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PubMed1992

Comparisons of wartime and peacetime disease and non-battle injury rates aboard ships of the British Royal Navy.

Disease and non-battle injury rates were computed for ships of the British Royal Navy which were deployed during wartime and peacetime operations. The wartime sick list admission rates were lower aboard carriers, battleships, and cruisers when compared with their counterparts deployed in peacetime; rate differences for battleships and cruisers were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Several categories of disease also yielded significant differences in the wartime/peacetime contrasts. Infections and parasitic disorders aboard carriers, skin diseases aboard battleships, and skin diseases, injuries, and generative system disorders occurring on cruisers were all lower during wartime than on peacetime deployments. Illness rates also varied by ship type, with the lowest rates evidenced aboard carriers.

Epidemiology↗
PubMed2005

Work related mortality from gastrointestinal diseases and alcohol among seafarers employed in British merchant shipping from 1939 to 2002.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate work related mortality from gastrointestinal diseases and from alcohol among seafarers who were employed in British merchant shipping from 1939 to 2002. METHODS: A longitudinal study, based on official mortality files from 1976-2002 and official mortality returns from 1939-1975, with a population of 7.29 million seafarer-years at risk. RESULTS: From 1939 to 2002, there were 864 deaths from gastrointestinal diseases and 72 from alcoholism. Overall mortality from gastrointestinal diseases fell from 18.4 per 100,000 in 1939-49 to 9.3 in 1970-79 and 0.3 in 1990-2002. Mortality from alcoholism, and from alcohol-related diseases such as liver cirrhosis and diseases of the pancreas, increased up to the 1960s or 1970s, but fell thereafter. From 1950 to 1972, mortality from gastrointestinal diseases was 1.8 times higher among Asian seafarers compared to British seafarers, largely because of liver disease, peritonitis and peptic ulcer. At the time of the last censuses of seamen in 1961 and 1971, compared with the general British male working aged population, morality among British seafarers was greatly increased for peritonitis and alcoholism but not for most other gastrointestinal diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Sharp reductions in mortality from gastrointestinal diseases and from alcoholism since the 1970s contrasts with increases among the general British population, and are largely because of the "flagging-out" of most British deep sea ships, and consequent reductions in long voyages, as well as reductions in alcohol consumption among seafarers at work. Largely because of the healthy worker effect, seafarers were usually only at increased risks from particularly acute diseases.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of the effectiveness of carbamates and pyrethroids against cockroaches--Blattella germanica (L.) on ships and in a port town.

The laboratory tests were aimed at determination of the effectiveness of 3 insecticides: propoxur, permethrin and deltamethrin against cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.) caught on Polish merchant ships and in some communal buildings in the town Gdynia. The contact method with use of glass jars was applied. A total of 1700 specimens of B. germanica (males, females and larvae) has been examined. In this material there were: 720 specimens from ships, 620 from communal buildings and 360 from susceptible laboratory colony. There were carried out 116 tests: 37 with propoxur, 38 with permethrin and 41 with deltamethrin. The controls involved: 27 tests with acetone and 27 with use of the B. germanica (L.) susceptible strain. Out of the insecticides tested a very high effectiveness was shown in case of deltamethrin--in regard to all the cockroaches under investigation, and propoxur--against the cockroaches from the communal buildings. The toxic efficacy of permethrin was low.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Hygienic evaluation of the effectiveness of using aluminum oxychloride for purification of ships' waste water].

Treatment of multicomponent composition ship waste waters by an aluminum-containing waste is substantiated from the hygienic point of view both in laboratory and field studies. The tested principle of treatment provides deep purification of liquid wastes according to the following indicators; particulate matter--95.3%; BCO5--90.0%; oil products--99.5%; cadmium--70.3%; iron--30.0%; phenol--48.1%; SSAS--37.5%. The effectiveness of coagulation of the combined sewage independent of quantitative ratios of bilgeway and waste waters has been confirmed with the help of regression-correlative analysis, which alongside the use of aluminum oxychlorides at the functioning installations of sewage purification and disinfection testify to the possibility of forming of principally new and effective samples of compact ship water protective equipment.

Aluminum Hydroxide↗
PubMed1989

[Current problems of prevention of diseases among ship crew of transport marine].

New organizational forms of disease prevention are substantiated on the basis of thorough study of sailors' health state according to the morbidity data for the voyage period and between these periods. The results of annual medical checkups and assessment of the existing system of medical provision have been also used. Four main chains responsible for the ship's crew health protection have been established along with the continuity principles of the curative and preventive care of sailors with account of the specific nature of their work in the system "shore--ship--shore".

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Collecting, shipping, storing, and imaging snow crystals and ice grains with low-temperature scanning electron microscopy.

Methods to collect, transport, and store samples of snow and ice have been developed that enable detailed observations of these samples with a technique known as low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM). This technique increases the resolution and ease with which samples of snow and ice can be observed, studied, and photographed. Samples are easily collected in the field and have been shipped to the electron microscopy laboratory by common air carrier from distances as far as 5,000 miles. Delicate specimens of snow crystals and ice grains survive the shipment procedures and have been stored for as long as 3 years without undergoing any structural changes. The samples are not subjected to the melting or sublimation artifacts. LTSEM allows individual crystals to be observed for several hours with no detectable changes. Furthermore, the instrument permits recording of photographs containing the parallax information necessary for three-dimensional imaging of the true shapes of snowflakes, snow crystals, snow clusters, ice grains, and interspersed air spaces. This study presents detailed descriptions of the procedures that have been used successfully in the field and the laboratory to collect, ship, store, and image snow crystals and ice grains.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed2002

Regulation of the immune response by SHIP.

Multiple lines of experimental data indicate that SHIP1 is an important negative regulator of the immune system. SHIP1 has been demonstrated to control survival and proliferation, as well as differentiation. In the cases of some inhibitory receptors, such as Fc gamma RIIB1, the molecular mechanisms of control by SHIP1 are established. For other receptors, particularly activating receptors where SHIP1 appears to set activation thresholds, the mechanisms remain to be discovered. Further study on SHIP and other SHIP family members could be critical for our understanding the negative regulation in multiple hematopoietic lineages and the immune system as a whole.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Technical problems in shipped hepatic allografts: the UCL experience.

Due to developments in surgical techniques and organ preservation, the shipping of renal and extrarenal organs is becoming increasingly more frequent. During the period from 1 January 1991 to 31 December 1992, 39 of 180 (21%) implanted liver allografts were shipped to our center by local harvesting teams. The fact that each of nine livers (23.1%) presented with minor and major (vascular and parenchymatous) problems stresses the need for better surgical training and standardization in procurement techniques. The introduction of a liver allograft feedback report could be an easy way to perform quality control.

Belgium↗
PubMed2001

Study of Health In Pomerania (SHIP): a health examination survey in an east German region: objectives and design.

OBJECTIVES: The reason for the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) is the lack of epidemiological studies with a broad range of health indicators. Furthermore, in Germany there is a need for studies that take into account the particular situation of life after the reunification. One objective of SHIP is to provide prevalence estimates on a broad range of diseases, risk and health factors for a defined region in the former GDR. METHODS: A sample of 7008 women and men aged 20 to 79 years in a north-east region of Germany, 4900 expected participants. The sample was drawn in two steps: First, 32 communities in the region were selected. Second, within the communities a simple random sample was drawn from residence registries, stratified by gender and age. The data collection and instruments include four parts: oral health examination, medical examination, health-related interview, and a health- and risk-factor-related questionnaire. The oral health examination includes the teeth, periodontium, oral mucosa, craniomandibular system, and prosthodontics. The medical examination includes blood pressure measurements, electrocardiography, echocardiography, carotid, thyroid and liver ultrasounds, neurological screening, blood and urine sampling. The computer-aided health-related interview includes cardiovascular symptoms, utilisation of medical services, health-related behaviours, and socioeconomic variables. The self-administered questionnaire comprises housing conditions, social network, work conditions, subjective well-being and individual consequences from the German reunification.

Adult↗
PubMed1972

Ergonomic problems in ship control.

This is the first of two papers concerned with the application of ergonomics in marine systems. Ergonomics problems in ship control will be discussed in this paper, and a subsequent paper, by D.M. Anderson, will illustrate the contributions of ergonomics to bridge design by means of a case study. Ergonomics problems in ship control are identified with basic human limitations in perception, decision making and control. Ergonomics can make immediate contributions towards minimising many of these difficulties. Guidance can also be provided in the development of new marine systems to overcome the human limitations of the mariner.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

Human factors studies of the working hours of UK ships' pilots. Part 2: A survey of work-scheduling problems and their social consequences.

This paper reports findings from interview, questionnaire and diary surveys of the working hours and working arrangements of UK ships' pilots relevant for the question of individual well-being, fatigue and social effects of work-scheduling practices. Aspects of pilots' lifestyles, task factors and different work systems are described. Findings are drawn from the pilots' own subjective accounts, opinions and ratings and some pilots' wives also gave their views. It is concluded that certain districts have working hours and working systems which impose a strain on their pilots, particularly those without a supportive domestic life. Compatibility between home and work life is thought to make an important contribution to well-being. Recommendations for change are outlined and a major obstacle against their implementation (sea-faring attitudes) is described. This study formed part of a larger project investigating stress in ships' pilots with particular reference to workload factors.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

Human factors studies of the working hours of UK ship's pilots. 1. A field study of fatigue.

A group of seven ship pilots working irregular hours was studied by means of ambulatory-monitored electrocardiograms and intermittent measurements of oral temperature, skin conductance, reaction time, and self-ratings of subjective feelings. It can be concluded that the type of pilotage described is liable to produce very long 'home to home' travel time (possibly 12 to 18 h), and that the erratic pattern of working hours cuts across the pilots' nychthemeral physiological and social rhythms. In consequences, pilots are often at a low level of activation or arousal when eventually aboard ships (although they undoubtedly succeed in maintaining adequate behavioural efficiency) and they require lengthy periods in which to recuperate from relatively short spells of actual pilotage. When trade is 'normal' there is generally a fair possibility of ensuring rest between acts of pilotage but there is no reserve of pilots to cope with any sudden increase in demand for their services. Although the subjects studied were fit middle-aged men, many others are older, or less fit, and in some circumstances there could be adverse effects on maritime safety and individual health and well-being. The situation could feasibly deteriorate was quite inadequate, or to one where the individual pilot was hardly ever free from concern about the possibility of totally unpredictable calls.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2007

[Management of childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a survey of members of the French Society of Pediatric Hematology and Immunology (SHIP)].

AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to report in acute childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) the current practices of French paediatric hematologists and to compare them to recent publications of American and British teams. METHOD: A questionnaire was sent online to the members of the French Society of Pediatric Hematology/Immunology (SHIP). This questionnaire, adapted from a similar american study conducted in 2001, asked 16 questions based on the clinical presentation of a 5-year-old boy referred for an acute ITP. RESULTS: 59/123 SHIP members responded to the survey. In response to question regarding initial treatment, 86% of physicians would be given active treatments and only 9% would rarely or never administer any drug. When asked which agent would be used in case of treatment, 68% would choose to prescribe intravenous immunoglobulins and 32% corticosteroids, nobody recommended the use of anti-D immunoglobulins. Furthermore, 83% would usually hospitalize such a child. CONCLUSION: Finally, this study allowed us to update the current French management of treating pediatric ITP which is almost comparable among this subset of pediatric hematologists, but showed some discrepancies comparatively to the American and British studies.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2005

Maintaining the cold chain shipping environment for Phase I clinical trial distribution.

The study aimed to demonstrate satisfactory inter-UK transit of cold storage clinical trial material. The product environment had to be maintained between 0 and 8 degrees C throughout transit until delivery. Straightforward, low cost and simplified shipping arrangements were sought that would be appropriate for small-scale Phase I clinical trial activities. A laboratory test defined an optimal three frozen gel pack configuration to maintain refrigerated environmental conditions for dummy product packs in a single type and size of insulated shipper. The internal environment was temperature monitored at 30-min intervals in all tests. Twelve Glasgow to London transits were then studied over 2 years to include all seasonal temperature variations. A configuration using three frozen gel packs and 4 h pre-chill of the transit container maintained the internal environment at 0-8 degrees C for up to 48 h during autumn, winter and spring. A modified four frozen gel pack configuration was suitable for summer transit. Thus cold shipment verification was successfully carried out for a small-scale distribution operation. It was proven that refrigerated shipping conditions could be maintained using a straightforward and cost effective 'passive' type system consisting of frozen gel packs and insulated transit containers.

Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic↗
PubMed2004

Autonomous SHIP-dependent FcgammaR signaling in pre-B cells leads to inhibition of cell migration and induction of cell death.

Mature B cells express a single immunoglobulin Fc receptor, FcgammaRIIB, that functions to block downstream signaling by co-aggregated antigen receptors. Co-aggregation of receptors is essential because BCR activated kinases must phosphorylate FcgammaRIIB to recruit SHIP and mediate inhibitory signals. Pre-B cells also express FcgammaRIIB, but since they do not yet express antigen receptor, it is unclear when they are activated physiologically. Here, we demonstrate that aggregation of the FcR on pre-B cells leads to potent inhibitory signaling. Aggregation of the FcR alone leads to downstream effects including the induction of cell death and the blockade of SDF-1 induced migration. The biochemical circuitry that mediates this response is unique because although SHIP is required for this signaling and is phosphorylated upon receptor aggregation, this occurs in the absence of FcgammaRIIB phosphorylation. Results indicate that immune complexes may inhibit B cell production in the bone marrow by antigen non-specific mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Clustering the mast cell function-associated antigen (MAFA) leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of p62Dok and SHIP and affects RBL-2H3 cell cycle.

The mast cell function-associated antigen (MAFA) is a type II membranal glycoprotein expressed by rat mast cells and basophils. MAFA clustering by its specific monoclonal antibody, (mAb) G63, efficiently inhibits the FcvarepsilonRI induced secretory response of mucosal-type mast cells of the RBL-2H3 line, as well as bone marrow-derived mast cells. Here we present results which suggest that MAFA has also a capacity of modulating the cell cycle of the RBL-2H3 line. We found that MAFA clustering, by mAb G63 or by its F(ab')2 fragments, reduces the cell proliferation rate. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry revealed that the number of cells in sub-G phase is considerably higher for cells on which MAFA was clustered. Results of biochemical experiments established that MAFA clustering leads to a marked increase in the transient tyrosine phosphorylation of the adaptor protein p62(Dok) and the inositol phosphatase SHIP. Concomitantly, their respective binding to RasGAP and Shc was increased. Furthermore, the GTP binding protein Sos1 was found to dissociate from Shc upon MAFA clustering, suggesting that SHIP and Sos1 compete for Shc binding. We therefore suggest that MAFA has also a role in regulating RBL-2H3 cell proliferation rate by inhibiting RasGTP formation in the Ras signaling pathway.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1996

Selective in vivo recruitment of the phosphatidylinositol phosphatase SHIP by phosphorylated Fc gammaRIIB during negative regulation of IgE-dependent mouse mast cell activation.

We demonstrated previously that the low-affinity IgG receptors Fc gammaRIIB, which are coexpressed with the high-affinity IgE receptors Fc epsilonRI in mouse mast cells, can inhibit IgE-induced release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines by these cells. Inhibition was found to require the coaggregation of the two receptors and to depend on the presence of a tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) in the intracytoplasmic domain of Fc gammaRIIB. We report here that the coaggregation with Fc gammaRIIB does not prevent Fc epsilonRI from triggering activation signals in BMMC and induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of Fc gammaRIIB. Phosphorylated ITIM peptides bound in vitro to three SH2 domain-containing phosphatases present in BMMC lysates: the phosphotyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2. and the inositolphosphate phosphatase SHIP. Using BMMC generated from the SHP-1-deficient motheaten mice, SHP-1 was found to be dispensable for inhibition of mast cell activation. When analyzed for in vivo association, SHIP coprecipitated with phosphorylated Fc gammaRIIB, whereas SHP-1 or SHP-2 did not. These observations altogether indicate that Fc epsilonRI actively participates in its own regulation and that the mechanisms by which Fc gammaRIIB inhibit cell activation might be different in mast cells and in B-cells.

Animals↗