83.6%) delivered complete tests. RESULTS: The prevalence of alexithymia was 7.9% and there were significant associations between high TAS-20 scores with low level of education. In addition, this assessment showed significant relationships between global TAS-20, as well as the sub-factors of TAS-20 and lower social support. Having a low level of social support was found to be 3.5 times more common in the part of the population who was alexithymic. It was also 2.6 times more common for the alexithymic part of the population not to have someone to turn to. Alexithymics with low support and no life events had overall mean scores on all the three variables presenting them as worse off from a mental health point of view. When life events were present alexithymics remained worse off than non-alexithymics even when a higher level of support was in place. There was a significant direct protective (salutary) effect of social support found for social disability in the alexithymic population. CONCLUSION: Alexithymics in this study showed a lack of social support and a proneness to high levels of negative emotion and to social distress.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Nicotine administration interacts with housing conditions to alter social and non-social behaviors in male and female Long-Evans rats.

Despite the fact that the anxiety-relieving effects of smoking are widely reported by smokers, human laboratory studies have not found consistent evidence for this effect. In animals, contrasting results also have been reported, with Sprague-Dawley rats unaffected by nicotine in behavioral tests of anxiety but with other rat strains (e.g., Wistar, Fischer-344) displaying behaviors indicative of anxiolysis. The present experiment used the social interaction test to evaluate effects of nicotine (12 mg/kg/day) chronically administered via minipump on social and non-social behaviors in 48 male and 48 female Long-Evans rats--a strain that has not previously been evaluated and that is known to differ from Sprague-Dawleys in other behavioral responses to nicotine. Because environmental conditions can alter behavioral effects of drugs, animals lived in either individual or same-sex group housing. Social interactions were measured on day 10 of drug administration and social behaviors (touch, follow, sniff-other, wrestle) as well as non-social behaviors (anxiety-related behaviors: freezing, grooming-self; exploratory behavior: moving) were scored. Group housing decreased social behaviors and increased anxiety-related behaviors. Nicotine's effects depended upon housing condition, such that nicotine further decreased social behaviors and increased anxiety-related behaviors of group-housed animals, with weaker effects in single-housed animals. Overall, the results suggest that nicotine's effects are modified by environmental conditions, and that nicotine administration at this dosage and in this particular rat strain results in anxiogenic effects.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Liar, liar: internet faking but not frequency of use affects social skills, self-esteem, social anxiety, and aggression.

Misuse of the Internet can affect various aspects of children's social lives. It was predicted that children who misrepresent themselves on the Internet would have less well-developed social skills, lower levels of self-esteem, and higher levels of social anxiety and aggression. The frequency of Internet use was also assessed. Students aged 11-16 years were recruited for the study from classes after obtaining consent. Questionnaires included a query of Internet behaviors, the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with Youngsters Appropriate Social Skills and Inappropriate Assertiveness subscales, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, and the Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised. It was found that children who reported the most faking behavior on the Internet (e.g., pretending to be older) had poorer social skills, lower levels of self-esteem, higher levels of social anxiety, and higher levels of aggression. Frequency of use, however, did not affect these factors in the current study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Gender differences in social desirability and social approval bias in dietary self-report.

Social desirability (the tendency to respond in such a way as to avoid criticism) and social approval (the tendency to seek praise) are two prominent response set biases evident in answers on structured questionnaires. These biases were tested by comparing nutrient intakes as estimated from a single 24-hour diet recall interview (24 HR) and a 7-day dietary recall (7DDR). Data were collected as part of the Worcester Area Trial for Counseling in Hyperlipidemia, a randomized, physician-delivered nutrition intervention trial for hypercholesterolemic patients conducted in Worcester, Massachusetts, from 1991 to 1995. Of the 1,278 total study subjects, 759 had complete data for analysis. Men overestimated their fat and energy intakes on the 7DDR as compared with the 24HR according to social approval: One unit increase in the social approval score was associated with an overestimate of 21.5 kcal/day in total energy intake and 1.2 g/day in total fat intake. Women, however, underestimated their dietary intakes on the 7DDR relative to the 24HR according to social desirability: One unit increase in the social desirability score was associated with an underestimate of 19.2 kcal/day in energy intake and 0.8 g/day in total fat. The results from the present study indicate that social desirability and social approval biases appear to vary by gender. Such biases may lead to misclassification of dietary exposure estimates resulting in a distortion in the perceived relation between health-related outcomes and exposure to specific foods or nutrients. Because these biases may vary according to the perceived demands of research subjects, it is important that they be assessed in a variety of potential research study populations.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

DSM-III-R subtypes of social phobia. Comparison of generalized social phobics and public speaking phobics.

Social phobic patients who fear most or all social interaction situations are labeled generalized social phobics in DSM-III-R. Thirty-five patients who met this criterion were compared with 22 social phobic patients whose fears were restricted to public speaking situations. Generalized social phobics were younger, less educated, and less likely to be employed, and their phobias were rated by clinical interviewers as more severe than those of public speaking phobics. Generalized social phobics appeared more anxious and more depressed and expressed greater fears concerning negative social evaluation. They performed more poorly on individualized behavioral tests and differed from public speaking phobics in their responses to cognitive assessment tasks. The two groups showed marked differences in their patterns of heart rate acceleration during the behavioral test. The implications of these findings for the classification and treatment of social phobic individuals are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The measurement of social disablement and assessment of psychometric properties of the Social Behaviour Schedule (SBS-BR) in 881 Brazilian long-stay psychiatric patients.

BACKGROUND: Data on the prevalence of social disablement in long-stay psychiatric patients, and the assessment of the psychometric properties of the instruments that evaluate social behaviour in this population are scarce in Brazil. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence rates of social disablement in a population of long-stay psychiatric patients from the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, and assessed the psychometric properties of the Social Behaviour Schedule (SBS). METHOD: Data were collected from a population of 881 psychiatric patients housed in the Municipal Mental Health Institute using the 21-item SBS. RESULTS: Most of the patients were women (59%), the mean age was 65.8 years (SD = 11) and the mean length of stay was 37.3 years (SD = 11.5). Of the population, 50.6% were scored as having poor self-care, 46% with little spontaneous communication, 41.1% with poor attention span, and 37.1% with underactivity. Comparing our data with international studies that used the same instrument, we found that our population was more disabled than the others, especially on the social withdrawal factor. Regarding psychometric properties, the inter-rater kappa was 0.709, the inter-informant kappa was 0.500, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.766. The groups of patients in the six settings of the institute presented significant statistical differences in the total score (F = 11.447, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the high rates of social disablement in this population. The precarious conditions of the institution where the patients have been living for decades and unmet individual care may have exacerbated their social disablement. Furthermore, the SBS-BR had satisfactory psychometric properties, particularly reliability, showing it to be an adequate instrument for measuring social disablement in Brazil.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Social role valorization insights into the social integration conundrum.

More and more persons with mental retardation and psychiatric disabilities are present in mainstream society, yet have little interaction and few relationships outside their own peer groups of devalued persons. Social integration remains a desirable yet elusive goal for most human service organizations, and there continues to be a certain amount of confusion about what constitutes social integration. Recent reviews in North America and Europe testify to the difficulty of achieving social integration, particularly for people with mental retardation and psychiatric disabilities. Social role valorization, with its use of the social role concept, provides useful insights and tools for analyzing the social integration conundrum. A social role conceptualization of social integration is proposed and an illustrative example is provided.

Humans↗

PubMed2001

Professional socialization of baccalaureate nursing students: can students in distance nursing programs become socialized?

Distance education programs may have difficulty socializing nursing students due to limited face-to-face student-faculty interaction. Socialized attitudes toward the nursing profession were assessed using two measures with three groups--senior BSN students enrolled at campus-based programs, senior BSN students enrolled in distance programs, and non-nursing students. The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether nursing students enrolled in distance programs had professional socialization outcomes comparable to nursing students enrolled in campus-based programs, and to examine the psychometric properties of two popular measures of professional socialization. Results indicated that students in the distance programs had higher scores than the campus-based nursing students, who, in turn, had higher scores than non-nursing students. A statistical interaction of RN status by program type indicated that health care experience was a critical factor in the socialization process. Of the two socialization measures examined, one had acceptable psychometric properties. These data suggest that health care and preceptorship experiences are important determinants of professional socialization and that students who opt for distance nursing programs graduate with socialization outcomes that are at least comparable to those of students who attend traditional programs.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2000

[Evaluation of the first social consultation in oncology: a series of 200 cases. Groupe de recherche de l'action médico-sociale en Aquitaine (Gramsa)].

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the clinical social work in oncology. We present a series of 137 men and 63 women treated for cancer (mean age: 57 y; 20-90) who were addressed (65%) or came spontaneously (35%) for a first social consultation; 45 consultations concerned the family at the day of death of the patient. The collected data (expressed requests, evaluated real difficulties, orientations of the social work, necessity of network) are correlated with the medical data and the time between diagnosis and social consultation. The social intervention is often brief (95%) and focused (66%). A medical and social network is used in 70% of cases. The administrative and psychosocial problems predominate with an important discordance between the requests and the evaluated difficulties. The metastatic status increases psychosocial, legal difficulties and problems of the organisation of home-care. The delay of the social consultation has great influence upon the legal difficulties. The family's difficulties, after the patient's death are administrative (93.3%), psychosocial (84.4%) and legal (68.9%). Clinical social work is part of the global management of patients and their families; its quality has direct implication on their daily life during and after treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Social skills problems in neurotic outpatients. Social skills training with and without cognitive modification.

Twenty-two "socially dysfunctional" outpatients had 12 1 1/2-hour sessions of social skills training either alone or combined with cognitive modification (each, n = 11). Two raters who were blind to the treatment regimen significantly differentiated the two treatments, as judged from audiotapes of treatment sessions. Measurement was by an independent assessor in a structured interview, by self-monitoring of several activities and of anxiety felt during them, and by self-rated questionnaires. In each treatment regimen, patients' conditions improved significantly and equally on reported behavioral and cognitive measures both during and after treatment, and at six-month follow-up. Outcome did not differ significantly between the two treatment conditions at any time on any measure. Patients reported increased levels of social activities and less anxiety during these, less isolation, better relations with their colleagues at work, less depression, and loss of many irrational social beliefs. During multiple baseline monitoring for up to nine weeks, no improvement occurred. Performance of each social task or "target" increased significantly after training was begun for it, and subjective anxiety decreased similarly during social performance. Untreated targets improved much less, and more slowly. Social skills training was followed by lasting and worthwhile improvement that was not enhanced by the addition of cognitive modification.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

The relationship of social network deficits with deficits in social functioning in long-term psychiatric disorders.

It has been suggested that deficits or impairments in social functioning may explain the depleted support networks of the mentally ill. With this in mind, 145 long-term users of day care psychiatric facilities, 57% of whom had a life-time diagnosis of schizophrenia, were examined to determine whether deficits in social and survival skills explained deficits in their social networks. Compared with patients with acute depression, long-term patients had smaller social networks. There was a very small but statistically significant association between observer ratings of deficits in social functioning (daily social and living skills) and self-reported family social networks size. Behavioural problems were also associated with smaller family networks. Among the long-term patients, duration of service contact and type of disorder (affective vs nonaffective psychosis) were not related to network size. These preliminary findings are discussed.

Female↗

PubMed1992

Groups as social network members: overlooked sources of social support.

In a study of the link between physical disability and social relationships among the elderly, questions about social network and social support evoked a surprisingly large number of group responses. People mentioned "my grandchildren," "the people in my building," "people at the senior center," and other groups in ways that suggested that the real unit of support was extraindividual and could not be accurately understood by reference to individual people within those groups. This paper describes the frequency of such responses and the circumstances under which they emerged. Definitions of social support and of social network should not be restricted to dyadic relationships between individuals; better understanding of social support processes would derive from consideration of the kinds of social support functions best offered by groups vs. individuals and consideration of differences in the ways in which support is derived from groups and individuals.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

Social behavior, dominance, and social deprivation of rats determine drug choice.

Relationships between social deprivation, dominance, and voluntary intake of ethanol (ETOH) and diazepam (D) were studied in male adult Wistar rats. Social behavior was registered by tetradic encounters in the open field prior to the rats' drug experiences. Social deprivation was induced by individual housing (LI) and contact caging (C). Nondeprived rats were housed in groups of four individuals (G) each. Social deprivation facilitated ETOH intake: LI rats consumed 30% more ETOH than G. Increase of deprivation by change of housing condition additionally raised ETOH consumption. ETOH experiences did not affect subsequent D choice. However, rats with a high ETOH consumption also preferred D. Individual drug disposition correlated with social dominance (in G: to social activity). Even in individual isolation dominant rats took less drugs than subordinate ones, but these rats raised their ETOH consumption when the housing conditions were changed. After nine months of voluntary ETOH intake and subsequently nine months without access to ETOH the rats showed signs of "behavioral dependence." Compared to naive animals they took twice as much ETOH and even after adulterating ETOH by quinine a high preference was perpetuated. During this state modifying social factors were no longer effective.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Social networks and social support: living with chronic renal disease.

Individuals with chronic renal disease who receive dialysis treatment are continually faced with major adjustments. These may include dealing with changes in work and economic status, social roles, activity levels, self-image, health status, and normal routines, as well as learning to live with uncertainty and loss. The individual's social network plays a key role as the individual experiences and moves through various stages of adjustment. Networks with certain characteristics (e.g. provision of affective support, reciprocal ties) may be more effective than others lacking these characteristics in meeting the individual's changing needs during the process of adjusting to chronic renal disease. This paper examines this relationship between the characteristics of an individual's social network and adjustment to chronic renal illness. The discussion focuses on the impact of chronic renal disease on the individual, the composition and characteristics of the social network, and on the relationships between network members. How the social network affects a person's adjustment to stages of adaptation to chronic renal disease is also addressed. Finally, suggestions are presented for how health care professionals can intervene at the individual, network, and organizational level to strengthen and enlarge social networks in order to enhance social support.

Humans↗

PubMed1985

Social networks and social support: implications for natural helper and community level interventions.

The convincing evidence of the relationship between social support, social networks, and health status has influenced the development of program strategies which are relevant to health education. This article focuses on the linkage between social support and social networks and health education programs which involve interventions at the network and community level. Two broad strategies are addressed: programs enhancing entire networks through natural helpers; and programs strengthening overlapping networks/communities through key opinion and informal leaders who are engaged in the process of community wide problem-solving. Following a brief overview of definitions, this article highlights several network characteristics which are often found to be related to physical and mental health status. Suggestions are made for how these network characteristics can be applied to the two program strategies. Principles of practice for the health educator, and some of the limitations of a social network approach are delineated. The article concludes with a recommendation for engaging in action research--a perspective highly consistent with both the strategies discussed and the concepts of social networks and social support. This approach not only recognizes, but also acts to strengthen indigenous skills and resources.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Social group work: building a professional collective of hospital social workers.

Deconstruction of traditional social work departments can isolate social workers from their primary source of professional affiliation, leaving them without the support to take stands on controversial patient care issues. This paper describes an alternative: the building of a powerful social work collective based on social group work theory that potentiates professional practice while transcending management forms. The model includes group supervision, but moves beyond it to utilize the social work group as a central organizing principle. At the heart of the collective are the elements of professional accountability, support, autonomy, and collaborative decision- making within democratic peer group structures. The authors highlight current management theory, distinctions that create an authentic social work value-based practice, and outcomes for social workers, their clients, and colleagues.

Conflict, Psychological↗

PubMed1986

Social visions and social control: the evolution of medical thought in postwar Hungary.

After nearly two decades of rigid adherence to the Soviet model of social and economic development, Hungary initiated a series of reforms in the 1960s that emphasize decentralization and market economic mechanisms. Internal repression and surveillance have diminished concurrently. Shaped by these broader social trends, three explanations of disease causation have successively emerged in Hungary since World War II: social medicine, a lifestyle model, and a psychosocial model. Although each model attempts to offer the best explanation for prevailing patterns of morbidity and mortality, each also reflects an underlying world view and the political priorities that derive from it. Social medicine and the lifestyle model have served largely to consolidate the power of ruling elites. The psychosocial model, on the other hand, has the potential to challenge the social order. The current popularity of the lifestyle model seems rooted in a widespread cynicism about social change which in turn is a product of contemporary social conditions in Hungary.

Hungary↗