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PubMed1994

Smoking among university students: a comparative study between Malaysian students in Malaysia and Australia.

A total of 209 randomly selected Malaysian university students (128 from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 81 from the University of New South Wales) completed a self-filled questionnaire enquiring about their smoking behaviour and psychosocial characteristics. The prevalence of smoking was 26.6 per cent among students in Malaysia and 18.8 per cent among students in Australia (average 23.4%). Both samples have similar patterns in terms of age of starting smoking, time of the day when they smoked, family and peer history of smoking, and whether or not they inhaled deeply during smoking. The smokers tend to be male, studying beyond the first year, staying with peers outside the hostel, having financial sources other than a scholarship, and abnormal mental health score. However, the smokers from the Australian samples were noted to smoke less and made fewer attempts at quitting the habit.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

The reliability and validity of the WHO student drug-use questionnaire among Nigerian students.

The reliability and validity of the World Health Organization student drug-use survey model questionnaire was tested among 96 senior secondary school students in the Abeokuta Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. The exercise was the major theme of a pilot study of a student drug-use survey carried out in this area. The test-retest interval was 4 weeks. The questionnaire was found to be reliable when group and individual (item by item) comparisons were made. The validity scores were also comparable to those of widely accepted previous studies. It was concluded that the questionnaire is reliable and valid enough for use in this environment to allow for comparisons. It can also yield better results if slightly modified and when respondents become more familiar with questionnaire surveys.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Do popular students smoke? The association between popularity and smoking among middle school students.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown an association between popularity and behavior, indicating that popular people tend to reflect the norms of their group. Among adolescents, it has been hypothesized that popular students are more likely to smoke, especially in schools with high smoking prevalence. METHODS: Data were collected on friendship patterns and smoking from 1,486 sixth and seventh graders in 16 middle schools in southern California. Susceptibility to smoke was measured as not stating a commitment not to smoke in the future, and smoking as ever taken a puff or smoked a whole cigarette. We measured popularity as the number of times a student was chosen as a friend. Multivariate logistic regression was used to correlate popularity with susceptibility to smoke and smoking at follow-up controlling for baseline outcomes, demographic characteristics, and clustering within schools. RESULTS: Popularity was associated with increased susceptibility to smoke (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 5.64, p < .001) and smoking (AOR = 5.09, p < .05) over the 1-year interval between surveys. Although the association was strongest for non-White boys, we did not find evidence of interactions between popularity and gender or ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Popular middle school students were more likely to become smokers compared to their less popular peers. Although there seems some difference in the association by gender and ethnicity, the evidence does not suggest subgroup effects in this population. Implications for the study of adolescent smoking and prevention programming are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Factors related to correspondence between teacher ratings of elementary student depression and student self-ratings.

Fourth through sixth graders (n = 418) completed the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs, 1980). Each teacher (n = 31) rated 6 students with high, low, or medium CDI scores (n = 181) using the CDI items (teacher-CDI) and a single global rating. Remaining students received the global rating only. Sixteen teachers were randomly assigned to receive instruction on childhood depression. Contrary to earlier studies, moderate correspondence was found for both measures. Familiarity was related to correspondence, whereas confidence and student gender were unrelated to correspondence. Instruction improved knowledge, but not correspondence. School-related behaviors yielded the highest correspondence. The teacher-CDI displayed high test-retest reliability.

Child↗

PubMed1993

Comparison of health risk behaviors between students in a regular high school and students in an alternative high school.

Prevalence of selected health risk behaviors of students attending an alternative high school (AHS) designed as a dropout prevention/dropout recovery high school was determined using the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The survey also was administered to a sample of students attending a regular high school (RHS) in the same school district. A larger percentage of AHS students reported being involved in a physical fight the past year, having smoked at least one cigarette the past month, having drunk at least one drink on five or more occasions the past month, having drunk five or more drinks at least once the past month, having smoked marijuana at least once the past month, having used cocaine at least once the past month, and having ever had sexual intercourse. Results indicate a need for comprehensive health education/intervention programs to address the needs of youth in alternative school settings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Collaborative fieldwork education with student occupational therapists and student occupational therapist assistants.

The profession of occupational therapy has a long history of working collaboratively with support personnel. This paper describes the process of a fieldwork education partnership developed between the McMaster University, BHSc (OT) Program and the Mohawk College, Occupational Therapist Assistant and Physical Therapist Assistant Program. Eight student occupational therapists and eight student occupational therapist assistants learned together in a variety of fieldwork settings, either in pairs or in groups. Both groups of students kept weekly journals of the experience and completed a post placement questionnaire. The journals were inductively analysed using a retrospective content analysis. The four emergent themes identified from the data are learning about each other's role, collaborative learning, impact on client care and future practice, and resistance to roles. Recommendations for future collaborations are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Economic diversity in medical education: the relationship between students' family income and academic performance, career choice, and student debt.

Providing access to higher education across all income groups is a national priority. This analysis assessed the performance, career choice, and educational indebtedness of medical college students whose educational pursuits were assisted by the provision of financial support. The study looked at designated outcomes (academic performance, specialty choice, accumulated debt) in relation to the independent variable, family (parental) income, of 1,464 students who graduated from Jefferson Medical College between 1992 and 2002. Students were classified into groups of high, moderate, and low income based on their parental income. During the basic science years, the high-income group performed better; however, in the clinical years, performance measures were similar. Those in the high-income group tended to pursue surgery, while those in the low-income group preferred family medicine. The mean of accumulated educational debt was significantly higher for the low-income group. The study provides support for maintaining economic diversity in medical education.

Career Choice↗

PubMed1992

Vision problems among students in schools and programs for deaf children. A survey of teachers of deaf students.

Vision problems are more common among deaf people than among the general population. Eight percent of the students in schools and programs for deaf children can be expected to have vision problems. We sent questionnaires to institutions and programs for deaf children, requesting information about the extent of vision problems among their students and about their teachers' levels of preparation in the area of vision impairment. Responses were received from 490 teachers. The data confirm that significant numbers of deaf students also have vision problems, and that teachers do not receive adequate training and information to meet the needs of this population.

Child↗

PubMed1985

Iodine intake of Japanese male university students: urinary iodine excretion of sedentary and physically active students and sweat iodine excretion during exercise.

We examined the urinary iodine excretion of sedentary and physically active male university students in order to estimate the iodine intake of Japanese. Iodine excretion in sweat collected during treadmill exercise was also determined in different dietary iodine levels. The mean urinary iodine excretion of 5 sedentary students during 15 consecutive days was 357 micrograms/day (40-3,390). When high-iodine food, i.e. seaweed, was included in meals in only 22% of the total experimental days of 5 subjects, the urinary iodine excretion was high (1,106 micrograms/day, 298-3,390), but was low (153 micrograms/day, 40-441) when seaweeds were not consumed. An unexpectedly low mean urinary iodine excretion of 149 micrograms/day (50-393) was found in 10 rowing club students during 6 consecutive days of their summer training camp, probably being due to iodine losses in sweat; sweat iodine concentrations were about 37 micrograms per liter, regardless of serum and urinary iodine levels modulated by the dietary iodine level. The present data indicate that the iodine intake of Japanese depends on the amount of seaweed consumption and that it is not necessarily as high as expected from the data obtained in the 1960s. Moreover, our findings indicate the importance of taking account of iodine loss in sweat in the evaluation of iodine nutrition for physically active persons working in hot and humid environments.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Experiential learning of clinical skills by beginning nursing students: "coaching" project by fourth-year student interns.

To fulfill the requirements for the internship program, fourth-year academic nursing students participated in a leadership program and became coaches for novice students who were beginning their first clinical rotations in the hospital. The concept of coaching is recognized in theory, research, and clinical education as an educational tool, which provides mutual benefits for the coachee and the coach. The project lasted 12 weeks, 2 clinical days per week. The coaches served as a source of support and knowledge and assisted in problem solving for the beginning students. As nurse educators who oversaw the project, the authors summarized the program as it was developed and implemented at the Assaf HaRofeh School of Nursing including problems, revisions, and final conclusions and discussion.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗

PubMed2003

My perpetual cycle: from student to researcher to teacher to student ...

This contribution stems from the personal experience of the author regarding how he became acquainted with embryology and how he finally entered the field of developmental biology. It reports his feelings as a student of the Histology and Embryology course as it was taught in the late 1970s, and his present efforts in teaching developmental biology to university students. In the Developmental Biology course at Pisa University today, students are taught the tissue, molecular and genetic mechanisms that regulate development of several model systems. Drosophila is introduced at the beginning, because of the great knowledge that it has brought to the unraveling of the molecular aspects of development and because it allows several basic concepts to be introduced, and vertebrate systems follow. Other topics include the classic experiments on amphibian systems, which are explained in the light of recent molecular advances, as well as the genetically more versatile vertebrate systems such as the mouse.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Leadership and empowerment: the value of the National Student Nurses Association for beginning students.

Leadership development has long been emphasized in nursing curricula, but how can it be effectively taught and learned? The authors discuss how beginning student experiences with the National Student Nurses Association (NSNA) promotes colleagueship, research utilization, policy development, political activity, and advocacy. Student reflections on their experience illuminate how they were empowered to effect change and understand their social responsibility.

Education, Nursing↗

PubMed2001

A comparison of changes in dental students' and medical students' approaches to learning during professional training.

The purposes of this study were 1) to compare the learning approaches of dental students (DS) and medical students (MS) for the Class of 1998 at a single institution at admission and graduation and 2) to determine if their learning approaches changed over the course of their studies. An Approaches to Studying Inventory (ASI) was administered to DS and MS at two times: their first month in school and their last month in school. Means and standard deviations were calculated for three ASI orientations to studying: 'Meaning', 'Reproducing', and 'Achieving'. An additional domain referred to as 'Styles and Pathologies' identified learning problems. In comparison, DS and MS demonstrated a different pattern of learning approaches at matriculation; however, at graduation these differences were less apparent. Over time, DS reported a decreased use, and MS reported an increased use of the Reproducing orientation bringing them closer together. MS also demonstrated an increased use of the Achieving orientation. The Meaning orientation, which indicates a deep approach to learning, was equivalently used by both groups at entry and remained unaltered.

Achievement↗

PubMed1994

Student nurses can defibrillate within 90 seconds. An evaluation of a training programme for third year student nurses in the use of an automatic external defibrillator.

Automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) provide a means of reducing the response time in cardiac arrests but policies based on their use must take into account the costs of retraining. These depend on the level of retention of skills over time. This paper describes the retention of skills by student nurses following a training programme on the use of AEDs in cardiac resuscitation. Sixty-three student nurses were studied at intervals of 1 week, 1, 3 and 6 months following training. There was a slight deterioration in skills at 1 week and 1 month but the scores returned to the baseline level at 3 months and remained there. We conclude that there is now a case for a major study of the use of nurse-operated AEDs in the hospital setting.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1987

Common respiratory and gastrointestinal illness in paediatric student nurses and medical technology students.

The aim of this study was to establish the risk of acquiring common respiratory and gastrointestinal illness for paediatric nurses. Using self-administered questionnaires, student nurses at two children's hospitals and students at one school of medical technology reported biweekly the number of minor illnesses, symptoms, and indicators of severity of infection over a 3-year period (1975-8). Although a systematic bias was evident with some symptoms, others appeared to be quite reliable. The following four syndromes were defined to estimate the risk: upper respiratory syndrome (URS), lower respiratory syndrome (LRS), respiratory and gastrointestinal syndrome (RGS), and gastrointestinal syndrome (GS). Surveillance days were allocated to groups with high- or low-intensity contact with children. The incidence of all illnesses was 2.9 per person-year in the low-intensity contact group and 4.4 per person-year in the high-intensity contact group. The reported incidence of LRS and RGS in the high-intensity contact group was 1.55 times higher than in the low-intensity group (P less than 0.001). LRS and RGS incidence was similar in nurses at both schools. During low contact periods it corresponded to that of the medical technologists.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

The influence of near-work on development of myopia among university students. A three-year longitudinal study among engineering students in Norway.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of near-work on development and progression of myopia among adults exposed to high educational demands. METHODS: A three-year longitudinal refraction study was performed among 224 Norwegian engineering students (mean age 20.6 years, 117 females and 107 males) measuring their refraction at the beginning and the end of the period. The examinations included automated and clinical refraction in cycloplegia and a questionnaire regarding time spent on different kinds of near-work was filled in by the participants. A total of 192 students (100 females and 92 males) completed the study. RESULTS: The mean refractive change of -0.51+/-0.49 D (n=192) during the three-year period was statistically significant (p=0.0001). A significant relationship between refractive change towards myopia and time spent on reading scientific literature (p< or =0.001) and on practical near-work (p< or =0.05), respectively, was found. Also, a significant relationship between refractive change towards myopia and time spent at lectures was revealed (p< or =0.001). No relationship was found between refractive change and time spent at working with video display terminals (VDT) or watching television, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that intensive near-work could initiate myopia or lead to its progression in young adults. The time spent on near-work seems to play a significant role in that process.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Self-monitoring and student integration of community college students.

This article reports how the Self-Monitoring Scale (M. Snyder, 1974) predicted integration in the student integration model (V. Tinto, 1987, 1993) among a sample of 380 American community college students. A 2 x 2 between-subjects multivariate analysis of variance was performed on 2 dependent variables: academic and social integration. The independent variables were gender and self-monitoring (low and high). A significant main effect of self-monitoring was obtained for academic integration. Low self-monitors were significantly more likely to integrate academically than high self-monitors. A significant interaction effect of gender and self-monitoring was obtained for social integration. High self-monitoring men were significantly more likely to achieve social integration than low self-monitoring men.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Students teaching students: a medical school peer tutorial programme.

A peer tutorial programme which is available to all first- and second-year medical students has been in operation at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine since 1972. A retrospective study of the classes of 1982, 1983 and 1984 was undertaken to assess the participation levels in the tutorial programme and to compare the participation level to available performance parameters. The analysis revealed that 54% of the first-year classes and 22% of the second-year classes participated in the peer tutorial programme. X2 analysis of the data demonstrated that the relationship between participation in the tutorial programme and performance on examinations reached statistical significance. The results suggested that an open peer tutorial programme responded to the needs, both cognitive and affective, of medical students.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗