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PubMed1984

An epidemiological study of scabies in a rural community in India.

An epidemiological survey for scabies was conducted in a rural community of 2771 persons among 404 households living in 238 houses. Prevalence rates were 13% by population and 30.9% by household. Each index case was responsible, on average, for the spread of infection to 1.9 persons in affected households. Significantly lower rates of secondary attack and transmissibility were observed among the more prosperous villagers. The proportion of infected households increased linearly with household size. The prevalence was highest in those aged up to 19 years, both sexes being affected equally. An average morbidity duration for scabies was 64.5 days; 16.3% of the patients showed secondary pyogenic infection of the skin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Scabies, a current pandemic.

Scabies, caused by the itch mite and transmitted by skin-to-skin contact, is being seen in pandemic proportion. In the United States this infestation is seen in patients of all ages and socioeconomic levels. Scabies is often misdiagnosed, and the classic form occurs less frequently in the current cycle. Differential diagnosis includes most pruritic dermatoses. Diagnosis should be made with certainity, preferably by identification of the mite, before therapy is begun. Modern scabicides are high effective.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

A community outbreak of scabies.

An elementary school in Broward County, Florida, reported an outbreak of scabies in January and February 1975. Investigation identified 23 cases of scabies in schoolchildren, with at least two cases in each grade. The first case had appeared as early as July 1974, but most occurred after December. There was little contact between students in different grades; most transmission was found to have taken place within families and in the community. An additional 28 cases were found in families and contacts; altogether, 51 cases in 24 families were identified on clinical or historical grounds. Infestation was more frequent in children who exchanged clothes with friends or relatives and in those who, on occasion, spent the night with other children.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Similar epidermal changes in hyperkeratotic scabies of humans and pigs.

We compared some morphological and biochemical aspects of the epidermal changes occurring in hyperkeratotic scabies in humans and domestic pigs. Clinically and histologically, pig skin alterations look very similar to those observed in humans, i.e., brittle hyperkeratosis with parakeratotic crusting and thickening of the epidermis. Parakeratosis seems to correspond to previous passage of scabies mites through the incompletely differentiated layers of the epidermis. Indeed, by serial sectioning we observed beneath the stratum corneum cellular lysis some distance ahead of the mouth parts of the parasites. Epidermal cells surrounding this initial epidermolytic focus finally underwent disturbed terminal differentiation and appeared as parakeratotic cells. In pigs we observed intraepithelial microabscesses, but we rarely observed these in our human subjects.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Ivermectin in scabies.

The standard treatment for scabies has long been based on topical scabicides. Ivermectin, a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic agent, was first used in veterinary medicine. This drug, active against nematodes and arthropods, is used in humans for the treatment of filariasis. For the past few years worldwide reports on the use of ivermectin in human scabies have suggested that this drug could be an alternative oral therapy.

Drug Administration Routes↗
PubMed1991

Cross-antigenicity between the scabies mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, and the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.

This study demonstrated that antigens of the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei (SS) cross-react with antigens of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP). Crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) reaction of SS extract with rabbit anti-DP serum resulted in multiple immunoprecipitates. Reciprocal CIE reactions gave similar results. Immunoprecipitates from both reactions bound IgE in the sera of dust-mite-sensitive patients who had no history of scabies. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved protein/peptide bands of both SS and DP also bound serum IgE from dust-mite-allergic patients following immunoblotting. Non-allergic control sera gave no IgE binding to either SS or DP antigens. These results indicate that patients with atopy to dust mites exhibit circulating antibodies built to DP but that recognize determinants on SS antigens. It is highly probable that scabietic patients build antibodies to SS antigens that also recognize DP antigens. These results raise questions concerning the reported isotypic antibody responses to SS because the sensitivity of scabietic patients to house dust mites has not been previously evaluated. This cross-reactivity may play an important role in the susceptibility to scabies and its clinical manifestations.

Allergens↗
PubMed1975

Mites in the environment of cases of Norwegian scabies.

Three cases of Norwegian Scabies diagnosed in Glasgow hospitals within 1 year each caused wide-spread outbreaks of papular eruptions amongst the patients and staff, followed later by a few cases of classical scabies. Symptoms and timing suggested that these infections were caused by immature mites derived by personal contact and possibly by contact with infected cuticular fragments which were abundant in the environment of the three patients. To control a ward epidemic, isolation of the Norwegian scabietic should be followed by environmental and then by personal disinfestation.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Evaluation of a sponge-on therapy for canine scabies.

Forty dogs (20 treated, 20 controls) were utilized to evaluate a new treatment for naturally acquired canine scabies. A liquid concentrate formulation of amitraz was diluted and applied as a sponge-on therapy. Ninety-four percent of the dogs treated with the scabicide were cleared of mites and returned to clinical normality with a single topical treatment; one dog was retreated, cleared of mites and was also returned to normality. All dogs treated with the miticide responded clinically, therefore the treatment also may be useful when trial therapy is necessary to differentially diagnose the disease. The miticide was well tolerated by all dogs, and there was no evidence of dermal or ocular irritation. Topical treatment with the liquid concentrate was efficacious and safe as a therapy for naturally acquired canine scabies. Placebo controls did not improve clinically and these animals retained their mite populations.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scabies in the extended care facility.

Scabies occurred in three nursing homes (two in Missouri and one in Pennsylvania) where the diagnosis was obscured by a lack of the usual clinical signs. Topical steroids can aggravate scabies and help to confirm the diagnosis; treatment with lindane lotion is successful, provided all patients and health personnel are treated.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Epidemiologic characteristics of scabies in the Israel Defense Force.

Scabies is not a notifiable disease in most countries. As a result the data on its epidemiologic characteristics are limited. In the Israel Defense Force, compulsory reporting of individual cases has been required for years, and in this study the epidemiology of the disease is examined for the years 1968-1988. A moderate epidemic occurred between 1969 and 1973, and was followed by a return to the previous low incidence. In 1982 a massive outbreak began, and peaked from 1985-1986. From 1987 to 1988, the incidence of infestation has markedly declined. A seasonal pattern of morbidity was evident during epidemic periods only; maximum incidence occurred during the winter months. These data are compared with those described in other countries and provide a more complete picture of the epidemiology of scabies based on individually reported cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Scabies in the extended care facility. Revisited.

Infestations with Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis remain a problem in nursing home patients. While the traditional signs of scabies include burrows and red papules found on the fingerwebs, chest, waist, or genitalia, the elderly or infirm patient may have only a nonspecific pruritic eruption. Epidemics in skilled care facilities may be controlled and the scabies mite even eradicated from the institutions with appropriate diagnosis and adequate treatment of both patients and personnel and their contacts.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Crusted scabies in a healthy infant.

Crusted scabies is generally seen in mentally retarded and immunosuppressed individuals. We report the case of a patient with crusted scabies with neither systemic disease nor immunosuppression; all the lesions were cured with applications of 5% permethrin lotion.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Videodermatoscopy enhances the ability to monitor efficacy of scabies treatment and allows optimal timing of drug application.

BACKGROUND: Videodermatoscopy (VD) is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that has recently been advanced as an alternative technique for the diagnosis of scabies, based on studies showing its ability to detect mites in vivo with results comparable to those obtained by traditional skin scraping. OBJECTIVE: In this study we evaluated a group of patients undergoing topical treatment with a thermosensible foam containing 0.165% pyrethrins and 1.65% piperonyl butoxide to determine whether VD would enhance monitoring of the clinical response to treatment and indicate the optimal timing of drug application. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients (12 M, 8 F; age 1-65 years) affected by scabies (diagnosis confirmed by VD), and who were treatment naïve, were included in the study. The foam was applied to the entire body once a day at bedtime for two consecutive days. To detect treatment response, VD evaluation of two targeted skin sites for each patient was performed at baseline and at 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. A video microscope system equipped with a zoom lens that allowed skin observation with incident light at magnifications ranging from x 20 to x 600 was used. RESULTS: In all patients, VD showed active mite migration within burrows at 12 h. At 24 h, there was no evidence of active mite migration, and a majority of patients reported that itching had subsided. At 48 h, the mites were no longer visible in appreciable amounts by VD, and an amorphous material, probably resulting from mite decomposition, was detectable at one end of an empty burrow in the majority of patients. Skin scraping at 48 h, followed by standard microscopic observation, also showed only mite remnants in all patients. None of the 20 patients showed signs of infestation by VD at targeted skin sites at a 2-week post baseline follow-up visit. CONCLUSIONS: VD enhances the monitoring of clinical response to treatment and allows optimal timing of drug application. This may be particularly important in minimizing risk of overtreatment, reducing the potential for side-effects, and enhancing patient compliance.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1991

Therapeutic efficacy, secondary effects, and patient acceptability of 10% sulfur in either pork fat or cold cream for the treatment of scabies.

Twenty-six children with scabies and 32 contacts were treated with 10% sulfur in cold cream. A 100% clinical cure rate was observed, although 56.8% of patients experienced some kind of mild, transient cutaneous reaction. An additional 25 children with scabies and 28 contacts were treated with 10% sulfur and 1% salicylic acid in pork fat. Of these, 88% were clinically cured and 73.5% had some cutaneous adverse effects. In both groups, most adverse effects were related to skin dryness or postscabetic reaction. The cold cream base was more acceptable to patients than the pork fat base. However, the pork fat base was significantly cheaper and easier to obtain than the cold cream base, and 238 times less expensive than the cheapest commercial scabicidal medication available in the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Neonatal scabies treated with permethrin 5% cream.

Scabies in neonates and infants has a clinical pattern that may be easily misdiagnosed. The eruption is generalized, including involvement of the head, neck, face, palms, and soles, with an early tendency to pustule formation. Other lesions include papules, vesicles, and burrows, which may be obliterated by secondary lesions. A confusing clinical picture resulted in a delay in diagnosing scabies in a 23-day-old infant who was successfully treated with permethrin 5% cream.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1995

Microbiology of secondary bacterial infection in scabies lesions.

Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were grown from specimens obtained from 30 children with secondarily infected scabies lesions. Aerobic or facultative bacteria only were present in 14 (47%) patients, anaerobic bacteria only were present in 6 (20%) patients, and a mixed anaerobic-aerobic flora was present in 10 (33%) patients. Fifty isolates were recovered (1.7 per specimen); 27 were aerobic or facultative bacteria and 23 were strict anaerobes. The predominant aerobic and facultative bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (nine isolates), group A streptococci (five isolates), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (three isolates). The predominant anaerobes were Peptostreptococcus sp. (nine isolates) and pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp. (four isolates). Single bacterial isolates were recovered from nine (30%) patients; five of these were S. aureus. Sixteen organisms isolated from 12 (40%) patients produced the enzyme beta-lactamase. Organisms that resided in the mucous membranes close to or in contact with the lesions predominated in those infections. Enteric gram-negative rods were recovered in leg and trunk lesions. Group A streptococci and S. aureus predominated in finger and hand lesions. Bacteroides fragilis group and Clostridium sp. were isolated from leg lesions, and pigmented Prevotella sp. and Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium spp. were recovered from finger lesions. The polymicrobial etiology of secondarily infected scabies lesions in children and the association of bacterial flora with the anatomical sites of the lesions are demonstrated.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗