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PubMed1997

Studies in listeriosis show the strong symbiosis between the innate cellular system and the T-cell response.

Resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes involves a series of cellular interactions, many of which are carried out by cytokines. Macrophages, NK cells and neutrophils participate in early stages of Listeria resistance. The neutrophil is specially important for clearance of the liver phase of listeriosis. Macrophages and NK cells interact by way of IL-12 and TNF, which induce the NK cell to produce IFN-gamma. IFN-gamma is the major macrophage-activating cytokine. The CB-17 SCID mouse shows these cellular interactions restricting the growth of Listeria, without its elimination. CD4 and/or CD8 T cells bring about sterilizing immunity. Macrophages influence the lymphocyte response by way of antigen presentation and also by promoting Th 1 differentiation. Thus, elimination of Listeria requires a symbiosis between innate immunity and the T-cell system.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The psychic life of the young infant: review and critique of the psychoanalytic concepts of symbiosis and infantile omnipotence.

The subjective life of the young infant is examined in the light of classical psychoanalytic theory and of recent empirical studies of early infant behavior and development. The concepts of symbiosis and omnipotence are argued to be products of poetic but largely misguided reconstructions from adult experience, providing a questionable developmental foundation for contemporary psychodynamic theories of object relations.

Child Development↗
PubMed1999

Fungal endophyte symbiosis and plant diversity in successional fields

Increasing evidence suggests that microbial interactions are important determinants of plant biodiversity. The hypothesis that fungal endophyte symbiosis reduces diversity in successional fields was tested by manipulating infection of tall fescue, the most abundant perennial grass in the eastern United States. Over a 4-year period, species richness declined and tall fescue dominance increased in infected plots relative to uninfected plots without differences in total productivity. A host-specific endophyte, with negligible biomass, altered plant community structure in this long-term field experiment and may be reducing plant diversity throughout its expanding range.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Rapid in situ evolution of nodulating strains for Biserrula pelecinus L. through lateral transfer of a symbiosis island from the original mesorhizobial inoculant.

Diverse rhizobia able to nodulate Biserrula pelecinus evolved following in situ transfer of nodA and nifH from an inoculant to soil bacteria. Transfer of these chromosomal genes and the presence of an identical integrase gene adjacent to a Phe tRNA gene in both the inoculant and recipients indicate that there was lateral transfer of a symbiosis island.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1997

Location and Survival of Mycorrhiza Helper Pseudomonas fluorescens during Establishment of Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis between Laccaria bicolor and Douglas Fir.

The mycorrhiza helper bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens BBc6, isolated from a Laccaria bicolor sporocarp, consistently promotes L. bicolor-Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) ectomycorrhizal formation, even with low doses of bacterial inoculum. In order to describe this phenomenon more accurately, we have looked at the location and survival of the introduced bacterial strain in the soil and in the rhizosphere during the establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis in glasshouse and nursery experiments. Bacterial populations were quantified with a spontaneous, stable, rifampin-resistant mutant, BBc6R8, which phenotypically conformed to the parental strain. BBc6R8 populations declined rapidly, reaching the detection limit after 19 weeks, and did not increase either when L. bicolor sporocarps were forming in autumn or when Douglas fir roots resumed growing in spring. BBc6R8 was neither an endophyte nor a rhizobacterium. Furthermore, it was not particularly associated with either mycorrhizas of Douglas fir-L. bicolor or L. bicolor sporocarps. Surprisingly, a significant mycorrhiza helper effect was observed when the inoculated BBc6R8 population had dropped as low as 30 CFU g of dry matter(sup-1) in the soil. This study raises questions concerning the bacterial concentration in the soil which is effective for promotion of mycorrhizal establishment and the timing of the bacterial effect. It allows us to develop working hypotheses, which can be tested experimentally, to identify the mechanisms of the mycorrhiza helper effect.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

IgA nephropathy with poorly developed lymphoepithelial symbiosis of the palatine tonsils.

Tonsillar abnormalities have been observed in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). In addition, it has been suggested that reticulization of tonsillar crypt epithelium is important in tonsillar immunity. Therefore, we investigated reticulization of this area in patients with IgAN (14 cases) and compared results with those of control patients who exhibited recurrent tonsillitis or tonsillar hypertrophy (12 cases). Immunohistochemical staining of antikeratin antibody PKK1 was employed to visualize reticulization. Tonsils of controls showed well developed reticular crypt epithelia with lymphoepithelial symbiosis and the nonreticulated area was less than 7% of the total crypt epithelia per overall section. In IgAN tonsils, however, nonreticulated crypt epithelium was frequently observed and, in the advanced stage of IgAN, exceeded 50% of total crypt epithelia. The extent of glomerular damage in IgAN patients correlated significantly with the percentage of the area of nonreticulated crypt in palatine tonsils with a correlation coefficient of 0.91. Considered together with our finding that PKK1-positive epithelial reticular cells strongly expressed HLA-DR antigens in normal tonsils, the low level of reticulization in IgAN patients may induce the unusual immunity responsible for the pathogenesis of IgAN.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Reapproaching Mahler: new perspectives on normal autism, symbiosis, splitting and libidinal object constancy from cognitive developmental theory.

Margaret Mahler's seminal work on the psychological birth of the infant has generated more critical discussion than most other psychoanalytic theories of early development. But while the empirically, theoretically, and methodologically based criticisms of Mahler's theory are generally justified, her critics fail at times to consider some of the intriguing and creative insights that her theoretical formulations tried to capture. This paper attempts to reformulate these insights using the new conceptual tools that current cognitive developmental theory provides. Mahler's stage of normal autism is reconsidered in the light of contingency detection theory as an initial phase of primary preoccupation with self-generated perfectly response-contingent stimulation. Her concept of normal symbiosis is recast with the help of attachment theory's views on homeostatic regulation and the social biofeedback model of affect-reflective mirroring interactions with parents. Finally, her ideas about the development of splitting and libidinal object constancy are reconsidered according to recent theories of early representational development and mentalization.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Mahler's concepts of "symbiosis" and separation-individuation: revisited, reevaluated, refined.

Mahler's developmental theories are reviewed in the light of subsequent clinical experience and theoretical and empirical critique. Several modifications are proposed, each tending to particularize and focus the nature and scope of developmental events. Particular attention is accorded the "symbiosis" concept, and focus placed on transmission of psychodynamic issues from mother to infant and on the progressive buildup of self-sustaining pathological systems. Overall, an argument is advanced for the continued developmental import of Mahler's "symbiotic" and "separation-individuation" phase formulations, though with recognition of significant individual differences in their role in individual lives. An argument is advanced also for the clinical utility of these ideas, and illustrations presented, though the link between clinical applications and psychoanalytic theories of early development remains problematic.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2006

Media(ted) fabrications: how the science-media symbiosis helped 'sell' cord banking.

This paper considers the problematic role of the science-media symbiosis in the dissemination of misleading and emotionally manipulative information regarding services offered by CordBank, New Zealand's only umbilical cord blood banking facility. As this case study illustrates, the growing reliance of health and science reporters on the knowledge capital of medical specialists, biogenetic researchers, and scientists potentially enhances the ability of 'expert' sources to set the agenda for media representations of emerging medical and scientific developments, and may undermine the editorial independence of journalists and editors, many of whom in this case failed to critically evaluate deeply problematic claims regarding the current and future benefits of cord banking. Heavy reliance on established media frames of anecdotal personalization and technoboosterism also reinforced a proscience journalistic culture in which claims by key sources were uncritically reiterated and amplified, with journalistic assessments of the value of cord banking emphasizing potential benefits for individual consumers. It is argued that use of these media frames potentially detracts from due consideration of the broader social, ethical, legal, and health implications of emerging biomedical developments, along with the professional, personal, and increasingly also financial interests at stake in their public promotion, given the growing commercialization of biogenetic technologies.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1999

[Nod factors, chemical signal exchange between bacteria and leguminous plants in nitrogen fixing symbiosis].

The early steps of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between plant legumes and soil bacteria (rhizobium) are mediated by an exchange of chemical signals between the two partners. Upon gene activation by plant root secretions (flavonoids), bacteria synthesize lipochitooligomers (called Nod Factors, NFs) that induce root hair deformations, cortical cell divisions, allow bacterial entry and produce nodule organogenesis at nano to picomole concentrations. Substitutions occurring on the lipochitooligosaccharide core are essential for recognition and activity. Biosynthesis of these molecules is now fully dissected, by looking at the structural changes in NFs induced by gene mutation or gene transfers. From the biodiversity studies of NFs, it appears that their structures belong with the phylogenetic evolution of plants, rather than that of bacteria, suggesting a coevolution of symbiotic bacteria with their plant receptors. Some preliminary and indirect observations indicate that similar molecules seem to exist in non-legumes plants, in batrachians and fishes beeing possibly involved in their embryogenesis, but they are probably at at a so low concentration that all attempts to detect them directly fail up to now.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Symbiosis: nursing and the bioengineer.

At this time, bioinstrumentation is the product of the possible as modified by what is practical. The bioengineer offers both the possible and the practical from an engineering and ideal model. The nurse, in contrast, speaks to the ideal possible from a confining practical clinical model. Symbiosis of nursing and bioengineering will combine the important attributes of each discipline for the betterment of patient care. In truth, the machine becomes an instrument of humanity.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed1988

The developmental context of internalized preoedipal object relations. Clinical applications of Mahler's theory of symbiosis and separation-individuation.

Mahler's theory of symbiosis and separation-individuation demonstrates the essential unity of drive, ego, and object relations psychologies. By highlighting the role that early dyadic relations play in psychic structure formation, her theory expands the understanding of human psychic development and its failures. This paper reviews Mahler's propositions and underscores their clinical importance by describing two cases where much preoedipal reconstructive work preceded the emergence of an analyzable oedipal transference neurosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The binding of the son: psychoanalytic reflections on the symbiosis of anti-semitism and anti-gentilism.

Jewish ethno-reliqious history is analyzed as one pole of an interdependent Judeo-Christian system of opposition and symbiosis, in which reciprocal dissociation and projective identification function homeostatically to make history recur and to perpetuate what are ostensibly separate traditions. The nature of identification with the Father and with the Son is explored in the two traditions. Anti-Semitism and anti-Gentilism are seen as mirror images, reflecting what is ego-dystonic and ethosdystonic in Christianity and Judaism. It is argued that the Abraham-Isaac relationship is paradigmatic in Judaism and that throughout Jewish history, the Jewish people have accepted both the sacrificial role of Isaac and the punitive role of Abraham, with the paradoxical consequence that martyrdom is the unconscious symbol of survival.

Christianity↗
PubMed1976

Transitional phenomena and therapeutic symbiosis.

This paper suggests that the analyst (or therapist) can best understand transitional-object phenomena as being tributary to, or consisting in various different facets of, the--for him in his work with patients--more comprehensive realm of therapeutic symobiosis. The author highlights data concerning objects or phenomena which are transitional for both patient and analyst concomitantly. He suggests that the patient's symptoms have become, early in the phase of therapeutic symbiosis, transitional objects for both patient and analyst simultaneously. As with the patient's symptoms, so with his transference images of the analyst: it is suggested that, in order for any effective transference analysis to occur with any patient, whether neurotic, borderline, or psychotic, the analyst must have come to accept at least a transitional-object degree--if not more deeply symbiotic degree--of relatedness with the particular transference image which is holding sway presently in the analysis.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗