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PubMed1999

Hybrid carcinomas of salivary glands. Report of 4 cases and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To report 4 cases of hybrid carcinoma and to review the literature on these rare neoplasms of the salivary gland. METHODS: Hematoxylin-eosin-stained, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 3 parotid tumors and 1 palate tumor were examined. RESULTS: The cases were classified as adenoid cystic and mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic and epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, epithelial-myoepithelial and salivary duct carcinoma, and adenoid cystic and salivary duct carcinoma. All patients were men, 28 to 71 years old; 3 patients presented with parotid mass, and 1 patient presented with palatal mass. One patient presented with facial nerve paralysis and pain. The soft palatal tumor was a slowly growing mass with maxillary sinus involvement at the time of the diagnosis. All patients were treated with surgery and radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Correct identification of 2 or more neoplastic entities will help assess the aggressiveness and metastatic potential of the tumor and influence the clinical course and treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Primary ductal adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland.

The morphological similarity of salivary and lacrimal gland tumors is known. Many clinicopathological studies and characteristics of salivary duct carcinoma, which bears histological similarities to mammary duct carcinoma, have been recently reported; however, only one case of lacrimal duct carcinoma is reported. A second case of lacrimal duct carcinoma is presented. A 67-year-old male with a painless mass in the right upper eyelid underwent total removal of the tumor mass. Microscopic examination of the tumor mass revealed ductal adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland, which was the equivalent of salivary duct carcinoma. The immunohistological studies of the lacrimal duct carcinoma showed similar results to those reported for salivary duct carcinoma. The recurrent tumor in the subdural spaces was removed 2 years after the initial surgery and the patient is followed as an outpatient.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1986

Immunohistochemical demonstration of keratin proteins in duct-ligated salivary glands of mice and rats.

Immunohistochemical detection of keratin proteins in duct-ligated submandibular glands (SMG) was carried out in mice and rats with or without testosterone administration. Keratin staining in normal salivary glands was limited to the striated duct (SD) and excretory duct (ED) cells and was usually lacking in granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells. Following duct-ligation, the epithelia of intercalated ducts (ICD), degranulated tubules, duct-like structures, and dilated striated and excretory ducts showed positive keratin staining, usually in their luminal aspects. The concentration of keratin was proportional to the degree of degranulation of the GCT cells. The duct-ligated SMGs in animals with testosterone treatment showed a comparatively higher number of granules located in the GCT cells, and degranulation was slight. Keratin staining in hormone-treated duct-ligated glands also occurred in ductal segments to a slight degree. Keratin was also detected in degranulated tubules, and its concentration was increased in duct-like structures, whereas staining for EGF and NGF was decreased in degranulated tubules and lacking in duct-like structures.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Diverticulum of the submandibular salivary gland ducts].

Examinations of 125 patients with sialolithiasis showed abnormality of the submandibular duct (diverticulum with a sialolith in it) in 3 (2.4%) patients. The authors suggest that diverticulum of the submandibular duct is in fact a variant of its ectasia and can be regarded as a diagnostic nosological entity.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Low-grade intraductal carcinoma of salivary gland: report of 3 cases with marked apocrine differentiation.

Low-grade intraductal carcinomas (LG-IDCs) of salivary gland are rare neoplasms that resemble atypical ductal hyperplasia or LG-IDCs of the breast. They have been referred to as "low-grade salivary duct carcinomas" or "low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinomas." Herein, we describe 3 additional cases of LG-IDCs, 2 were pure intraductal carcinomas, although 1 demonstrated increasing cytologic atypia and progression to an invasive adenosquamous carcinoma. The latter had been present for 7 years before demonstrating clinical and pathologic progression to a widely invasive malignancy. The intraductal component in all cases exhibited a remarkable degree of apocrine differentiation. The tumor cells were positive for AE1:AE3, Cam 5.2, high molecular weight keratin, CK7, CK19, BRST-2, and androgen receptors (ARs). S-100 was positive in 2 cases and negative in 1 case. The intraductal neoplastic cells were surrounded by myoepithelial cells positive for CK14, actins, calponin, high molecular weight keratin, and p63. All the tumors were negative for CK20, estrogen and progesterone receptors, Her2Neu, and p53. Extensive apocrine differentiation, expression of ARs, CK7, and CK19, and progression to a widely invasive carcinoma after a long clinical latency have not been reported in LG-IDCs previously. These tumors share some histopathologic features with salivary duct carcinoma including apocrine differentiation, and expression of ARs and BRST-2. The terms "low-grade salivary duct carcinomas" and "low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinomas" should be abandoned in favor of LG-IDC of salivary gland, which better reflects their predominantly noninvasive, intraductal nature.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor I are localized in different compartments of salivary gland duct cells. Immunohistochemical evidence.

Immunohistochemical methods were used to map EGF (epidermal growth factor) and IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor I; somatomedin C) immunoreactivities in salivary glands of adult rodents. Epidermal growth factor is, as is NGF (nerve growth factor), limited in distribution to the granules in granular duct cells in the submandibular gland. Insulin-like growth factor I is, in contrast, cytoplasmic and has a much more widespread distribution. It is seen in intercalated, striated and granulated duct cells as well as in apical parts of excretory duct cells. The parotid and the palatine salivary glands, lacking EGF immunoreactivity, have their IGF-I immunoreactivity similarly distributed as the submandibular gland. Isoproterenol treatment of adult male rats results in rapid and extensive growth of the submandibular and the parotid glands, which double their weights in just a few days. Isoproterenol causes release of granules from the submandibular granular duct cells and decrease in frequency of EGF immunoreactive cells. However, there is no or only minor concomitant changes in the distribution and intensity of the IGF-I immunoreactivity in these duct cells. Our results indicate that the trophic peptides EGF (and NGF) and IGF-I are localized in different compartments in salivary gland duct cells and that divergent pathways control their release.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Different signalling pathways involved in transforming growth factor-beta 1-induced morphological change and type IV collagen synthesis in simian virus-40-immortalized normal human salivary gland duct and myoepithelial cell clones.

To understand the specific cell type responsible for the synthesis of basement membrane components of the salivary gland, the effects of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 on morphological change, cellular proliferation and collagen synthesis were examined in these immortalized duct and myoepithelial cell clones, and the expression forms of their TGF-beta receptors analysed. When TGF-beta 1 was added to the cell clones in vitro, it induced a morphological alteration, with flattening in myoepithelial but not in duct cells. Although the growth of Mv1Lu mink lung epithelial cells was almost completely inhibited by TGF-beta 1, the duct and myoepithelial cells were partially resistant to such inhibition. By immunoblot analysis of immunoprecipitates, p53 was found bound to the simian virus-40 large T antigen, suggesting a functional loss of p53 in regulation of cell-cycle arrest. In the cloned myoepithelial cells but not the duct cells, TGF-beta 1 stimulated the production of type IV collagen. To attempt to understand the distinct responsiveness of cell clones to TGF-beta 1, the expression forms of TGF-beta receptors were examined by affinity cross-linking. Although the intensities of the cross-linked bands of the TGF-beta type II and type III receptors, particularly the type II, were weaker in the duct than the myoepithelial cell clones, the expression of the type II receptor mRNA was consistently detected in both clones. Accordingly, the reduction of TGF-beta 1 binding may have occurred at the post-transcriptional level. These findings imply that the cloned myoepithelial cells but not the cloned duct cells produce type IV collagen in response to TGF-beta 1 through the receptor-mediated signal transduction pathway, which is presumably disrupted in the cloned duct cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Tubulogenesis in Drosophila: a requirement for the trachealess gene product.

The trachealess (trh) gene of Drosophila is required for embryonic tube formation. In trh mutants, tube-forming cells of the salivary gland, trachea, and filzkörper fail to invaginate to form tubes and remain on the embryo surface. We identified a P-element insertion that disrupts trh function and used the insert to clone and characterize trh. trh is expressed in the salivary duct, trachea, and filzköper primordia, and expression persists in these cells throughout embryogenesis. trh expression in the salivary duct is controlled by the homeotic gene, Sex combs reduced (Scr), and by another salivary gland gene, fork head (fkh). trh is homologous to two transcription factors: the human hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha and the Drosophila Single-minded protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Immunohistochemical localization of [Met5]enkephalin and [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 in sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons and nerve fibers projecting to the rat submandibular gland.

The localization of [Met5]enkephalin, [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities was studied in the submandibular gland of adult Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Immunoreactivities for [Met5]enkephalin and [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8, a proenkephalin A-derived octapeptide, showed identical distributions. A large number of enkephalin-immunoreactive nerve fibers were detected around secretory acini, along intercalated ducts, convoluted granular tubules, intra- and interlobular ducts, as well as in close contact with blood vessels. The submandibular ganglia contained several enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibers. In the superior cervical ganglion numerous enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibers were also detected. Immunohistochemical co-localization studies indicated that [Met5]enkephalin and [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 immunoreactivities co-exist with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in a subpopulation of neurons of the rat submandibular ganglia, in nerve trunks along the salivary ducts of the gland, and in nerve fibers around the acini. Uni- or bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomies for 1-4 weeks resulted in a complete disappearance of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the glandular parenchyma, while moderate tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was seen in some neurons of the submandibular ganglia. Abundant [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-immunoreactive nerve fibers were still seen around the acini and blood vessels, as well as close to salivary ducts. These operations did not affect the [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-immunoreactive neurons in the submandibular ganglia. Many principal neurons in the superior cervical ganglion contained both [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Nerve ligation experiments indicated that [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-immunoreactive sympathetic fibers project along the external carotid nerve. Accordingly, nerve fibers were found around the acini and blood vessels as well as in nerve trunks along the salivary ducts of the submandibular gland, showing co-localization of [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 and tyrosine hydroxylase. Taken together, these observations suggest that the nerve fibers of the rat submandibular gland containing proenkephalin A-derived peptides are of both sympathetic and parasympathetic origin.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Fine structure of excretory ducts of human salivary glands.

Excretory ducts of human major salivary glands are lined by an epithelium consisting of principal cells and by a discontinuous row of basal cells. The principal cells are tall and columnar with mitochondria, large lipofuscin granules and a central nucleus. Just beneath the plasmalemma bordering the lumen, their cytoplasm contains a number of small granules and vesicles similar to those observed in cells of striated ducts. Both in TEM and SEM, these cells also show large apical protrusions devoid of cytoplasmic organelles that may represent a kind of apocrine secretion. The cytoarchitecture of the principal cells seems to be at variance with that of cells of striated ducts. First, the cell body remains unique and does not split into major basal processes. Second, these cells usually lack the long laminated basal folds, housing vertically aligned mitochondria, that are typical of striated ducts. Instead, below the smooth area occupied by the junctional complexes, the lateral cell surfaces are completely covered by a great number of short irregular processes. These organelle-free folds are apparently involved in the mechanism of ion transport since, at their level, there is a strong reactivity for the transporting enzyme K(+)-pNPPase. The basal cells, which are small and cuboidal, have a dense and filamentous cytoplasm. Their functional role is still uncertain.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

Action of kinins on salivary myoepithelial cells.

1. Bradykinin and kallidin were injected close-arterially into the submaxillary glands of dogs and the effects on the pressure in the salivary ducts were recorded.2. Both kinins in very low dosage (threshold about 0.001 mug/kg) caused a pressure rise in the salivary duct without eliciting any salivary secretion, indicating that they produced contraction of the salivary myoepithelial cells.3. This effect was obtained even after administration of atropine, dihydroergotamine and propranolol.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Parotid duct cyst: a case report.

Salivary gland cysts can be benign or malignant. Salivary duct cysts are benign tumours that occur mainly in the parotid gland and represent 10% of all salivary gland cysts. We report the case of a 48-year-old man who presented with a painless preauricular mass on the right side. Superficial parotidectomy was performed based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Histopathologic examination of the specimen revealed a parotid duct cyst. Here we report clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of the case as well as a review of the literature.

Cysts↗
PubMed2001

Alkaline phosphatase activity in whitefly salivary glands and saliva.

Alkaline phosphatase activity was histochemically localized in adult whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci B biotype, syn. B. argentifolii) with a chromogenic substrate (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate) and a fluorogenic substrate (ELF-97). The greatest amount of staining was in the basal regions of adult salivary glands with additional activity traced into the connecting salivary ducts. Other tissues that had alkaline phosphatase activity were the accessory salivary glands, the midgut, the portion of the ovariole surrounding the terminal oocyte, and the colleterial gland. Whitefly nymphs had activity in salivary ducts, whereas activity was not detected in two aphid species (Rhodobium porosum and Aphis gossypii). Whitefly diet (15% sucrose) was collected from whitefly feeding chambers and found to have alkaline phosphatase activity, indicating the enzyme was secreted in saliva. Further studies with salivary alkaline phosphatase collected from diet indicated that the enzyme had a pH optimum of 10.4 and was inhibited by 1 mM cysteine and to a lesser extent 1 mM histidine. Dithiothreitol, inorganic phosphate, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) also inhibited activity, whereas levamisole only partially inhibited salivary alkaline phosphatase. The enzyme was heat tolerant and retained approximately 50% activity after a 1-h treatment at 65 degrees C. The amount of alkaline phosphatase activity secreted by whiteflies increased under conditions that stimulate increased feeding. These observations indicate alkaline phosphatase may play a role during whitefly feeding.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1985

Architecture of associations of minor salivary gland ducts and lymphoid follicles in Macaca fascicularis. An ultrastructural study.

Previous light-microscopic and ultra-immunohistochemical tracer studies revealed the existence of an independent local immune response of the simian oral mucosa. This local response is attributed to the presence of minor salivary gland (MSG) duct-related lymphoid tissue. Semithin sections from a total of 263 Epon-embedded tissue blocks from the labial and buccal mucosae of seven monkeys, Macaca fascicularis, were analysed light-microscopically, and 10 suitable MSG duct/follicle assemblies were investigated ultrastructurally. These duct/follicle assemblies include follicular and parafollicular compartments with distinct fine-structural elements. The follicular area or germinal centre contains numerous small and large lymphoid cells, mitotic figures, plasmablasts, macrophages, and cells resembling the follicular dendritic cells with distinct desmosomal junctions. The parafollicular area, which includes the heavily infiltrated duct wall, contains numerous small lymphocytes, T-lymphoblasts, plasma cells and reticular cells resembling fibroblasts. A distinct feature of this compartment is the presence of high endothelial venules (HEV). The presence of HEV and numerous blast cells, resembling blast-forming T-lymphocytes activated in vitro, in a specific area of the duct/follicle assembly strongly suggests that this area is structurally and physiologically identical to the thymus-dependent area of other lymphoid tissues. In other words, the duct/follicle assemblies of simian MSG contain the various specific fine-structural elements that are suitable for antigen recognition and processing. These elements are distributed in discrete compartments comparable to the B- and T-cell areas of "classical" lymphoid tissue.

Animals↗