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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1974

Some properties of calciferol as a rodenticide.

The potentiality of calciferol (alone and combined with warfarin) for the control of commensal rats and mice has been examined in the laboratory. Nearly all animals fed on 0.1% calciferol for 2 days died. Though illness usually reduced food intake after the first 24 hr. there was no sign of aversion to the poison at 0.1% - which is considered to be the lowest concentration suitable for use against Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus and Mus musculus in the field. There was some indication that resistance to warfarin in R. norvegicus may be correlated with susceptibility to calciferol. Toxicity tests with calciferol combined with warfarin indicated an additive effect between the compounds. No evidence for synergism was found however, although elsewhere there is some evidence for this.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[A study on the epidemiology and preventive measure on epidemic haemorrhage fever in army barrack area in Shandong].

OBJECTIVE: In order to guide the army and civilians to carry out the prevention on epidemic haemorrhage fever (EHF), it's necessary to elucidate the epidemic feature of natural epidemic foci and the risk factors of EHF in the army - stationed areas. METHODS: Samples were tested by pathogenic and serologic means before data was collected and analyzed by case - control or family - control studies. RESULTS: Cases belong to house - mouse type (91.48%), field - mouse type (7.21%) and unclassified (1.31%) coexist in the stationed area. In the two types of noticed cases, no significant difference in distributions of sex, profession and ages. Most house - mouse type cases occurred in the peak time from March to June and field - mouse type in November to next February. The type of EHF virus antigen of mice and the type of serum were both accordant with their host types. Dwelling in border area, living rooms with mice, dogs raising, injury of mouth tissue, eating food contaminated by mice, and household with mice living around were more frequently seen in cases themselves and in families of the cases than in controls of both groups (P < 0.05). The mice intensity could be under control to 1.0%, if comprehensive measure on mice control can be implemented. CONCLUSIONS: The stationed area is an epidemic area mixed with both house - mouse and field - mouse types, with majority of house - mouse type. It was house - mouse type virus infection that caused the epidemic area expanded and the number of cases increased radically these years. EHF was epidemic in spring and summer season in the stationed area mainly because the infections were among family members. Food contaminated by mice or close contact with mice played an important role. Mice eradication and prevention were the leading measures to prevent EHF, from our more than ten years of experiences.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Laboratory and field trials of permethrin-treated cotton used as nesting material to control fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) on cricetid rodents.

Upholstery cotton treated with four different concentrations (0.25-2.0%) (2,500-20,000 ppm) of an aqueous permethrin solution, used as nesting material by white mice, was laboratory-tested against the potential plague vectors Oropsylla montana (Baker), Thrassis bacchi (Rothschild), and Orchopeas howardi (Baker) and found highly effective (P less than 0.001) for 1 yr. Similarly treated cotton gauze was tested under ambient and 75% RH and was found to be highly effective (P less than 0.001) in both environments for 1 yr. A separate test determined that the LD50 of permethrin-treated cotton was less than 10 ppm. Cotton tested with 0.5% permethrin and distributed under field conditions to cricetid rodents for use as nesting material was found to be highly effective (P less than 0.001 as a pulicide for greater than 4 mo when tested during winter in Larimer County, Colo. Permethrin-treated cotton was less successful in controlling fleas on cricetid rodents during the summer months in a New Mexico hyperendemic plague area.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The effects of diet, overfeeding and moderate dietary restriction on Sprague-Dawley rat survival, disease and toxicology.

Overfeeding by ad libitum (AL) food consumption is the most significant, uncontrolled variable affecting the outcome of the current rodent bioassay. The correlation of food consumption, the resultant adult body weight and the 2-y survival in Sprague-Dawley rats is highly significant. Feeding natural ingredient diets that varied in protein, fiber and metabolizable energy content did not improve low 2-y survival if Sprague-Dawley rats were allowed AL food consumption. Moderate dietary restriction (DR) of all diets tested significantly improved survival and delayed the onset of spontaneous degenerative disease (i.e., nephropathy and cardiomyopathy) and diet-related tumors. By 2 y, moderate DR resulted in an incidence of spontaneous tumors similar to that seen with AL consumption; however, the tumors were more likely to be incidental and did not result in early mortality. There was a decreased age-adjusted incidence in pituitary and mammary gland tumors, but tumor volume and growth time were similar in the AL and DR groups, indicating a similar tumor progression with a delay in tumor onset. Moderate DR did not significantly alter drug-metabolizing enzyme activities or the toxicologic response to five pharmaceuticals tested at maximum tolerated doses (MTD). However, moderate DR did require higher doses of compounds to be given before classical MTD were produced with four pharmaceutical drug candidates. Toxicokinetic studies of two of these compounds demonstrated steady-state systemic exposures that were equal or higher in moderate DR-fed rats. These and other data indicate that moderate DR is the most appropriate method of dietary control for rodent bioassays used to assess human safety of candidate pharmaceuticals.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Field trials of calciferol combined with warfarin against wild house-mice (Mus musclus L.).

A combination of calciferol (vitamin D(2)) and warfarin, each at 0.025% in medium oatmeal bait, failed to control six of seven house-mouse (Mus musculus L.) populations infesting urban and farm buildings. In three further treatments with both calciferol and warfarin at 0.05% in dehusked canary seed bait plus 5% corn oil, mortality, estimated from the consumption of pre- and post-treatment census bait, ranged between 94.2 and 97.4%. Finally, among sixteen treatments done with calciferol at 0.1% and warfarin at 0.025% in various cereal baits, the best results (97.0-100%) were obtained in six treatments where the bait-base was whole canary seed; this was so whether the poison bait was applied directly or after a 3-day pre-baiting period. It is concluded that calciferol at 0.1% plus warfarin at 0.025% is an effective combination against house-mice, especially when used with whole canary seed. The role played by warfarin in the poison mixture needs to be investigated further.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Expression of fos and jun proto-oncogenes in benign versus malignant human uterine tissue.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate expression of fos and jun proto-oncogenes in benign human uterine tissue compared with malignant uterine tissue. METHODS: Forty-two endometrial tissue specimens were obtained at the time of hysterectomy. Tissue samples from different phases of the menstrual cycle and from postmenopausal patients were stained using immunohistochemical methods to detect Fos and Jun proteins, estrogen and progesterone receptor status, and Ki67 (detects a nuclear antigen associated with proliferating cells). Tissue was examined microscopically for nuclear staining in endometrial epithelium and stroma. The endometrium was based on the patient's last menstrual period, pathologic dating, and proliferative versus nonproliferative status as determined by Ki67. Benign and malignant specimens were subjected to Northern blot analysis to evaluate levels of expression of c-fos, c-jun, and jun-B mRNA. The pattern of c-fos mRNA expression in malignant samples was further evaluated using in situ hybridization. RESULTS: In proliferative, secretory, postmenopausal, and progesterone-influenced, uterine specimens immunohistochemically stained and examined, the endometrial and stromal nuclei stained for both Fos and Jun in varying intensities. However, no pattern was found in the variation of intensity according to the phase of the endometrium. Similarly, in malignant and benign endometrial tissue examined by Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses, expression of proto-oncogene mRNAs was readily detectable, but no statistical correlation between type of tissue examined, grade of adenocarcinoma, and stage of endometrial cancer was found in this study. CONCLUSIONS: In rodent models, control of uterine cell proliferation is related to change in expression of fos and jun proto-oncogenes. Our results indicate that hormonal control is likely to be different in human endometrium and probably involves genes other than the proto-oncogenes under study. Expression of Fos and Jun do not correlate with endometrial cancer stage and grade.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1993

Experimental transmission of murine malaria by the oral route.

A total of 116 young male CD1 mice were orally inoculated with mouse blood; half of the animals received 0.2 ml of uninfected blood and the others were given 0.2 ml of Plasmodium berghei yoelii-infected blood in six experiments performed at different times. Almost 30% of the experimental mice acquired malaria as demonstrated by the observation of parasites in their blood. In no case were parasites found in the blood of control mice. Rodent malaria parasites may be transmitted to CD1 mice by the ingestion of mouse blood parasitized by P. b. yoelii. As far as we know, this study represents the first demonstration of oral transmission of murine malaria. Oral transmission studies in this mouse-Plasmodium model may produce very important information on the biology of the malaria parasites.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plague and Glasnost. First information about human cases in the USSR in 1989 and 1990.

In October 1989 the first case of plague death in the USSR was reported to WHO. This occurrence in man did not surprise plague experts. The country has extensive enzootic areas and the persistence of natural foci, which can be silent for many years, has been well studied. It is known that the plague bacillus can survive and multiply in the soil of rodent burrows and restart local or more extensive transmissions in carrier animals. Isolated cases in man can remain accidental or they may signal a larger epizootic outbreak. The official policy of the comprehensive antiplague services was to eradicate the natural foci by antirodent activities which proved impossible. The present report from the Central Asian part of the USSR in the wake of Glasnost augurs well for the surveillance of plague worldwide as for a period of over fifty years the occurrence of cases in man in this country had been denied.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Profiling, mimicking and masking the flavor of a selected rodenticide.

In Experiment 1, rats drank strychnine solution followed by an injection of LiCl. Generalization of learned strychnine avoidance to 4 non-toxic flavors was then assessed. Additional conditioning and generalization trials followed until 24 flavors had been presented. In Experiment 2, rats were conditioned to avoid individual flavors, or flavor mixtures concocted on the basis of avoidance generalization observed in Experiment 1. Tests followed for generalization of learned avoidance from the simple flavors to the mixtures, from the mixtures to the simple flavors, and from either to strychnine. In Experiment 3, two concentrations of NaCl were mixed with strychnine or one of the flavors (SOA) used in the previous experiments. These stimuli, as well as SOA alone, strychnine alone, and each of the NaCl concentrations, were presented to rats during conditioning. Generalization followed, as in the previous experiments. In Experiment 1, strychnine avoidance generalized to 'bitter' flavors (ps less than 0.01). In Experiment 2, avoidance of flavor mixtures generalized more strongly to strychnine than did learned avoidance of simple flavors (ps less than 0.01). In Experiment 3, NaCl masked or otherwise suppressed the 'bitter' flavor of strychnine or SOA insofar as no groups conditioned with a 'bitter'-salt mixture generalized avoidance to 'bitter' alone (ps less than 0.01). Rats are therefore capable of recognizing the flavor components of strychnine. Moreover, when these components are mixed in proportion to the degree of generalized avoidance, a mimic (either in terms of flavor characteristics or perceived intensity) of strychnine is obtained. Avoidance learning appears useful in the development of rodenticide baits and pre-bait formulations.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effects of enterostatin in non-food-deprived rats with limited or continuous access to oil or sucrose.

The peptide enterostatin has been proposed to function as a selective signal for fat-induced satiety. In the majority of enterostatin studies, however, rats were food-deprived, and the test food was also the maintenance diet. The present study sought to determine if enterostatin would selectively reduce consumption of oil that was provided in addition to a standard diet in non-food-deprived rats. Rats had either continuous (24-h/day) or limited access (120-min/day) to either a 32% sucrose solution or 100% corn oil. In addition to the sucrose and the oil, rats also had 22-h access to a standard pelleted rodent diet. Control rats had unlimited access to the standard diet but no access to oil or sucrose. Rats were maintained on their respective diets for 3 weeks before enterostatin testing. Food intake and body weight were monitored. Rats with continuous access to oil or sucrose consumed more calories and gained more weight than control rats. Caloric intake and body weight of the rats with limited access to oil or sucrose did not differ significantly from controls. Enterostatin, administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at doses of 0 (vehicle), 89, 178, and 356 microg/kg, had no effect on consumption of oil, sucrose, or standard diet in these non-food-deprivation paradigms; however, 356 microg/kg reduced standard-diet intake when rats were overnight food-deprived, thus verifying peptide activity. These results do not support a role for enterostatin in the regulation of fat intake when optional high-fat foods are provided in addition to a readily available standard diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Toxicology of selected pesticides, drugs, and chemicals. Anticoagulant, cholecalciferol, and bromethalin-based rodenticides.

The control of rodent pests is a continuing goal of mankind. To this end, a multitude of rodenticides have been produced, each designed to kill rodents by exerting their toxic effects on various body systems. As examples, veterinarians have had to manage companion animal poisonings due to anticoagulant, sodium fluoroacetate (compound 1080), thallium, barium carbonate, and zinc phosphide-based rodenticides. Many of these rodenticides were introduced because of their anticipated safety in relation to nontarget species; unfortunately, this has not been the case. Veterinarians must attempt to identify the specific rodenticide involved in poisoning cases. Therapeutic success in these poisonings is often more dependent upon symptomatic and supportive care rather than the use of antidotal therapy.

Aniline Compounds↗