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PubMed1995

The effect of various fluoride compounds on the development of experimental root surface caries in hamsters.

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of topical applications of various fluoride compounds on the development of root surface caries in hamsters. Male golden hamsters (n = 115) were divided into 7 groups and were given a caries-promoting diet. Six groups were infected with Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 15987; and to 5 infected groups, distilled water (DW) and solutions containing 500 ppmF of acidulated-phosphate fluoride (APF), stannous fluoride (SnF2), copper fluoride (CuF2), and titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) were applied topically to the first mandibular molars once daily, 7 days a week, over a 24-week period. A grid method was used to asses the periodontal changes and root surface caries on the first molars. Plaque accumulation was reduced most by SnF2; and alveolar bone loss was more reduced by SnF2 and CuF2. Root surface caries was significantly prevented in all fluoride groups when compared to an infected control group; and TiF4 was the most effective fluoride compound followed by SnF2, CuF2, and APF. Root caries scores of the TiF4 and SnF2 groups were significantly lower than those of the DW group. It was concluded that all fluoride tested may prevent the development of root surface caries in hamsters.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed1989

[Root surface caries].

Review of the current knowledge related to the etiology, clinical picture, treatment, and prevention of root surface caries (RSC) is presented. The prevalence of RSC rates vary from 20 to 40 percentage depending on the age of the population studied and the definition of RSC applied. Prevention of RSC requires oral hygiene instructions and dietary advices as well as drinking of optimally fluoridated water combined with the appropriate use of topical fluoride agents. Glass ionomer cements are considered the best and the most successfully used filling material for root surface cavities. Epidemiologic data indicate that RSC increases with age and becomes a major health problem in dentistry. Since our present knowledge about root caries is insufficient, more research is needed in every aspect of the disease.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1995

Dental materials for the restoration of root surface caries.

Specific material recommendations for the restoration of root surface caries are difficult because of a lack of data on the clinical performance of restorative materials in these situations. Although silver amalgam has been successfully used to restore carious roots, resin composite, glass ionomer, and resin-modified glass ionomers are also used to restore root surfaces since they are esthetic and bond to tooth structure. Fluoride releasing materials may inhibit recurrent caries in restored surfaces; however, clinical documentation of this phenomenon is sparse. This paper describes the efficacy of restorative materials used to restore root surfaces, the dynamic movement of fluoride into and out of restorative materials, and the role that fluoride releasing materials may play in the inhibition of recurrent caries in vitro and in vivo. In addition, classifications are given for low, medium, and high caries risk patients and material recommendations are made for each category of patient.

Composite Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical and radiological examination of root surface caries. An in vitro study.

The better knowledge of prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases is expected to give rise to retention of more number of teeth in future. However, the periodontal surgery and also the intensive mechanical oral hygiene may expose the root surfaces to cariogenic environment. The present study was intended to evaluate and compare the clinical and radiological examination of root surface caries on extracted teeth. One hundred and twenty extracted teeth, both anteriors and posteriors, collected from the Department of Oral Surgery, Pb. Govt. Dental College & Hospital, Amritsar, were examined clinically as well as radiographically from all the four surfaces. Mesial surfaces were found to be more susceptible to caries and the lingual surfaces the least. Approximately eighty percent agreement was observed in clinical and radiological examination. Thorough probing is suggested especially on buccal and lingual surfaces since radiographs of these surfaces may be difficult in vivo. It was concluded from the study that early detection of root caries is of paramount importance; and the preventive technique should be considered for elderly patients even if there is not detectable root caries.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Prevalence of root and coronal caries in a noninstitutionalized older population.

This paper describes the prevalence of coronal caries and root caries in a sample of 520 people representative of the noninstitutionalized, dentate population older than age 65 in two rural Iowa counties. The subjects were examined in their homes by trained dental examiners. All prevalence rates were age- and gender-adjusted. Both types of caries were prevalent in the population age 65 and older. If projections of increased numbers of older people and increased retention of teeth are reasonably accurate, caries in older populations may become a significantly greater dental problem, and increased prevention and treatment of caries will be needed for these people.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Dental caries in HIV-seropositive women.

Reports that compare dental caries indices in HIV-seropositive (HIV+) subjects with HIV-seronegative (HIV-) subjects are rare. The objective of this study was to determine if there was an association between HIV infection and dental caries among women enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study. Subjects included 538 HIV+ and 141 HIV- women at baseline and 242 HIV+ and 66 HIV- women at year 5. Caries indices included DMFS and DFS (coronal caries) and DFSrc (root caries). Cross-sectional analysis of coronal caries data revealed a 1.2-fold-higher caries prevalence among HIV+ women compared with HIV- women. Longitudinally, DMFS increased with increasing age and lower average stimulated salivary volume. Root caries results were not significant except for an overall increased DFSrc associated with smoking. Anti-retroviral therapy was not identified as a risk factor for dental caries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Root surface caries prevalence and associated factors among adult patients in an acute care hospital.

There have been many studies reporting on the prevalence of root surface caries in elderly populations, but there is little consistency in these reports concerning the associated risk factors. In the present study, intraoral examinations were carried out on adult patients (age range 22 to 91 years, mean age 57.9) on the acute care wards of a teaching hospital. Of the 103 patients examined, 23.3% exhibited carious lesions on root surfaces, these lesions occurring more frequently in males than in females, and more frequently in the 60 years and older age groups. Forty-five per cent of all root lesions recorded were found on the buccal or facial root surfaces of teeth exhibiting root surface caries. Individuals exhibiting root surface caries had more surfaces with gingival recession and loss of attachment greater than or equal to 3mm, more retained roots, higher DMFT values, and less teeth. However, statistically significant relationships were not obtained between root surface caries and a) coronal caries, b) dental plaque, c) calculus, d) bleeding on probing, and e) probing depth greater than or equal to 4mm. Thirty-three strains of Actinomyces viscosus were isolated from plaque samples taken from root surface lesions compared to 21 strains isolated from intact root surfaces.

Actinomyces↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Caries incidence and increments in Adelaide nursing home residents.

The objective of The Adelaide Dental Study of Nursing Homes was to quantify coronal and root caries incidence and increments in residents of Adelaide nursing homes. A longitudinal design was used to conduct dental inspections, completed by calibrated dental examiners, for residents of 7 randomly selected nursing homes at both baseline and at one-year follow-up. The nursing home residents in this study were very functionally dependent, medically compromised, cognitively impaired and behaviorally difficult older adults. The coronal caries surface incidence was 64.4% and root caries surface incidence was 48.5%. There were 72.1% of residents who had coronal and/or root caries increments between baseline and one-year. The coronal and root caries increments in these residents were high (adjusted caries increment = 2.5 coronal and 1.0 root surfaces), and were many times greater than that reported from a longitudinal study of community-dwelling older adults in Adelaide. Residents with eating and nutritional problems developed high levels of new caries. Both coronal and root caries incidence and increments were high in these nursing home residents over the one-year follow-up period.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

The prevalence of root surface caries amongst Irish adults.

In a national survey of adult dental health conducted in the Republic of Ireland in 1989/90 a total of 1,527 subjects aged 25 and older were examined for root surface caries. It was found that the prevalence of root surface caries was highest in older age groups and also amongst males, residents of non-fluoridated communities and those earning low incomes. Tooth loss masked the potential prevalence of root surface caries. With more persons retaining their natural teeth into middle and old age the prevalence of root surface caries is likely to increase in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Pathogen of root surface caries in the elderly.

OBJECTIVE: To study the pathogen of root surface caries in the elderly. METHODS: Plaque samples from the experimental group and the control group were collected. After culturing in selective and non-selective media, the different bacteria were isolated. The counts and the positive rates of total bacteria, porphyromonas group, pervotella group, streptococcus mutants group, actinomyces group and lactobacillus group were compared. RESULTS: The counts of total bacteria, streptococcus mutants, actinomyces and lactobacillus of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group. The positive rates of actinomyces and lactobacillus of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group. CONCLUSION: Actinomyces and lactobacillus are the main related pathogens of root surface caries in the elderly.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2001

[Experimental study on seal treatment of early root-surface caries in senile patients after irradiated by Nd:YAG laser].

OBJECTIVE: To study the curative effect of pulsed Nd:YAG laser on early root-surface caries in senile patients. METHODS: Teeth with early root-surface caries removed from patients aged over 60 were irradiated with different energy output and sealant and observed under scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: Surface layer on early root-face caries were seen to be honeycomb or nibbled before irradiation, melted after irradiated by Nd:YAG laser,and with a smooth surface of the lesion after sealed. CONCLUSION: Early root-surface caries sealed with light-cured sealant after pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation is a safe and effective therapy.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1992

Models for coronal caries and root fragments in an elderly population.

A random sample of 809 dentate, home-dwelling people 65 years of age or older participated in a study to determine the prevalence of dental diseases in the elderly. Part of the study investigated the determinants of coronal caries and root fragments in these older adults. Using a wide array of potentially explanatory variables available, logistic regression models were developed to identify relationships between these variables and coronal caries and root fragments. The variables with the most explanatory power in the coronal caries model were the presence of decayed root surfaces, lower salivary flow rate, lack of regular dental care and an interaction variable including race and a perception of financial well-being. When a subsequent model was created that did not include decayed root surfaces or root fragments as potential explanatory variables, an additional variable relating to self-perception of mouth appearance emerged. The strongest variables in the model for root fragments were episodic (vs. regular) dental visits, presence of root caries, lack of replacement for lost teeth, high levels of Streptococcus mutans and number of teeth present in the mouth.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1988

The effect of desalivation on coronal and root surface caries in rats.

Although the presence of coronal caries is declining in much of the Western Hemisphere, the prevalence of root surface caries is likely to increase as teeth are retained longer than heretofore. At the same time, an increasing number of the population suffer from dry mouth as a result of taking prescription drugs, with an apparent concomitant increased susceptibility to root surface caries. This study attempted to develop an animal model which would aid in the exploration of the effects of desalivation and the development of root surface caries. Animals were desalivated, infected with Actinomyces viscosus and Streptococcus mutans (sobrinus) 6715, and fed a cariogenic diet. Coronal caries developed rapidly in the animals; sufficient disease was present after two weeks to permit evaluation of potential therapeutic agents. Alveolar bone loss and root surface lesions developed in three to four weeks. S. mutans (sobrinus) and A. viscosus established readily in all animals; however, as the investigation progressed, populations of the latter declined, possibly because of the highly acidogenic environment. This model will facilitate investigation of the influence of hyposalivation and help in the exploration of agents to alleviate the adverse effects of salivary gland dysfunction.

Actinomyces viscosus↗
PubMed1999

The diversity and distribution of the predominant ribotypes of Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2 in samples from enamel and from healthy and carious root surfaces of teeth.

The bacterial communities associated with root caries are highly diverse and undergo succession during lesion formation. Consequently, root caries is said to have a polymicrobic etiology, typified by variation in the predominant species among samples from different lesions. Despite the polymicrobic etiology, A. naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2 (previously A. viscosus) have consistently been shown to be associated with root caries in humans; they predominate in some lesions and have been suggested to play a significant role in the disease. Several genetic variants of A. naeslundii are known to be present among the oral A. naeslundii population of an individual. The current study was initiated to explore the possibility that a variant in these A. naeslundii populations had characteristics which made it best fitted to colonize or promote root-surface caries lesions. Using ribotyping to detect variants, we tested the hypothesis that 'a ribotype of A. naeslundii best fitted to the environment would be selected and predominate in the A. naeslundii population of lesions'. Samples of plaque from enamel, normal root surfaces, plaque overlying the lesion, and material from within the lesion were taken from nine patients with soft root caries. The flora from 14 lesions and 9 enamel sites was analyzed on selective and non-selective media, and A. naeslundii genospecies were identified by serology. We ribotyped 972 isolates, showing 54 different patterns. Between 6 and 20 ribotypes were isolated from eight of nine patients. In general, each site from a patient showed a similar distribution of ribotypes. These results do not support the hypothesis and suggest that any phenotypic characters that allow A. naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2 to colonize or contribute to the formation of root-caries lesions are common among strains identified by ribotyping.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2006

Relationship of cariogenic bacteria levels with periodontal status and root surface caries in elderly Japanese.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship of the levels of cariogenic bacterial species with periodontal status and decayed root surfaces was investigated in elderly Japanese subjects. METHODS: Three hundred and sixty-eight individuals (each 75 years old) were examined for periodontal status (pocket depth, attachment loss), root surface caries and salivary levels of mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli (LB). RESULTS: Values >4 mm of attachment loss (rAL4) and for average attachment loss (aAL) of sites measured were significantly higher in subjects with LB than those without. Multiple regression analysis also showed a correlation between aAL and rAL4 values with the presence of LB (aAL p = 0.003; rAL4 p = 0.002). Further, multiple regression analysis of interacting factors regarding decayed root surfaces showed that LB carriers had a greater incidence of decayed root surface caries (p = 0.003), while MS and LB levels were correlated to the number of decayed root surfaces (LB p = 0.010; MS p = 0.026). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that considerable attachment loss elevates the possibility of having LB, thus increasing the risk of root surface caries. It was also found that LB and MS measurements may be useful indicators of decayed root surfaces in elderly individuals with attachment loss.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Microbial flora associated with presence of root surface caries in periodontally treated patients.

Examination of saliva and dental plaque was carried out in 35 adults who had been treated for periodontal disease 3 yr earlier. Plaque samples were collected from approximal and buccal sound and carious root surfaces. The samples were analyzed for the presence and proportions of members of Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Actinomyces. The results showed a low prevalence of root surface caries and a low level of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. From subjects with root caries there was a not statistically significant tendency to higher proportional levels of mutans streptococci in plaque from carious root surfaces than from caries-free surfaces. An inverse significant relationship between noncarious and carious root surfaces was noted for S. sanguis. The population of A. viscosus and A. naeslundii was similar in plaque samples from sound and carious sites but showed elevated levels in the subjects with five or more new root surface lesions.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1986

Effect of antimicrobial agents on root surface caries, alveolar bone loss, and microflora in rice rats.

Two antimicrobial agents, 9-aminoacridine (0.2%) and minocycline (0.2%), were evaluated for their efficacy in inhibiting root surface caries, bone loss, and microflora in rice rats. A solution of 5000 ppm fluoride was used as a positive control for the inhibition of root surface caries, and double-distilled water was used as a negative control group. Each rat was treated by having its molar teeth swabbed 2 X per day with the prescribed agent in its group for nine weeks. Root caries reduction in the minocycline and fluoride groups was not significantly different, but the reduction was significantly greater than in the 9-aminoacridine group, with the caries score in all three groups being significantly less than that in the water control. Bone loss reduction for the minocycline group was significantly greater than that for any other group.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intra- and interexaminer variability and validity of laser fluorescence and electrical resistance readings on root surface lesions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reproducibility of laser fluorescence and electrical resistance readings on root carious lesions. One hundred and three freshly extracted human teeth with various forms of natural root caries were investigated by 6 operators using the laser fluorescence device DIAGNOdent (DD) and the Electronic Caries Monitor (ECM III). As a reference, a caries-free root area of each tooth was also examined. Specimens were classified as to colour, surface texture and cavitation depth. Teeth were sectioned through the centre of the lesion and prepared for polarising light microscopy. Histological depth of the lesions was defined as the distance between the surface and zone of translucency. Depths ranged from 0.1 to 3.1 mm. Statistical analysis of the interexaminer reproducibility revealed a significant correlation (Kendall's W) for DD measurements of 0.85 and 0.76 for ECM readings. Moderate correlation between the histological depth and DD (r(s) = 0.45) or ECM scores (r(s) = -0.48) could be demonstrated. Electrical resistance readings revealed a positive correlation (r(s) = 0.43) with the thickness of the remaining dentine, whereas this was negative for laser fluorescence readings (r(s) = -0.43). However, scatter plots suggested that most lesions had very low resistance. This investigation suggests that laser fluorescence and electrical conductance measurements can be obtained reproducibly by different operators and correlate moderately with histological lesion depth and remaining thickness of the dentine bridge.

Dental Caries Activity Tests↗