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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Lymphatic drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid from monkey spinal meninges with special reference to the distribution of the epidural lymphatics.

The structural organization of the epidural lymphatics and lymphatic drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid from spinal meninges was studied in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) by an enzyme-histochemical method. The spinal meninges were examined at various intervals from 1 to 48 h, as well as at 30 days, following an injection of ultrafine carbon particles into the subarachnoidal space (cisterna magna). Lymphatics were differentiated from blood capillaries by the 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nase)-alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) double staining method (KATO et al. 1991, 1993) both in the whole-mount preparations and tissue sections. Carbon-filled collecting lymphatics and lymph nodes constantly appeared in the cervical and thoracic regions but only rarely in the lumbo-sacral region after carbon injection. Networks of 5'-Nase-positive lymphatics in the epidural connective tissues were seen in a large area on the dorsal surface around each spinal nerve root in the cervical and upper thoracic regions, especially at a level corresponding to the brachial plexus (C5-Th1). Carbon particles were often found within the 5'-Nase-positive lymphatics. In the lower thoracic and lumbo-sacral regions, on the other hand, the epidural lymphatic network covered only a small area around each spinal nerve root. These findings suggest that the epidural lymphatics are well developed on the dorsal side of the lower cervical spinal dura mater and may function as an absorptive pathway for the cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoidal space.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Morphostructure and topography of the pelvic plexus in the sheep, with particular consideration of the hypogastric nerve.

The anatomical structure and topography of the pelvic plexus were studied in 16 bodies of sheep of both sexes (9 males and 7 females). The studies showed that this plexus originates from sympathetic fibres running from the L3-L7 and S1-S4 ganglia of the lumbosacral section of the sympathetic trunk and parasympathetic fibres (S2-S4) given off by the abdominal branches of the sacral spinal nerves. Distinct individual differences were found in its structure and topography, especially as regards the vegetative ganglia, which are not a constant element of the plexus and show variations. This has provided a basis for the differentiation of two anatomical types of plexus: I, the ganglionic, appearing in 68.7% of specimens and II, the non-ganglionic, present in only 31.2% of specimens.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Dorsolumbosacral phlebography.

Two variations on the currently most commonly used technical method for phlebography are described. The first variation involves an original method for visualizing the dorsolumbosacral epidural plexus via the retrograde route from the azygos vein. If necessary this can be associated with catheterization and simultaneous injection into an ascending lumbar vein or into a lateral sacral vein. This method permits exploration from T7 to S1 and provides phlebograms of excellent quality, owing to the reduction in the flow caused by countercurrent injection. The second variation involves visualizing the epidural venous plexus by means of double percutaneous transfemoral catheterization of the hypogastric veins, using balloon catheters. This method is performed easily and rapidly. Preferential flow is obtained via the epidural plexus, and there is less diversion of the contrast medium through anastomoses and less filling of the vena cava. The specific indications for these methods are described. The availability of alternative methods beyond the traditional one renders epidural phlebography more reliable and more manageable, and it ensures certainty of diagnosis.

Azygos Vein↗
PubMed1982

Collateral pathways in lumbar epidural venography. Report of three cases.

Opacification of collateral pathways other than the central channels is very rare in lumbar epidural venography. Two cases of opacification of the inferior mesenteric vein following extravasation of contrast medium at the tip of the lateral sacral vein catheter are reported. One case is presented in which filling of normal parametrial venous plexuses and the left ovarian vein occurred as a consequence of incompetent or absent valves in the internal iliac vein. The literature containing comparable collateral flow patterns in disease is reviewed. The significance of the phlebographic features in our cases is discussed.

Back Pain↗
PubMed1995

Brachial plexus palsy involving the posterior shoulder at spontaneous vaginal delivery.

Brachial plexus injuries sustained at birth have most often been attributed to the maneuvers performed when attempting to relieve a shoulder dystocia or to deliver a breech vaginally. In the case now reported, the brachial plexus injury involved the posterior shoulder. As the delivery was spontaneous and without forceps or manual rotation, with delivery effected using only the McRobert's maneuver, it is hypothesized that maternal expulsive forces in conjunction with lodging of the posterior shoulder on the sacral promontory resulted in the injury.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Origin and topography of the pelvic nerves in human embryos and fetuses.

The pelvic plexus is observed in human embryos at stage 15 and during the last two embryonic weeks the secondary plexuses are formed. The pelvic nerves are found at stage 15 and in embryos they arise from anterior rami of the sacral nerves S2-S4. In fetuses the pelvic nerves originate from the anterior rami S1-S5. Number of pelvic nerves from one anterior ramus varies from 1 to 3.

Embryo, Mammalian↗