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PubMed2001

Ethanol delays and reverses lysophosphatidylcholine-induced calcium overload in neonatal rat heart cells.

Increased lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) production by the ischemic heart is associated with tissue damage. In vitro, LPC produces an increase in cytosolic [Ca2+], usually followed by cell contracture and lysis. Since ethanol reportedly protect cells during ischemia-reperfusion, we wished to determine whether ethanol could protect heart cells against LPC-induced Ca2+ overload. Newborn rat heart cells in culture were loaded with Fura-2 and [Ca2+]i recorded in individual cells. The presence of 22 or 44 mM ethanol increased the time required for 10 microM x L-palmitoyl-LPC to produce maximal Ca2+ accumulation from 8.4+/-0.4 min (n=47) to 21.1+/-2.1 x min (n=32; P<0.01) and 23.8+/-1.8 min (n=10; P<0.01) respectively. The onset of the [Ca2+]i increase could be reversed partially by the addition of ethanol (44 or 88 mM). After the addition of 22 mM ethanol, the cells retained the Fura-2 three times longer than under control conditions. Ethanol (88 mM) decreased the critical micelle concentration of LPC, thus decreasing the LPC monomer concentration in this solution. La3+ also protected the cells against LPC but no further protection was afforded by the addition of ethanol. Our results suggest that ethanol concentrations commonly found in the blood of social drinkers protect heart cells against the deleterious effect of LPC.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The social and hygienic aspects in the protection of the health of forest industry workers].

The study of social and hygiene aspects in the industry of forest exploitation permitted to point out the changes that occurred in the field of mechanization and automation of production processes, which radically influenced the working conditions and characteristics, as well as the health indices. The study approaches some economic, social and hygiene problems. Proposals are made regarding the improvement of medical care organization for workers, for example the drawing up of a complex programme of prophylaxis of diseases in the enterprises for wood industrialization and of utilization of the computation technique.

Equipment and Supplies↗
PubMed1994

A "three-legged stool" for financing long-term care. Is it an acceptable approach?

To overcome the difficulty of seeking new funds for long-term care when public and private resources are severely constrained, a program entitled "Social Security/Long-Term Care" is proposed under which 5% of Social Security cash benefits can be traded (with exemption for low-income people) for a basic level of long-term care protection using social insurance. This program could be supplemented by private long-term care insurance, with Medicaid as a safety net. Financing thus generated may be used for home care, community-based care, and nursing home care. In 1994, 1% of Social Security cash benefits is equal to about $3.2 billion. Funds from Social Security/Long-Term Care could be used to help pay for a benefit package that could include case management.

Health Care Reform↗
PubMed2002

Participation by African-American adolescent females in social organizations: associations with HIV-protective behaviors.

BACKGROUND: African-American adolescent females are disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic in the United States. One important potential, yet understudied, protective influence that may reduce African-American adolescents' HIV risk behavior is their involvement in social organizations. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between high-risk African-American adolescent females' activity in social organizations and their recent HIV-associated sexual risk behavior. METHODS: Sexually active, African-American females (N=522) were recruited from schools and adolescent medicine clinics in low-income neighborhoods of Birmingham, Alabama. Adolescents completed a self-administered survey and face-to-face interview. Adolescents' participation in Black social organizations was assessed. Measures of HIV protective behavior were also assessed. Bivariate analysis was followed by logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for the outcomes. RESULTS: Adolescents not belonging to social organizations were about 1.6 times more likely to report recent acquiescence to unwanted sex without a condom, 1.9 times more likely to report that their current steady sex partner had other partners, and 1.9 times more likely to score low on the measure of sex-related communication with parents. DISCUSSION: Findings from controlled analyses suggest that community-based Black social organizations may be an important venue for protecting African-American adolescent females from having sex with a partner who has concurrent partners, and from having unwanted sex without a condom. Participation in Black social organizations was also associated with more frequent interaction between adolescents and their parents about sex-related issues such as HIV prevention. Models of HIV prevention that promote community involvement may be an under-utilized intervention modality with high potential impact.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Civil monetary penalties, assessments and recommended exclusions. Final rules.

These final rules reflect provisions of Public Law 106-169, the Foster Care Independence Act of 1999, and Public Law 108-203, the Social Security Protection Act of 2004, to provide new and amended procedures for SSA's civil monetary penalty cases filed pursuant to sections 1129 and 1140 of the Social Security Act . These final rules implement amendments to section 1129 of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1320a-8) to provide for the imposition of civil monetary penalties and/or assessments: against representative payees who convert Social Security benefits for a use other than for the use or benefit of the beneficiary; against those who withhold disclosure of material statements to SSA; and, against those who make false or misleading statements or representations or omissions of a material fact with respect to benefits or payments under title VIII of the Social Security Act. These final rules also implement amendments to section 1140 of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1320b-10) to: Add to the list of enumerated terms that may give rise to a violation of section 1140; and, provide for the imposition of civil monetary penalties against those who charge fees for products or services, otherwise provided free of charge by SSA, unless the offers provide sufficient notice that the product or service can be obtained free of charge from SSA.

Compensation and Redress↗
PubMed2005

Nonpayment of benefits when the Social Security Administration receives notice that an insured person is departed or removed from the United States. Final rule.

To implement part of the Social Security Protection Act of 2004 (SSPA), we are revising our regulations that prohibit payment of monthly benefits and the lump sum death payment under title II of the Social Security Act (the Act) when SSA receives notice that an insured person is deported or removed from the United States under certain provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA).

Emigration and Immigration↗
PubMed2006

Risk and protective factors for medically serious suicide attempts: a comparison of hospital-based with population-based samples of young adults.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate risk and protective factors for medically serious suicide attempts among young Australian adults. METHOD: The study used a case-control design. A clinical sample of 18-24 year olds was recruited via the emergency department of a large public hospital following a suicide attempt (n=95) and was compared to a sample of 18-24 year olds who participated in a population-based survey (n=380). RESULTS: Risk factors for medically serious suicide attempts included early school leaving, parental divorce (males only), distress due to problems with parents (females only), distress due to problems with friends, distress due to the break-up of a romantic relationship, tobacco use, high alcohol use, current depressive symptomatology and a previous diagnosis of depression. Protective factors included social connectedness, problem-solving confidence and locus of control. There was a trend for social connectedness to be more protective among those with high rather than low levels of depressive symptomatology, and among smokers rather than non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Results are discussed in terms of designing evidence-based suicide prevention activities for young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The relationship between social support, stress, and health among women on Detroit's East Side.

A conceptual model of the stress process has been useful in examining relationships between numerous social determinants (e.g., chronic stress), protective factors (e.g., social support), and health status. In this article, the authors examine multiple sources of chronic stress, instrumental and emotional support, and health outcomes among a random sample (N = 679) of predominantly low-income African American women who reside on Detroit's east side. The findings suggest that a number of chronic stressors have an impact on depressive symptoms and general health and that even though instrumental and emotional support each have a significant effect over and above the effects of the stressors, when both are included in the model, instrumental support, and not emotional support, remains as a significant predictor of health outcomes. These findings suggest the need for health education interventions and policy strategies that strengthen social support and aim at macro-level changes necessary to reduce chronic stressful conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Community perceptions of adequate levels and reasons for skin protection.

In this study the authors addressed whether or not community members use relevant risk factors to determine an appropriate level of skin protection behavior in the prevention of skin cancer. The authors conducted a postal survey with a community sample of 3,600 Queensland residents that they randomly selected from the Commonwealth electoral roll. The predictors of "perceptions of doing enough skin protection" included intrapersonal, social, and attitudinal influences. People protected themselves from the sun primarily out of a desire for future good health and on other occasions did not protect themselves from the sun because they were not out there long enough to get burnt. The predictors of perceptions of doing enough skin protection indicated that participants were aware of relevant risk factors. The main reasons that people protect themselves from the sun suggest that they are acting on many health promotion messages. However, skin cancer prevention programs need to move beyond increasing awareness and knowledge of the disease to providing a supportive environment and enhancing individual skills. Health promotion campaigns could reinforce appropriate risk assessment and shape an individual's decision about how much sun protection is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[The group worker, a tool of power or Shh! Don't wake James Dean.].

To aid an individual or a group to express agressivity and to re-channel it < > runs the risk of being a repressive and de-mobilizing intervention. All behaviour has political and social causes which those in power have an interest in evading. To say that one is apolitical and non-directive when one has a role of authority, is to protect the social status quo. To refuse to integrate the notion of power into one's intervention, is to work to the profit of those in power and to the detriment of the dominated. We, as intervention agents, have the power to define the rules of individual or social change. To hide this renders this power unchallengeable. In the face of the potential for repression inherent in all values of the dominant, I propose tolerance of confusion, the destabilization of leadership, and the learning of power mobility.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2005

Intranasal oxytocin administration attenuates the ACTH stress response in monkeys.

Social relationships protect against the development of stress-related psychiatric disorders, yet little is known about the neurobiology that regulates this phenomenon. Recent evidence suggests that oxytocin (OT), a neuropeptide involved in social bond formation, may play a role. This experiment investigated the effects of chronic intranasal OT administration on acute stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation in adult female squirrel monkeys. Subjects were randomized to one of two experimental conditions. Monkeys were intranasally administered either 50 microg oxytocin (N = 6 monkeys) or 0 microg oxytocin (N = 6 monkeys)/300 microl saline once a day for eight consecutive days. Immediately after drug administration on the eighth day, all monkeys were exposed to acute social isolation. Blood samples for determinations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol concentrations were collected after 30 and 90 min of stress exposure. Consistent with an anti-stress effect, OT-treated monkeys exhibited lower ACTH concentrations compared to saline-treated monkeys after 90 min of social isolation (F(1,7) = 6.891; P = 0.034). No drug-related differences in cortisol levels were observed, indicating that OT does not directly attenuate the adrenal stress response. Intranasal peptide administration has been shown to penetrate the central nervous system, and research must determine whether intranasally delivered OT exerts its effect(s) at a pituitary and/or brain level. This primate model offers critical opportunities to improve our understanding of the anti-stress effects of OT and may lead to novel pharmacological treatments for stress-related psychiatric disorders.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1982

[The effect of socio-cultural factors on the demand for psychiatric services].

Western psychiatrists observed during the last twenty years progressive changes of the morbidity. The classic neurosis became rare, the character pathology steadily increased, the non-psychotic depressions showed a marked increase and new categories of patients (both individual or collective) appeared. The only conceptual model which enables us to understand this phenomena is the "New Triangle". By this name the author designates a multisystemic application of Engel's bio psycho-social model to psychiatry. The interacting elements of the "New Triangle" are: the individual with his/her psychic structure and his/her history, the extra and/or intra-psychic stressors and the stress protective factors (social support systems). A modification of their equilibrium will result in a nonspecific (crisis situation) or specific, decompensation. The ways the particular sociocultural aspects of the post industrial society may modify an aspect or/and another of the "New Triangle" are described. It seems desirable to be no longer content with a nosological diagnosis, but to endeavour to establish a systemic situational one in which the interaction type and functional level of all elements of the "New Triangle" be evaluated.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1985

Report on the earnings sharing implementation study.

This article summarizes the report on the earnings sharing implementation study mandated by the Social Security Amendments of 1983. In general, earnings sharing means that a married couple would share equally any earnings credited for social security purposes during years of their marriage. The principles of earnings sharing can be meshed with present law in a variety of ways. A range of earnings sharing plans are analyzed. Transitional provisions are included and distributional and cost effects for each plan are provided. In addition, implementation concerns are analyzed and feasible time periods for implementing an earnings sharing plan are discussed. However, no recommendations about the feasibility or desirability of an earnings sharing plan are made. The analysis of the earnings sharing plans in the report shows that implementation of any of these plans would cause a number of persons to get higher benefits than would be available under present law, and, except for one plan that has a permanent guarantee of present law benefit levels, each plan would cause a number of persons to get lower benefits. Women, in general, would get higher benefits under an earnings sharing system, but many individual women and most men would get lower benefits. A variety of proposals other than earnings sharing that have been suggested over the years as ways to improve social security protection for women are also analyzed.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

[Yawning].

Yawning is a normal reflex triggered by arousal, drowsiness, boredom, hunger and emotional conditions and it is associated to several neurological diseases and drug abuse. Its wide presence in the phylogenetic vertebrate scale and even in human fetuses as young as 12 weeks directed the search for the common anatomic and biochemical mechanisms involved. The demonstration that yawning is not connected with high CO2 or low O2 blood levels left aside a prevalent metabolic hypothesis. Its close relationship with the sleep-wake cycle, specially in moments previous to falling asleep and after awaking has been related to changes in personal situation and activity. A single component of this reflex which is to be found exclusively in humans, is the fact that yawning is contagious. Thus, it is considered a component of the adaptative mechanism that is part of the surveillance reflex, becoming a significant paralinguistic evolutive expression aimed at protection and social cohesion. The common anatomical structures and neurochemical systems taking part in yawning, the sleep-wake cycle and the temporal lobe epilepsy may imply that yawning results from a set of protective systems induced by endogenous opiods which intervene in the inhibition and prevention of the temporal lobe epileptic seizures.

Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe↗
PubMed1984

The need for continuing asylum and sanctuary.

Deinstitutionalization of the chronically mentally ill does not mean they no longer need social support, protection, and relief from the pressures of life--in other words, asylum and sanctuary. The authors address the questions of why asylum should be provided, for what patients, the relationship between asylum and rehabilitation, and the implications for mental health professionals. They point out that while many chronic patients eventually attain high levels of social and vocational functioning, many cannot meet simple demands of living, even with long-term rehabilitative help. Many consciously limit their exposure to stimuli and pressure not from laziness but from a well-founded fear of failure. Professionals must realize that whatever degree of rehabilitation is possible for each patient cannot take place unless support and protection--whether from family, treatment program, board-and-care home, or public hospital--are provided at the same time.

Activities of Daily Living↗