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PubMed1998

Factors affecting the self-concepts of South African students.

Relationships among family macrosocial structures, proximate family settings, attributions of responsibility, and African adolescents' self-concepts were examined. Data were collected from 460 South African high school students (234 girls, 226 boys; mean age = 18.6 years). On the basis of partial least squares path modeling, the results suggest that (a) family macrosocial structure, proximate family settings, and the individual's sense of responsibility for academic outcomes had modest to strong associations with different dimensions of self-concept; and (b) there were gender-related differences in the structure of the adolescents' social status backgrounds and self-concepts and in the relationships among social status, perceptions of parents' support for learning, personal responsibility, and self-concept.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Shaping self-concept: the elusive importance effect.

This study examined the hypothesis that the contributions of specific domains of self-concept to global self-concept are dependent upon their perceived importance. The Self Description Questionnaire III was administered to a sample of 506 male and female participants. Analysis of the data using Marsh's original individually weighted multiple regression model confirmed previous findings of no support for the importance hypothesis. In contrast, the results from alternative individually weighted regression models provided strong support for the importance hypothesis. These alternative models utilized idiographically determined as opposed to nomothetically determined relative importance. The data also showed evidence of strong discounting for certain domains, moderate discounting for other domains, and no discounting for still others. The findings challenge previous thinking on the limited role of the importance hypothesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Effects of running or weight lifting on self-concept in clinically depressed women.

Forty clinically depressed women were randomized to a running, weight lifting, or delayed treatment condition. Self-concept was assessed at baseline, pre-, mid-, and posttreatment for all subjects and at 1, 7, and 12 months for exercise groups. Significant improvements in self-concept were found for exercise groups relative to control groups. No significant differences between exercise groups were found, and improvements were reasonably well-maintained over time. Differential changes on dimensions of self-concept were not demonstrated. These results suggest that both running and weight lifting exercise programs improve self-concept in clinically depressed women.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Fitness, attitude toward physical education, and self-concept of elementary school children.

Elementary school children scoring in the highest and lowest 26% or 27% of their classes on the Texas Physical Fitness test were compared for attitude toward physical education and self-concept. Data were collected on the Children's Attitude Inventory Toward Physical Education, a Game of Pairs for Preferences Among School Subjects, and the Children's Self-concept Scale. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences on all tests between boys high in fitness, girls high in fitness, boys low in fitness, and girls low in fitness. Subsequent Scheffé tests indicated that highly fit girls had significantly higher attitude and self-concept scores than boys low in fitness. Highly fit boys had higher self-concepts than boys low in fitness. No other group comparisons were significant. Pearson correlations indicated nonsignificant associations between fitness and attitude and self-concept for the four groups.

Attitude↗
PubMed2002

Learning difficulties, social intelligence, and self-concept: connections to bully-victim problems.

Learning skills, social intelligence, and self-concept were related to each other and to bully-victim problems among fifth-grade children (79 boys and 62 girls, aged 11-12 years). In addition to exploring connections between single variables, a person-oriented approach was applied in order to analyze children's value patterns with respect to learning skills, self-concept, and social intelligence, and how these value patterns are related to bully-victim problems. Social intelligence was found to be positively correlated with learning skills, but negatively related to victimization. Bullying was positively correlated with self-concept scores. However, this was true only of boys. According to cross-tabulations, there were significantly more bullies among children with learning difficulties (LD) than would have been expected by chance. Victimization, on the other hand, was not related to LD. LD children's proposed victim status was in some degree supported by cluster analysis: a group of LD children emerged, who not only scored high on bullying, but also tended to be victimized by others. In addition, two groups of bullies appeared: one whose members could be interpreted as socially unskilled and another as socially skilled. This finding is in line with recent theoretical reasoning, which calls into question the idea of bullies as a unified group, lacking in social skills.

Aggression↗
PubMed1998

Self-concept of academic ability as a function of sex, age, and academic achievement among African adolescents.

This study examined (a) sex and age variations for scores on Self-concept of Academic Ability and academic achievement among 244 African adolescents attending a coeducational high school and (b) correlations between scores on Self-concept of Academic Ability and academic achievement by sex and age. No significant sex differences were found, but there were significant age differences on the Self-concept scores and measures of English, science, and history but not in mathematics. A significant positive correlation was found between Self-concept scores and academic achievement for boys and girls and in all age groups, but the magnitude of the correlations with achievement in mathematics was stronger among boys than among girls.

Achievement↗
PubMed1992

Self-concept and sociometric outcomes: a comparison of only children and sibling children from urban and rural areas in the People's Republic of China.

We investigated differences in self-concept between 360 only children and 555 sibling children in the sixth grade of three urban schools and three rural schools in the People's Republic of China. Peer perceptions and teacher perceptions were also collected using sociometric measures. Self-concept was determined by the Self-Perception Profile for Children (Harter, 1985). Comparisons of sibling children and only children showed no differences on self-concept; however, urban residents had higher self-concept scores than children from rural areas, and boys scored higher than girls. No significant interaction effects between sibling status, gender, and residence were found.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Development of self-concept in Afro-American children.

Studies of self-concept in Afro-American children differ in their findings according to whether the research was conducted before or after the civil rights movement of the 1960s. While the earlier studies reported that the Afro-Americans had lower self-esteem than Caucasians, studies conducted after the height of the civil rights movement do not support that finding. The development of self-concept in Afro-American children is influenced by the strengths and weaknesses of the family, extended family, or community; individual perceptions of untoward events or environments; and the ability to devise mechanisms to ward off threats to self-esteem. The author stresses that those who study self-esteem among Afro-Americans should examine developmental processes within the individual's social context and reference groups rather than from the perspective of the dominant group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Self-concept and delinquency proneness.

Contrary to the theory of the homeostatic model of self-concept, i.e., the expectancy that engaging in anti-social or pro-social behavior results typically in shifts in the self-concept (Graf, 1968; Deitz, 1970 shifts did not occur. Subjects, 12- 14-year-old boys enrolled in junior high school, delinquent prone (DP) and non-delinquent prone bright (NDPB), reacted to manipulation by engaging in reparative behavior as indicated via an aggression module in a fashion generally expected but the expected shift from chronic self-images did not occur. Both DP and NDPB viewed themselves similarly on self concept. The authors postulated that if shifts would occur for the delinquent prone it would be after they left school with its accompanying identification with a sub-culture outside the school setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Self-concept of psychopaths.

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the self-concept of psychopaths. The sample consisted of 56 adult males: 28 psychopaths and 28 nonpsychopaths. The MMPI was used to select the sample. The Tennessee Self Concept Scale was administered to all Ss. The two groups differed significantly on 18 of the 28 scales used for the study. Sixteen of these differences were in the direction of greater deviance for psychopaths. Several inconsistencies were also observed in the self-concept of psychopaths. The results confirmed those previously obtained in other studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Trait salience in the spontaneous self-concept.

A discrimination theory of selective perception was used to predict that a given trait would be spontaneously salient in a person's self-concept to the exten that this trait was distinctive for the person within her or his social groups. Sixth-grade students' general and physical spontaneous self-concepts were elicited in their classroom settings. The distinctiveness within the classroom of each student's characteristics on each of a variety of dimensions was determined, and it was found that in a majority of cases the dimension was significantly more salient in the spontaneous self-concepts of those students whose characteristic on thedimension was more distinctive. Also reported are incidental findings which include a description of the contents of spontaneous self-comcepts as well as determinants of their length and of the spontaneous mention of one's sex as part of one's self-concept.

Body Image↗
PubMed1997

Self-concept and dental health behaviours in adolescents.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relation between some dental health behaviours and 2 measures of self-concept in adolescents. Data from a survey of 41142, 12-16-year-old children from 244 secondary schools throughout England were analysed to obtain information about their frequencies of toothbrushing, use of dental floss and dental attendance, and whether they recalled advice about toothbrushing, in relation to self-esteem and health locus of control (HLOC). Subjects completed a questionnaire, anonymously, in school class. The results showed a significant positive correlation (Spearman) between the frequencies of flossing and toothbrushing, in both sexes, and between social group and toothbrushing frequency, where brushing frequency increased as socio-economic status improved. Some association between use of floss and social group emerged, but this was smaller and less consistent than that observed with toothbrushing brushing frequency. Self-esteem was positively correlated with toothbrushing frequency at ages 12-15 years, while HLOC showed correlations at some ages but not others. Use of dental floss showed no relation to self-concept. Subjects with more favourable self-concept were more likely to make more frequent dental visits than those with a poorer self-view. There was a strong and consistent correlation between recalled advice about toothbrushing and lower self- esteem and external locus of control. The results are in agreement with our earlier reports and suggest that self-concept may play a significant role in mediating changes in dental health behaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Self-concept and adaptive behaviour of people with intellectual disability in integrated and segregated recreation activities.

BACKGROUND: Leisure and recreation are areas in which the inclusion of people with intellectual disability (ID) in the community is required. In Israel, leisure activities have been developed over the past decade as part of the services provided to individuals with ID in the regular programmes of the community. However, even within those frameworks, people with ID are typically segregated from the whole population. METHODS: The purpose of the present study was to examine whether individuals with ID who participate in recreation activities with normal people as equals are different in their self-concept and adaptive behaviour from their counterparts who participate in segregated recreation programmes. Two hypotheses were examined: (1) whether people with ID who participate in integrated recreation programmes have a higher self-concept than those who participate in segregate programmes; and (2) whether individuals with ID who have better adaptive behaviour have a higher self-concept than people with ID who have lower adaptive behaviour. RESULTS: The hypotheses were partially confirmed. Differences were found in two subscales of self-concept. First, the physical self-concept of individuals with ID who participated in integrated programmes was found to be higher than that of their counterparts who participated in segregated programmes. Secondly, satisfaction with the whole self-concept of people with ID who participated in integrated programmes was found to be higher than of those who participated in segregated programmes. CONCLUSIONS: The implications of the research findings are discussed and future planning is recommended.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Patient satisfaction with current dental condition related to self-concept and dental status.

Structured interviews were administered to 168 male veterans from five locations to examine the relationship between attitudes toward dental esthetics, age, self-concept, and dental status. Results indicate the following. 1. Subjects who had a more positive self-concept rated their current dental condition higher. 2. Veterans who use dentures do not have a lower self-concept than those who have remaining natural teeth and feel more positively about their dental appearance. 3. Among the sample studied, dental appearance was considered less important than function or comfort. 4. Diminished self-concept is not associated with greater concern for dental esthetics.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Cigarette smoking in teenage girls: exploring the role of peer reputations, self-concept and coping.

Reducing the prevalence of smoking among teenagers is an important goal for health and education professionals. In the present study, self-reported cigarette smoking status was examined among 241 adolescent females from four metropolitan, independent girls' schools in suburban Melbourne, Australia. This study was particularly concerned with the role of peer reputations, coping and self-concept as influences on teenage girls' decision making with respect to smoking. Coping strategies, levels of self-concept and reputation enhancement were assessed using the High School Student Activity Questionnaire. Three separate multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) revealed that six of the 11 reputation variables, three of the four self-concept variables and two of the three coping variables contributed to the main effect of smoking status. Post hoc analyses allowed some profiling of current cigarette smokers as compared to never smokers. This study offers support to reputation enhancement theory with regard to cigarette smoking in adolescent girls, and also provides continued evidence for the importance of particular aspects of self-concept and coping skills with respect to cigarette smoking. Suggestions for further research are discussed and some possible implications of the findings for school-based health education programmes are raised.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1982

Anterior malocclusion and soft tissue profile related to sound production and self-concept.

The objective of this study was to relate self concept and sound production to skeletal malocclusion and soft tissue facial profiles. The sample group consisted of forty-seven subjects divided into two groups. One group of eleven was selected on the basis of not having malocclusions from patients seeking general dental care. The other group of thirty-six subjects was selected on the basis of presenting a malocclusion and was chosen from patients seeking orthodontic care. Both groups were between the ages of eleven and fifteen. The findings indicate a high degree of correlation for the following: 1. Upper lip tip and the lower lip tip with skeletal convexity at Point A. 2. Convexity at Point A and abnormalities in self concept and speech production.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of self-concept of nonobese and obese university junior female nursing students.

Obesity appears to be one of today's most common health problems. Its incidence has doubled in the past 75 years (Waxler & Leef, 1969), and it is estimated that 45 million Americans are obese (body weight 15% over ideal weight). There also seems to be preoccupation with dieting, as evidenced by the proliferation of weight-control devices and schemes. It has been noted that depression, distorted body image, problems in peer and family relations, and poor school performance are evident among the obese (Bowers, Faulkner, & Michel, 1979). The literature is replete with evidence of body image distortion in obesity. Among the factors contributing to this distortion are age of onset, presence of emotional disturbance, and negative evaluation of the obese person by significant others (Wineman, 1980). Since body image is an important concept, perhaps movement can be made to other areas of self-concept, such as family, social, identity, and personal conceptions of selfhood. The purpose of this study is to provide information about the total self-concept of obese students as compared to nonobese students in a junior nursing class. A determination is made of the relationships between self-concept and variables of obesity, age of onset, and social class. Implications for nursing care are described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The effect of social comparison on mathematics self-concept.

Implicit in the frame of reference hypothesis is the assumption that social comparison is one of the causal determinants of self-concept. The present study of Norwegian sixth-grade elementary school students showed that students of low-, medium-, and high-achievement classes did not differ in mathematics self-concept. Mathematics self-concept was, however, significantly influenced by the students' within-classroom position in mathematics. The results support the frame of reference hypothesis, and the support was consistent over gender.

Achievement↗