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PubMedDate not supplied

Perceptions of ganja and cocaine in urban Jamaica.

This article, based on ethnographic research, discusses the dynamic relationship between ganja (marijuana) and cocaine in five areas within Montego Bay, an urban-tourist center in Jamaica, West Indies. The focus is on the contrasting and conflicting social perceptions related to the current role of each substance in the society, as well as the interrelationship between these two substances. Of particular interest in the analysis of use and distribution patterns of each substance is the seemingly conflicting moral versus economic dilemma surrounding the drug trade; perceptions related to the effects of these two substances on the body and mind; and perceptions related to the role these substances play in local crime and physical violence. Community-level social perceptions will be compared to official discourse and actions regarding demand reduction, prevention, and enforcement of "drug" laws.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Adolescents' reported usage of selected foods in relation to their perceptions and social norms for those foods.

This paper reports a study of factors associated with the consumption of 22 diverse foods among 2082 students aged 12-15 years in Tasmania, Australia. Students provided data by completing a printed questionnaire. Multiple linear regression was used to assess how well self-reported usual (past) frequency of consumption of a food could be estimated from their perceptions of the qualities of the food (their liking for it, its healthfulness) and their descriptive social norms for the food (its usage by parents and its usage by friends). For all foods, multiple R was significant (p < 0.0001), with values ranging from 0.28-0.64 (median for the 22 foods being 0.49). Standardized regression coefficients for liking and parental usage were highly significant (p < 0.0001) for all foods. However, consistently lower coefficients were found for friends' usage (11 with p < 0.01, but only three with p < 0.0001) and healthfulness (five with p < 0.01, but only one with p < 0.0001). The absolute and relative magnitudes of the regression coefficients varied substantially between the foods. Liking was a stronger predictor than parental usage for 11 of the foods, and parental usage out-ranked liking for the remaining 11. Regression coefficients for friends' usage and healthfulness were smaller than those for liking and parental usage for all foods studied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Who we are, where we come from, and some of our perceptions: comparison of social workers and the general population.

Essentially nothing is known about the national population of social workers. Accordingly, to enhance our understanding of the individuals who make up the social work profession, this study used nationally representative data to compare the characteristics of graduate- and bachelor's-level workers with those of the general population. Data are provided on present and childhood demographics as well as a number of current perceptions. In terms of perceptions, social workers were more likely to rate their lives as exciting, to live in racially mixed neighborhoods, to be stronger proponents of controversial speech, and to be perceived by survey interviewers as friendlier than the general public. A number of suggestions for further research are provided to flesh out the initial findings presented in this article.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Perceptions of social actors about the care delivered by the optical laboratory in the primary school health care program (PROASE) in the municipality of Ribeirao Preto].

This study aimed at evaluating the care delivered by the Optical Laboratory of the Program of Primary Care to Schoolchildren (PROASE) according to the perceptions of relatives and teachers of children who had acquired glasses from 1991 to 1995 in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto. The content analysis technique was used for data analysis and, in order to observe the meanings shown in the qualitative material, the thematic analysis technique was utilized. It was concluded that that the social actors showed a positive attitude concerning the importance of the program and clearly expressed that PROASE has given relevant contribution to the health of schoolchildren.

Brazil↗
PubMed1990

Effects of childhood chronic illness on families.

This study examined the intellectual ability, academic performance, behavior, and social perceptions of children with a seizure disorder and their nonafflicted siblings. These data suggest the children are at risk for developmental lag and related problems. Impact of the illness on the family differentiated the sibling pair on many tasks and on parents' feelings towards their children. Although parents reported providing a normal environment for their children, the children reported their perceptions of the home environment to be further from the (population norm) than their parents. These results provide evidence for the whole family being affected by the chronic illness thus supporting social work's inherent holistic view. It also underscores the need for a secondary preventive approach with all families containing a child with a handicapping condition.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Do Internet-based support interventions change perceptions of social support?: An experimental trial of approaches for supporting diabetes self-management.

Internet-based support groups are a rapidly growing segment of mutual aid programs for individuals with chronic illnesses and other challenges. Previous studies have informed us about the content of online exchanges between support group members, but we know little about the ability of these interventions to change participants' perceptions of support. A randomized trial of 160 adult Type 2 diabetes patients provided novice Internet users with computers and Internet access to 1 of 4 conditions: (a) diabetes information only, (b) a personal self-management coach, (c) a social support intervention, or (d) a personal self-management coach and the support intervention. After 3 months, individuals in the 2 support conditions reported significant increases in support on a diabetes-specific support measure and a general support scale. Participants' age was significantly related to change in social support, but intervention effects were still significant after accounting for this relationship. This report is a critical first step in evaluating the long-term effects of Internet-based support for diabetes self-management. The discussion identifies directions for future research.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The role of hemispheric activation in person perception: evidence for an attentional focus model.

Two studies assessed the role of hemispheric activation in person perception. Results of Study 1 supported an attentional focus model of hemispheric differences in person perception as opposed to a stereotyping/individuating model. Relative to left hemisphere-activated participants, right hemisphere-activated participants made more individuating judgments and engaged in more trait level stereotyping, whereas left hemisphere-activated participants engaged in more global stereotyping. In Study 2, greater individuation by participants under higher levels of motivation and ability was shown to be mediated by relatively greater right hemisphere activation. Results of both studies are interpreted in terms of an attentional focus model of person perception. Implications for dual process models of social perception are also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cocaine's effects on the perception of socially significant vocalizations in baboons.

The effects of cocaine on the ability of baboons to discriminate among their natural affiliative 'grunt' vocalizations were examined to determine whether cocaine would produce discrimination impairments similar to those observed previously with acoustically-similar human vowel sounds , or whether differences in cocaine's effects might occur associated with the social significance of the calls. The task employed digitized calls of actual vocalizations recorded in the wild . Baboons pressed a lever to produce a repeating 'standard' grunt, and released the lever only when one of four other 'target' grunts was selected to occur in place of the standard grunt. Cocaine (0.01-.56 mg/kg, i.m.) impaired call perception, and these impairments were more pronounced than those observed previously for acoustically-similar human vowel sounds. Cocaine also elevated reaction times as a function of dose. The results demonstrate that cocaine impairs perceptual discriminations of the natural grunt vocalizations of baboons, and suggest that cocaine may have more pronounced effects on the perception of biologically-relevant as opposed to non-relevant communication signals.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1999

Do self-fulfilling prophecies accumulate, dissipate, or remain stable over time?

The authors examined whether self-fulfilling prophecies accumulate, dissipate, or remain stable over time by using data from more than 500 6th- through 12th-grade students in public school math classes. The authors used multiple regression analyses to assess the extent to which teacher perceptions predicted students' final math marks and standardized math-test scores from 6th through 12th grade. Control variables included 5 measures of student motivation and 2 measures of previous achievement. The results were consistent with both the dissipation and stability hypotheses. Implications for understanding the extent to which social perception creates social reality and the role of expectations in social problems are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

A nonconformist account of the Asch experiments: values, pragmatics, and moral dilemmas.

This article offers a new approach to Asch's (1956) influential studies relating physical and social perception. Drawing on research on values, conversational pragmatics, cross-cultural comparisons, and negotiation, the authors challenge the normative assumptions that have led psychologists to interpret the studies in terms of conformity. A values-pragmatics account is offered that suggests that participants attempt to realize multiple values (e.g., truth, social solidarity) in an inherently frustrating situation by tacitly varying patterns of dissent and agreement to communicate larger scale truths and cooperative intentions. Alternative theories (e.g., embarrassment, attribution) are compared and empirical implications of the values-pragmatics account are evaluated. The possibility of multiple strategies promoting group survival and the proper role of moral evaluation in social psychological research are considered.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed2000

Perception of social value predicts participation in school-based research.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors affecting the participation of schools in a serosurvey. METHODS: A telephone interview was conducted with a representative of 80 schools (response rate 92%). The schools had been randomly selected to participate in a seroprevalence survey evaluating a measles vaccination campaign of Victorian school-aged children in 1998. RESULTS: Univariate analysis suggested that responses to the interview were not influenced by school level (primary/secondary), geographic location, funding source or participation in the seroprevalence survey. There was, however, a strong association of participation in the seroprevalence survey with the perception of value to students and the value to the community. Factor analysis identified two issues: the societal value and practical issues, which explained most of the variance in participation (pseudo R2 = 0.84). CONCLUSION: The perception of the benefits of the study strongly influenced the decision by school representatives to participate in the seroprevalence survey. IMPLICATIONS: Recruitment of schools for health-related research may be improved if the number of research projects in schools is monitored and possibly restricted, and the social value of the research is emphasised.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effects of alcohol on person perception: a social cognitive neuroscience approach.

The acute effects of alcohol on cognitive processing of expectancy violations were investigated using event-related brain potentials and a cued recall task to index attentional and working memory processes associated with inconsistency resolution. As predicted, expectancy-violating behaviors elicited larger late positive potentials (LPP) and were recalled better than expectancy-consistent behaviors. These effects were moderated by alcohol and the valence of initial expectancies. For placebo group participants, positive targets performing negative behaviors elicited the largest LPP responses and were recalled best. For those in the alcohol groups, negative targets behaving positively elicited the largest LPP and recall responses. These findings suggest that alcohol does not globally impair working memory processes in person perception but instead changes the nature of valenced information processing. Findings are discussed in the context of alcohol's effects on working memory processes, reward sensitivity, and the prefrontal cortical structures thought to mediate them.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Adolescents' perceptions of social status: development and evaluation of a new indicator.

OBJECTIVE: Eliminating health disparities, including those that are a result of socioeconomic status (SES), is one of the overarching goals of Healthy People 2010. This article reports on the development of a new, adolescent-specific measure of subjective social status (SSS) and on initial exploratory analyses of the relationship of SSS to adolescents' physical and psychological health. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 10 843 adolescents and a subsample of 166 paired adolescent/mother dyads who participated in the Growing Up Today Study was conducted. The newly developed MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status (10-point scale) was used to measure SSS. Paternal education was the measure of SES. Indicators of psychological and physical health included depressive symptoms and obesity, respectively. Linear regression analyses determined the association of SSS to depressive symptoms, and logistic regression determined the association of SSS to overweight and obesity, controlling for sociodemographic factors and SES. RESULTS: Mean society ladder ranking, a subjective measure of SES, was 7.2 +/- 1.3. Mean community ladder ranking, a measure of perceived placement in the school community, was 7.6 +/- 1.7. Reliability of the instrument was excellent: the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.73 for the society ladder and 0.79 for the community ladder. Adolescents had higher society ladder rankings than their mothers (micro(teen) = 7.2 +/- 1.3 vs micro(mom) = 6.8 +/- 1.2; P =.002). Older adolescents' perceptions of familial placement in society were more closely correlated with maternal subjective perceptions of placement than those of younger adolescents (Spearman's rho(teens <15 years) = 0.31 vs Spearman's rho(teens 15 years) = 0.45; P <.001 for both). SSS explained 9.9% of the variance in depressive symptoms and was independently associated with obesity (odds ratio(society) = 0.89, 95% confidence interval = 0.83, 0.95; odds ratio(community) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval = 0.87, 0.97). For both depressive symptoms and obesity, community ladder rankings were more strongly associated with health than were society ladder rankings in models that controlled for both domains of SSS. CONCLUSIONS: This new instrument can reliably measure SSS among adolescents. Social stratification as reflected by SSS is associated with adolescents' health. The findings suggest that as adolescents mature, SSS may undergo a developmental shift. Determining how these changes in SSS relate to health and how SSS functions prospectively with regard to health outcomes requires additional research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Affect recognition in schizophrenia: a synthesis of findings across three studies.

The results of three studies of affect recognition in schizophrenia, all using the same measures (the Face Emotion Identification Test, the Face Emotion Discrimination Test, and the Test of Facial Recognition), are reviewed. The studies differed on two important subject characteristics: patient chronicity and medication status. One study examined chronically ill, unmedicated patients (Kerr and Neale 1993); a second study included chronically ill, medicated patients (Mueser et al. 1996); and a third study examined acutely ill, medicated patients (Bellack, Blanchard and Mueser 1996). Results across the three studies suggest that chronicity of the illness, but not medication status, was related to poor performance on the affect recognition tests. Furthermore, chronically ill patients tended to perform poorly on the control task (the Test of Facial Recognition) as well as the affect perception tasks, suggesting a generalized impairment in facial perception. The implications of the findings for research on social perception are considered, as well as for interventions designed to improve social competence in schizophrenia.

Acute Disease↗