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PubMed1977

[Psychic help for aged people of day-care-centers by attending person-centered encounter groups (author's transl)].

UNLABELLED: 45 old people (Average age 72 years) took part in 9 person-centered encounter groups together with younger people (Average age 32 years). Psychological changes of the old people were collected by questionaires and compared to a control group of 38 old people who subsequently took part in 4 encounter groups without younger people. Excerpts from the encounter talks were rated in certain variables. MAIN RESULTS: delta The old people of the mixed aged encounter groups showed constructive psychological changes after participation, for example reduced feelings of loneliness, reduced stress with emotional problems, and they see ageing less resignative. The mixed aged encounter groups were more helpful for the old people than the groups without younger people. The old people of the mixed group were more emotionally occupied by their own person, they showed more self-exploration and self-acceptance, they talked with more emotional engagement about their experiences and were more genuine; 3 months later their self-disclosure in an interview with a stranger was higher.

Aged↗

PubMed1977

Psychiatric disturbances associated with Erhard Seminars Training: I. A report of cases.

Erhard Seminars Training (est) is a large-group experience that is becoming widely available in this country. This is the first case report in the professional literature of psychiatric disturbance following est training. Five patients, only one of whom had a history of psychiatric disturbance, developed psychotic symptoms including grandiosity, paranoia, uncontrollable mood swings, and delusions. Further work is necessary to ascertain the factors that determine outcome in est.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Consciousness-raising groups as a multicultural awareness approach: an experience with counselor trainees.

This article discusses the usefulness of consciousness-raising (CR) groups in the training of multiculturally aware counselors, and provides a description of their use in a graduate course on multicultural and gender issues in counseling. The conceptual framework for this training experience is built on Young's (1992) analysis of oppression, Freire's (1971, 1973) theory of liberating pedagogy, and social constructionist philosophy. Course procedures and several CR activities are described; the training experience is evaluated in terms of student reactions to it and potential dilemmas an instructor might face in using this format for teaching.

Counseling↗

PubMed1977

Sensitizing medical students to impression formation processes in the patient interview.

Medical students in a course that included instruction in patient interviewing participated in an experiment devised to alert them to sources of bias which might influence their judgements and management of patients. Students were randomly assigned to one of four groups and exposed to either a videotaped or audiotaped interview of the same patient presented as either normal weight or overweight. Questionnaire responses of students in the two audio groups indicated no detectable differences in the sound tracks of the overweight and normal weight versions of the interview, and these groups were combined for subsequent analysis. A discriminant analysis indicated that students exposed to the overweight video version formed impressions and assessed patient treatment and outcome differently from those exposed to either the video normal or audio versions of the interview. Implications of these findings for medical education are discussed, and suggestions are made for incorporating such sensitization experiments in the medical curriculum.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1984

Three therapeutic communities. A prospective controlled study of narcotic addiction treatment: process and two-year follow-up results.

The efficacy of three different residential therapeutic communities for male veterans addicted to heroin was studied, comparing 181 subjects who were randomly assigned to one of the communities with 166 subjects briefly hospitalized only for the treatment of withdrawal symptoms. At two-year follow-up, subjects from both a professionally staffed community and a peer confrontation community were found significantly more likely than the withdrawal-only group to be working or attending school and less likely to have been convicted of a crime. An eclectic program employing both professionals and paraprofessionals was not found to exceed the withdrawal-only group on any of the major outcome variables. The two relatively successful communities, although different in structure and style, were both perceived by their residents to have greater program clarity, order, staff control, and orientation to personal problems than the unsuccessful program.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy for oral carcinoma diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: Fourier-transform (FT)-Raman spectroscopy has been used to explore the changes in the vibrational bands of normal, dysplastic (DE) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissues. BACKGROUND DATA: Raman spectroscopy has been applied as a diagnostic tool for the detection of cancers, due to its sensitivity to the changes in molecular composition and conformation that occurs in malignant tissues. The detection of weak Raman signals from biotissues becomes easier by FT-Raman due to fluorescence suppression. METHODS: A carcinogen (7,12-dimethybenz[a]anthracene [DMBA]) was applied daily in the oral pouch of 21 hamster to induce oral carcinoma. After 14 weeks, the fragments of squamous cell carcinomas and oral normal tissue were collected and analyzed by FT-Raman spectroscopy, using a 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser line as an excitation source. A total of 123 spectra were obtained and divided in normal and malignant tissue groups, and analyzed statistically through principal components analysis (PCA) and classified using Mahalanobis distance. RESULTS: Major differences between normal and malignant spectra seem to arise from the composition, conformational, and structural changes of proteins, and possible increase of its content in malignant epithelia. An algorithm based on PCA was able to separate the samples into two groups--normal and carcinoma. For the algorithm training group, 91% sensitivity and 69% specificity were observed, while the prospective group had 100% sensitivity and 55% specificity. CONCLUSION: The algorithm based on PCA has the potential for classifying Raman spectra and can be useful for detection of dysplastic and malign oral lesion.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1988

[Tobacco dependence: first risk factor of atherosclerosis. Survey among smokers and non-smokers in group dynamics].

Several epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated an increased risk of atherosclerosis in smokers. The secondary prevention of this risk factor is only possible, presently, through anti-tobacco consultations. Several approaches are possible but there are many recurrences within the year following the wean-off. In a group dynamics, including patients having tried another method, we have conducted an investigation among inveterate smokers (n = 106), former smokers (n = 50) and a group of non-smokers (n = 34). Group dynamics remains a suitable method for smokers willing to get rid of their addiction. The number of daily cigarettes consumed by inveterate smokers is considerably and lastingly reduced, and 27 p. cent of the patients quit smoking. Monitoring of laboratory tests (HbCo, Blood count, HDL-cholesterol, thiocyanate, etc.), electrocardiogram and chest X-Ray, completes this weekly consultation and permits a stronger motivation for the smoker to quit smoking. Sometimes associated with acupuncture or homeopathy, this method permits a progressive de-conditioning from tobacco addiction.

Arteriosclerosis↗

PubMed1978

Nonprofessionals in the rehabilitation of mentally disordered sex offenders.

Eighty-six sex offenders were exposed to a 6-month voluntary program of either group encounters (experimental group) or hobbies and games (control group) led by nonprofessionals. Pre- and posttests included a personality test, an introspective report, and a behavior rating scale. Written ward records were assessed as were the results of a postexperimental prisoner evaluation of the experience. Significant changes were evidenced by encounter subjects in improved feelings of approval of the prison-hospital experience, lessened hostility, and better attendance at the meetings. Encounter subjects were improved in the predicted direction on 55 of the 74 treatment dimensions. Community volunteers were judged moderately successful as lay therapists.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

A workshop on ethnic and cultural awareness for second-year students.

In 1984, 50 percent of the first-year students at the University of Southern California School of Medicine felt unprepared to handle the cultural barriers between themselves and their patients during their clinical rotations. Therefore, in 1985 a group of students developed a four-hour workshop designed to teach fellow students about ethnic and cultural issues in patient care. Since then the workshop, which uses videotaped vignettes, discussions, and role-playing exercises, has become a required part of the Introduction to Clinical Medicine course for all second-year students. Evaluation of the program in 1985 compared pretest and posttest questionnaires. The participants showed improvement in understanding several specific issues discussed during the workshop, but overall no significant differences were found. In 1986 and 1987, evaluations were based upon the students' attitudes about content, format effectiveness, and subject matter. They consistently responded favorably in all these areas.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1982

[To encounter oneself, to encounter each other].

The purpose of this article is to elucidate the concept of encounter within the realm of psycotherapy, either individual or group, with its inter and intrapersonal connotations. Its importance is emphasized and means for its achievement are suggested. A double course is followed to attain this end: on the one hand, the tracing of the concept in the contemporary philosophic anthropology (the positions of M. Buber and of K. Jaspers are briefly examined) and in the views of several psychotherapists who have placed it as a significant issue in their treatments (the therapists considered are K. Binswanger, C. Rogers, J. L. Moreno and E. Pichon-Rivière), and on the other hand, some clinical means, and very special attitudes, are indicated as particularly favourable for the promotion of that enlargement of subjectivity leading to the encounter of one-self as well as the other person. Some fragments of sessions are presented demonstrating that in general the "how" of the attitude prevailing in the therapeutic relation is more effective than the "what" of the specific technical resources employed. However, some of these are commendable as a more direct way to bring about the experience of encounter. This leads me to psychodrama, with its techniques of the double, the inversion of roles, the mirror, and most of all with the general group sharing that closes the sessions, and to the gestalt methods, which involve in many instances physical contacts with other people, with the precise object of achieving a maximum insight, or, in the already classical expression, awareness, which is basically an encounter with oneself. Implicit in all the above considerations lies the conviction that man must share his existence with others not only for biological reasons; it is an indispensable requirement for his full development as an individual, a requirement for being himself. If one of the goals of psychological treatments is to promote personal growth and proximity to oneself, an intense encounter with the therapist or with the copatients, as the case may be, must be a part of the process of therapy. Also in this context, the fundamental fact in human existence is, using the formulation of Buber, the relation I and Thou, which, in the words of Jaspers now, must be an amorous battle.

Countertransference↗

PubMed1974