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PubMed1991

Effect of floor conditions upon frictional characteristics of squash court shoes.

Vertical (FN) and horizontal (FH) forces were recorded while four vertically-loaded court shoes were dragged horizontally across six types of floor surface. Variation in coefficient of limiting friction (FH/FN) between floor surfaces was greater than that between shoes. Squash strokes were also performed on the same surfaces during which FH/FN was calculated. Slips occurred on some surfaces either at heel contact or upon attainment of full-sole contact. It is concluded that the coefficient of limiting friction obtained during full-sole contact with the floor is a suitable means of distinguishing between tractional qualities of shoes. Alternatively, this measure is an inadequate predictor of the likelihood of slips in the game of squash racquets. Dusty floor conditions produce poor traction as does a damp sealed floor. As sweat droplets are unavoidable in the game, floors sealed with urethane represent a significant hazard. Bare, clean, wooden flooring which can absorb moisture represents a better surface than a sealed floor from the point of view of traction.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed2001

Biological monitoring of n-hexane exposure in Portuguese shoe manufacturing workers.

Occupational risk of exposure to organic solvents concerned many shoe manufacturing workers. The most common organic solvents found in workplace environments were n-hexane and others hexane isomers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure of shoe manufacturing workers to n-hexane, with 2,5 hexanedione in urine (2,5HD) as a biomarker and to investigate effect in 2,5 HD excretion of the co-exposure to other organic solvents. Post-shift urine samples from workers who performed gluing tasks (n = 45) in five shoe manufacturers were collected, as well as urine samples from a similar number of unexposed controls (n = 51) in the same factories. 2,5 HD was measured by capillary gas chromatography. Air monitoring of organic solvents in the workplaces was performed and the compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography. Significant more 2,5 HD was found in the urine of personnel who performed gluing tasks than in the unexposed workers. A significant correlation was observed between n-hexane exposure and urinary 2,5 HD, with a high correlation coefficient. Multiple regression analysis indicated that n-hexane exposure and co-exposure to others solvents were significant predictors of the concentration of 2,5 HD. Co-exposure led to higher urinary 2,5 HD concentrations. The significant effect of co-exposure reinforces the interest of biological monitoring for n-hexane exposure evaluation. In case of multiple exposures, biological monitoring can be a better predictive measurement for early detection of n-hexane neurotoxic lesions than air monitoring data.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1999

Shoe manufacturing and solvent exposure in northern Portugal.

Shoe manufacturing is a traditional industry in northern Portugal. There are nearly 1500 factories that employ about 54,000 workers. Among the materials used in the shoe manufacturing process, that could be occupational hazards, are the adhesives, especially adhesives solutions based on organic solvents. The National Institute of Health (Oporto Branch) carried out a study of 100 factories in northern Portugal to study solvent exposure in shoe manufacturing. The surveyed population, (4615 workers) was young (mean age = 33 years; range = 18-45) and predominantly female (68.5%). The results from the air samples analyses show 20 different organic compounds existing in the workplaces. The more common compounds found were n-hexane, toluene, and acetone. The results of the study show that in 53.7 percent of the factories there are operations where the solvent exposure is significant and represents a health hazard to the workers. These operations are mainly gluing, waxing, and polishing stations. Occupational risk of exposure to solvents concerned 44.2 percent of the workers. This study points out the existence of inadequate ventilation in the workplaces and inappropriate personal protective equipment to prevent dermatitis risk from adhesives, wax, and polish. The organic solvents present in workplaces also increase fire risk.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of urinary hippuric acid and o-cresol levels as biological indicators of toluene exposure in shoe-workers and glue sniffers.

In this study, groups exposed to toluene either intentionally (glue sniffers) or unintentionally (shoe-workers) were compared. The groups were evaluated in terms of urinary levels of the toluene metabolites hippuric acid and o-cresol. Results were also compared with control values. Hippuric acid levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and o-cresol levels by gas liquid chromatography. The levels of hippuric acid and o-cresol were found to be statistically significantly higher in glue sniffers than in shoe-workers (p <0.001) or controls (p <0.001). In addition, the differences between the levels of urinary hippuric acid and o-cresol in the shoe-workers and in the controls were statistically significant (p <0.05 and p <0.001, respectively). These results suggest that extremely high levels of urinary hippuric acid and o-cresol indicate massive exposure to toluene.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Postsurgical hindfoot deformity of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with custom-made foot orthoses and shoe modifications.

This case report describes the treatment of a 73-year-old woman with long-standing, severe rheumatoid arthritis, using custom-made foot orthoses and shoe modifications. The patient was referred for physical therapy 4 weeks after triple arthrodesis of her right foot. Her primary complaint was periodic unsteadiness during gait, which necessitated the use of a cane at all times. Other problems included a lower-extremity length discrepancy and right foot pain. Physical therapy included fabrication of bilateral semirigid foot orthoses, shoe modifications, gait training, and instruction in strengthening exercises. After treatment, the patient reported feeling steady during walking without a cane, and she was able to resume community activities without right foot pain. Computerized movement analysis of gait revealed that the use of orthoses and modified footwear reduced weight bearing and movement-pattern abnormalities, as compared with barefoot walking. The findings in this case show that physical therapy including foot orthoses, shoe modifications, gait training, and strengthening exercises can be instrumental in the postsurgical rehabilitation of a patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Effect of shoe insert construction on foot and leg movement.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in foot eversion and tibial rotation during running resulting from systematic changes of material composition of five shoe inserts of the same shape. METHODS: Tests were performed with 12 subjects. The inserts had a bilayer design using two different materials at the top and bottom of the insert. The functional kinematic variables examined in this study were the foot-leg in-eversion angle, beta, and the leg-foot tibial rotation, rho. Additionally, the subject characteristics of arch height, relative arch deformation, and active range of motion were quantified. The statistical analysis used was a two way repeated measures MANOVA (within trials and inserts). RESULTS: The average group changes resulting from the studied inserts in total shoe eversion, total foot eversion, and total internal tibial rotation were typically smaller than 1 degree when compared with the no-insert condition and were statistically not significant. The measured ranges of total foot eversion for all subjects were smallest for the softest and about twice as large for the hardest insert construction. Thus, the soft insert construction was more restrictive, forcing all feet into a similar movement pattern, whereas the harder combinations allowed for more individual variation of foot and leg movement and did not force the foot into a preset movement pattern. The individual results showed substantial differences between subjects and a trend: Subjects who generally showed a reduction of tibial rotation with all tested inserts typically had a flexible foot. However, subjects who generally showed an increase of tibial rotation typically had a stiff foot. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that subject specific factors such as static, dynamic, and neuro-physiological characteristics of foot and leg are important to match specific feet and shoe inserts optimally.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Shoe inserts and orthotics for sport and physical activities.

The purposes of this paper were to discuss the perceived benefits of inserts and orthotics for sport activities and to propose a new concept for inserts and orthotics. There is evidence that inserts or orthotics reduce or prevent movement-related injuries. However, there is limited knowledge about the specific functioning an orthotic or insert provides. The same orthotic or insert is often proposed for different problems. Changes in skeletal movement due to inserts or orthotics seem to be small and not systematic. Based on the results of a study using bone pins, one may question the idea that a major function of orthotics or inserts consists in aligning the skeleton. Impact cushioning with shoe inserts or orthotics is typically below 10%. Such small reductions might not be important for injury reduction. It has been suggested that changes in material properties might produce adjustments in the muscular response of the locomotor system. The foot has various sensors to detect input signals with subject specific thresholds. Subjects with similar sensitivity threshold levels seem to respond in their movement pattern in a similar way. Comfort is an important variable. From a biomechanical point of view, comfort may be related to fit, additional stabilizing muscle work, fatigue, and damping of soft tissue vibrations. Based on the presented evidence, the concept of minimizing muscle work is proposed when using orthotics or inserts. A force signal acts as an input variable on the shoe. The shoe sole acts as a first filter, the insert or orthotic as a second filter, the plantar surface of the foot as a third filter for the force input signal. The filtered information is transferred to the central nervous system that provides a subject specific dynamic response. The subject performs the movement for the task at hand. For a given movement task, the skeleton has a preferred path. If an intervention supports/counteracts the preferred movement path, muscle activity can/must be reduced/increased. Based on this concept, an optimal insert or orthotic would reduce muscle activity, feel comfortable, and should increase performance.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Heel seats and shoe wear.

Seventy-two children with excessive heel valgus and markedly uneven shoe wear were treated by Helfet heel seats for 18-36 months. Of the 52 children reviewed in this study, 44 had improved shoe wear. Simple heel seats offer economical treatment for children whose foot deformities destroy their shoes.

Child↗
PubMed1990

An umbilical data-acquisition system for measuring pressures between the foot and shoe.

We have developed an umbilical data-acquisition system for measuring pressures between the foot and shoe during walking. It consists of pressure sensors in the insoles of shoes, amplifier circuits, umbilical cables, an analog-to-digital converter, and a graphics display card in an IBM PC for real-time data collection and display. The applied pressure on a sensor decreases its resistance, which causes the output voltage of the amplifier circuit to increase. We attach seven sensors to the surface of each insole of a pair of extra-depth shoes and calibrate all the sensors in the insole before and after each test using a load cell as a reference. The IBM PC samples the outputs from the sensor and the load cell and stores a piecewise linear lookup table for use in compensation for the nonlinearity of the sensor. On the PC's graphics display, two programs provide displays of foot pressures as real-time bar graphs or as analog pressure versus time curves.

Analog-Digital Conversion↗
PubMed2003

Design, development, and characteristics of an in-shoe triaxial pressure measurement transducer utilizing a single element of piezoelectric copolymer film.

In gait analysis, there is growing awareness of the need to simultaneously measure shear and vertical forces for the diagnosis and treatment assessment of pathological foot disorders. This is especially the case in the measurement of the forces between the plantar surface of the foot and the shoe. Although clinical awareness of the need to simultaneously measure shear and vertical forces under the foot has increased little has been done to provide the technology. This is mainly due to the difficulty in constructing devices capable of carrying out this task in the in-shoe environment. The aim of this paper is to describe the development and characteristics of a miniature triaxial transducer measuring 10 x 10 x 2.7 mm and a weight of only 2 g. This transducer is capable of simultaneously measuring three orthogonal forces under any location of the plantar surface of the foot utilizing a single element piezoelectric copolymer P(VDF-TrFE). Transducer sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis, cross-talk and temperature dependence is presented. As well as in-shoe force measurement, this triaxial transducer could have other biomedical and general engineering applications, e.g., prosthetic interface forces, handgrip forces, sport, robotics, etc.

Calibration↗
PubMed2005

The relation between the localization of foot dermatitis and the causative allergens in shoes: a 13-year retrospective study.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to test whether the initial pattern of clinical presentation of shoe dermatitis could indicate the causative allergen(s) and to estimate the odds on foot dermatitis in patients with a positive patch test versus those with a negative patch-test result. Between 1990 and 2002, 8543 patients were patch tested with the standard series (and additional allergens, if appropriate). Of them, 1168 (14%) had been referred because of foot dermatitis and 474 of these patients (5.5% of the total group) presented a positive reaction to one or more substances related to shoes. We found that 6 standard allergens in the male group and 8 standard allergens in the female group were statistically significant for the shoe dermatitis group. The data showed a relationship between the distribution pattern of the foot lesions and most of the allergens. These results have clinical applications since the gender of the patients and the localization of the foot eruptions can, indeed, indicate what allergen is involved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The effect of a 5-week wobble-board exercise intervention on ability to discriminate different degrees of ankle inversion, barefoot and wearing shoes: a study in healthy elderly.

OBJECTIVES: There is some evidence of an improvement in falls risk in the elderly after completing a wobble-board training program. This study examined the effects of wobble-board training on ability to discriminate between different extents of ankle inversion movements in a group of older subjects, tested wearing shoes and barefoot. DESIGN: A randomized, controlled, crossover pilot study. SETTING: Canberra region, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty community-dwelling subjects aged 65 to 85 participated in this study; all were in good health with no known disorder of the musculoskeletal system. MEASUREMENTS: The accuracy with which subjects could identify a set of ankle inversion movements of different extents was measured, with testing conducted in an upright, weightbearing stance. INTERVENTION: The effects of a 5-week training program using a wobble board modified for data logging or a period of normal activity only were assessed. Subjects underwent an ankle movement discrimination test pre- and posttraining, with shoes on and off. RESULTS: Greater improvement in ankle movement discrimination capability was made in subjects who underwent wobble-board training than in subjects who did not train (F(1,18)=11.2, P=.003). Active movements at the ankle were also significantly better discriminated throughout when subjects were wearing shoes than when barefoot (F(1,18)=40.6, P=.001). CONCLUSION: Training with a wobble board provides a simple in-home intervention that improves ability to differentiate between extent of movements into ankle inversion in subjects aged 65 and older. Research on trip and fall frequency after wobble-board use is needed before such training could be widely used.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1982

Multiple sclerosis among shoe and leather workers: an epidemiological survey in Florence.

The observation of many multiple sclerosis (MS) cases among shoe and leather workers prompted a survey of the risk of MS in this working population. Eighty-one patients with definite or probable MS alive in Florence on May 1st 1976 were interviewed regarding their occupation at onset of the disease. Five of the 41 patients working at the time had worked in shoe a leather factories. The relative risk for these workers was 4.87 compared to the general populations and 4.91 compared to the active population, both results being significantly different from one. This survey indicates an increased risk of MS among shoe and leather workers. Organic solvents, contained in large quantities in the glues used, may be involved in the pathogenic mechanism through a possible interference with the immune system.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1977

Contact dermatitis to PPD rubber in Maleki shoes.

The Persian cloth shoe (Maleki) which has been in use for more than 800 years has a strong cloth sole and a woven cotton upper. In the last 20 years, used car tires have become readily available in Iran and the soles of some shoes are now made from these. A man with the typical picture of rubber dermatitis on the soles of his feet is described. On patch testing he gave a 2+ positive to PPD rubber and this was thought to be due to the fact that he had worn Maleki shoes for several years.

Dermatitis, Contact↗
PubMed1998

Variation in surface strain on the equine hoof wall at the midstep with shoeing, gait, substrate, direction of travel, and hoof shape.

Objectives were to examine the deformation of the healthy equine front hoof during locomotion, by recording strains on its outer surface, and to test whether its mechanical behaviour is significantly altered under different locomotory conditions and variation in hoof shape. Strains were recorded in vivo from 5 rosette gauges around the circumference of the right forehooves of 12 horses. The magnitudes and orientations of principal strains at the midstep were compared statistically for different conditions of shoeing (shod vs. unshod), gait (walk vs. trot), substrate (treadmill vs. ground), and direction of travel (straight, right turn, left turn). Principal strains were regressed on 4 variables describing hoof shape-toe length, toe angle, and medial and lateral wall angle--to describe their contribution to variations in strain and hoof deformation. Shoeing did not essentially change the magnitudes of the larger, compressive principal strain, but caused some strain reorientation. Shoes decreased the variation in strains indicating that they tend to stabilise the deformation of the hoof. Strain magnitudes were significantly greater at trot than walk, but there was little change in orientation indicating that the general pattern of deformation of the hoof is constant between these 2 gaits. Strain patterns showed small but significant differences between locomotion on the treadmill and on ground, with the differences being more apparent at the toe than at the sides of the hoof. When turning, the quarter on the inside of the turn experienced 40% more strain than during straightline motion, while strain was similarly reduced on the opposite quarter. Strain magnitudes increase with toe length and toe angle, but were inversely proportional to medial and lateral angles. The change with toe length correlated with the range of body size of the animals in the sample. The change with toe angle was contrary to that found in in vitro tests. The change with medial and lateral angles indicated that hooves with more upright quarters are stiffer and possibly provide less impact absorption.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Biomechanical analysis of horse shoeing.

Most of the principles of farriery have been derived from practical experience and traditional skills of individual farriers. To date, there has been little done in the way of good science and few publications have appeared to advance the discipline. Therefore, opinions or policies on horse shoeing vary greatly between farriers and members of the veterinary profession. The aim of this workshop was to present the latest information on biomechanical analysis of horse shoeing as it relates to modern day farriery and could have direct benefits for the future of shoeing in performance horses.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Foot dimensions of elderly people with and without diabetes mellitus - a data basis for shoe design.

BACKGROUND: Injuries from footwear are common in elderly people, particularly in those with diabetes mellitus and polyneuropathy. A common cause is a mismatch between foot and shoe. OBJECTIVE: To assess the length and the breadth of the feet by an automatic measuring device in 568 patients with diabetic polyneuropathy and in 100 nondiabetic control subjects of the same mean age of 64 years. RESULTS: While the foot length in all cases matched well with the size of the normal footwear available on the market, more than two thirds of the feet were considerably broader than the normal footwear available. The foot breadth correlated variably with the foot length. Tables of foot dimensions for men and women are provided over the complete range of shoe sizes. CONCLUSIONS: This anthropometric data set on feet, which is the first conducted in elderly people, proves that most feet of elderly people with or without diabetic neuropathy do not fit ordinary casual footwear. Therefore, the construction of shoes according to the anthropometric data of elderly people is required in order to prevent foot injuries in this particular population.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inversion and eversion strengths in the weightbearing ankle of young women. Effects of plantar flexion and basketball shoe height.

Maximum isometric ankle inversion and eversion muscle strengths were measured under full unipedal weightbearing in 20 healthy young adult women. When the women wore a low-top shoe, the mean (standard deviation) maximum external eversion moments resisted with the foot in 0 degrees and 32 degrees of ankle plantar flexion were 24.1 (7.6) and 24.1 (8.1) N x m, respectively, while the corresponding values for maximum inversion moments resisted were 14.7 (6.8) and 17.4 (6.4) N x m, respectively. Both shoe height and ankle plantar flexion affected the overall inversion moment resisted by 17% (P = 0.03) at 0 degrees of ankle plantar flexion to 11.9% (P = 0.003) at 32 degrees of ankle plantar flexion. However, neither shoe height nor ankle plantar flexion significantly affected the maximum eversion moment resisted. Although eversion muscle strength of the young women averaged 39% less than the corresponding value found in young men, the sex difference was not significant when ankle strengths were normalized by body size (body weight x height). Thus, when data from healthy young men and women were averaged, eversion and inversion strengths averaged 1.6% and 2.7%, respectively, of body weight x height.

Adult↗