Hospital chaplains. Treating mind, body and soul.
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Perhaps the word we hear most frequently about healthcare in the United States, with all its complexities and wrenching questions, is "crisis." In the biblical tradition, the Greek word "crisis" is generally translated as "judgment." But this judgment does not usually refer to God's judgment for our sins, but rather the judgment that people's response to an important event provokes. Crisis in Catholic healthcare refers to a moment of judgment and a moment of decision. This time of crisis is a time for choices and a time for a great new beginning. Among the many signs of hope is the broad-based call for the transformation of the Catholic healthcare ministry through creative motivational programs in leadership development. The dual purpose of leadership development programs is to ground people's work in a clearer understanding of the meaning of the Catholic healthcare ministry and to strengthen their commitment to its survival. Leadership development programs serve to remind us of the gracious and grace-filled reality of which we are a part. They are an exploration into God. They enable us to recognize our own gifts, the needs of our people, the amazing and gracious traditions in which we stand, and the blessing that is always there in the midst of crisis.
The Jehovah's Witnesses base their belief that they must not submit to blood transfusions on a biblical prohibition against consuming blood. It is a fundamental religious conviction for the Witnesses, one that has the most profound consequences for them: eternal salvation. In their zeal to promote health and save lives, however, some healthcare institutions have reacted to a patient's refusal to receive a blood transfusion by appealing to the courts. In a few cases, this action sought a clarification of professional obligations and responsibilities. In others, however, the institution sought authorization from the court to give a blood transfusion to a patient against his or her will. In several instances over the past 25 years, the courts did not consider the cases in light of the First Amendment right to freedom of religion, despite the fact that the constitutional issue clearly lies at the heart of the controversy. Because the free-exercise clause deserves the "preferred status" of First Amendment liberties, only a compelling state interest could justify its limitation. Where the courts tried to balance interests, they have adduced various concerns to justify state interference. The question is more than legal, however; it is profoundly religious. Vatican II's "Declaration on Religious Freedom" proclaimed that all people have a fundamental right to religious freedom and an inherent freedom from coercion based on human dignity. In Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Facilities, the bishops say, "The total good of the patient, which includes his higher spiritual as well as his bodily welfare, is the primary concern of those entrusted with the management of a Catholic health facility."
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