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Results for “Rh Sensitization”

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PubMed1977

The role of the pineal gland in the regulation of LH-release in rats with different types of the anovulatory syndrome.

The effect of different doses of testosterone propionate was investigated in provoking the development of the constant estrous anovulatory (CEA) syndrome in the rat. A direct relationship was observed between the dose of neonatally administered androgen (NA) and the percentage occurrence of this syndrome. Pinealectomy and superior cervical sympathetic ganglionectomy elicited the development of marked thecal luteinization in the NA-CEA rat, but the formation of corpora lutea was limited after these operations. The efficacy of pinealectomy and ganglionectomy in provoking luteinization was inversely related to the dose of testosterone used for neonatal androgenization. The LH-RH sensitivity of the adenohypophysis to release LH was decreased in the NA animals, as well as in the light-induced CEA syndrome (LCE), whereas it was increased in those CEA rats in which this syndrome was provoked by frontal hypothalamic deafferentation (FHD). Pinealectomy and ganglionectomy were able to elicit ovulation and luteinization in the FHD animals, but were ineffective in the LCE and high dose NA rats. The results are discussed in relation to those reported by others, in an attempt to explain the multitude of dissociated effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1967

Obstetrical problems coincidental to intrauterine transfusion for erythroblastosis.

In a series of 49 patients given 100 intrauterine transfusions for erythroblastosis numerous obstetrical problems were encountered which were not directly related to the procedure. The purpose of this paper is to describe the difficulties experienced and to consider why these could have been anticipated.All of the mothers endured considerable emotional strain. Complications, which in previous pregnancies contributed to producing their Rh sensitization, tended to recur. Deliveries were carried out between 26 and 35 weeks' gestation, at which stage induction was difficult and labour imperfect. In 24 cases the fetus was alive at the onset of labour. The other 25 cases presented the problems of intrauterine death, nine of which occurred in the dangerous second trimester.Because of the coincidental obstetrical problems and the difficulties inherent in intrauterine fetal transfusion, these cases should be managed only in centres equipped to deal with all possible complications.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Non-immunologic hydrops fetalis. Considerations apropos of a case associated with a chorioangioma of the placenta].

A case of hydrops fetalis in a newborn infant in association with a choroangioma of the placenta in described. It was only with a report in 1943 by Potter that nonimmunologic hydrops fetalis was identified. Until recently immunologic hydrops fetalis secondary to Rh incompatibility has been the most frequent cause for infants with this condition. Presently, because of the decline in the incidence of Rh sensitization, non immunologic hydrops fetalis accounts for a larger number of cases. Numerous etiologies have been reported with the occurrence of non immunologic hydrops fetalis: a review of the literature for those entities found in association with this condition is inclused.

Edema↗
PubMed1981

Ultrasound air contrast transfusion technique: an aid to managing the Rh-affected fetus with ascites.

The successful management of an Rh-sensitized pregnant patient is reported in whom fetal intrauterine transfusions were utilized despite the presence of fetal ascites before the 26th week of gestation. A new ultrasound air contrast technique is described that confirms the correct intraabdominal placement of the transfused blood. The technique is not dependent on the amount of blood introduced, nor is it masked by fetal ascites.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The role of fetoscopy in antenatal diagnosis.

The application of fetoscopy has been limited thus far, but many uses can be envisioned for the future. Fetal blood sampling via fetoscopy provides information concerning haemoglobinopathies, various enzymatic activities, immunological competence, and haematological status. In addition to direct visualization for fetal malformations, fetoscopy could prove useful for intrauterine therapeutics. For example, intrauterine transfusion under direct visualization would allow earlier treatment of Rh-sensitized erythroblastoic fetuses, and administration of pharmacological agents and nutrients seems feasible.

Creatine Kinase↗
PubMed1981

Intrauterine transfusion utilizing ultrasound.

Thirty-seven intrauterine transfusions were performed on 17 severely Rh-sensitized women utilizing a technique entirely dependent upon ultrasound for needle insertion. The neonatal survival rate was 71%; 57% (4 of 7) of the hydropic fetuses and 80% (8 of 10) of those with no antenatal evidence of ascites survived. Twenty-five percent of the 12 neonatal survivors received their initial transfusion at 26.5 weeks or earlier. These results are comparable to the best of those in series relying on x-ray or fluoroscopy techniques for performing the procedure. Intrauterine transfusion continues to play an essential therapeutic role in the management of the severely affected erythroblastotic fetus. It is recommended that techniques relying on ultrasound be utilized in preference to those using x-ray to reduce radiation exposure in utero.

Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antenatal assessment of fetal age and maturity using fetal fat staining cells in amniotic fluid.

A cross sectional retrospective study of 400 cases of amniocentesis was performed to evaluate the reliability of using fetal fat staining cells as a method for assessment of fetal age and maturity. A sharp rise in the percentage of these cells in amniotic fluid occurred after 37 weeks of gestation and a level of 20 per cent or more indicated fetal age of 38 weeks or more, corresponding to maturity by our definition. The false positive and negative rates were 3.5 per cent and 14 per cent respectively. The pre-eclamptics, diabetics and Rh sensitized groups fell within the distribution of the normal population. The dysmature group, however, showed an earlier rise (20% at 36 weeks). The origin of the fetal fat staining cells and the reasons for the early rise in dysmaturity are discussed. Estimation of fetal fat staining cells in the amniotic fluids using the 20 per cent level is a reliable test for maturity in normal and some abnormal pregnancies, excluding dysmaturity.

Amniocentesis↗
PubMed1994

Risk factors for fetal death in white, black, and Hispanic women. Collaborative Group on Preterm Birth Prevention.

OBJECTIVE: To document the relation between stillbirth and various demographic, obstetric, and medical risk factors. METHODS: We analyzed the risk factors and medical origins of 403 stillbirths. The population studied included 34,350 births occurring during the March of Dimes Preterm Birth Prevention Trial. All births occurring in five perinatal centers from 1982-1986 were included in the analysis. Stillbirth was defined as those infants born at 20 weeks' gestation or later whose Apgar score was 0 at 1 and 5 minutes. RESULTS: Stillbirth occurred in 1.2% of all births. Fifty-one percent occurred before 28 weeks and only 18% were at term. Blacks had a greater risk of stillbirth when compared to other women. Prior preterm delivery yielded nearly a two-fold increase in the risk of stillbirth. Preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, and class A or class B-R diabetes were not associated with an increased risk of stillbirth. Other medical factors (hemoglobinopathies, Rh sensitization) resulted in a greater than sixfold increase in the rate of stillbirth, and congenital anomalies resulted in a fivefold increase. Abruption was associated with a 12-fold increase in the risk of stillbirth; nearly 14% of all stillbirths were associated with abruption. CONCLUSION: Eighty-two percent of all stillbirths occurred before term, and more than 50% occurred before 28 weeks. The majority of stillbirths were not explained by medical complications, but instead were often associated with other risk factors related to preterm birth. Further investigations are needed to understand the complex etiology of stillbirth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The effect of gestational age and fetal indomethacin levels on the incidence of constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of gestational age and fetal serum indomethacin levels on constriction of the ductus arteriosus after maternal indomethacin administration. METHODS: Twenty-five pregnant Rh-sensitized patients were given a 50-mg oral dose of indomethacin 6 hours before fetal serum indomethacin levels were determined at the time of 50 diagnostic or therapeutic funipunctures. The ductus arteriosus was evaluated with Doppler ultrasound immediately before 40 of the procedures. Constriction of the ductus arteriosus was defined as a peak diastolic flow greater than 35 cm/second. Least-squares regression and multiple regression were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The peak diastolic velocity of the fetal ductus arteriosus after maternal indomethacin ingestion was constant at 25 cm/second before 27 weeks, increased between 27-30 weeks to a mean of 39 cm/second, and was stable thereafter (R2 = 0.35; P < .05). There was no significant correlation between constriction of the ductus and fetal serum indomethacin levels (P = .17). CONCLUSIONS: The constrictive effect of maternal indomethacin ingestion on the fetal ductus arteriosus begins as early as 27 weeks' gestation. Constriction of the ductus arteriosus is independent of fetal serum indomethacin levels.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1977

Amniotic fluid cortisol in high-risk human pregnancies.

Amniotic fluid cortisol (AFC) levels were measured in 76 normal and 67 high-risk human pregnancies. When compared to normal gestations, diabetic pregnancies were found to be associated with lower AFC levels, while toxemic, early Rh-sensitized, and other stressed pregnancies had higher mean cortisol values. Serially followed normal and high-risk pregnancies showed a progressive rise in AFC with increasing gestational age. Significant correlation between AFC concentrations and lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios was noted in normal, diabetic, and toxemic gestations. These results are concordant with the hypothesis that cortisol may be involved in fetal lung development.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1977

Measurement of fetal cells in the maternal circulation.

There is evidence that the quantitation of fetal-maternal hemorrhage may be useful in reducing some of the RhoGAM failures in preventing Rh sensitization. The Betke-Kleihauer technique is a well-established method that has been used to estimate the amount of transplacental hemorrhage. Recently, a kit (Fetaldex) has become available for use in the detection and quantitation of fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Using control blood smears, we compared the results of the Fetaldex kit with those results obtained by the Betke-Kleihauer technique. The data indicate that the Fetaldex method is as accurate as the Betke-Kleihauer technique in detecting and measuring fetal red cells in the maternal circulation.

Blood Circulation↗
PubMed1994

cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum(II) resistant human tumor cell lines are collaterally sensitive to PtCl4(Rh-123)2: evidence for mitochondrial involvement.

Three human tumor cell lines made resistant to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP), SCC-25/CP, MCF-7/CP, and C13, are more sensitive to rhodamine-123 [tetrachloroplatinum(II)] [(PtCl4(Rh-123)2] than are the corresponding parental cell lines. The CDDP-resistant cells have higher intracellular concentrations of PtCl4(Rh-123)2 for the same exposure than do the parent cells. Each of the CDDP-resistant cell lines has an increased level of cytochrome c oxidase activity compared with the parent cell lines, indicating that the resistant cells have greater mitochondrial mass or activity than the parent cells. In fact, there was a linear correlation between the increase in cytochrome c oxidase activity and the increased sensitivity to PtCl4(Rh-123)2 in the CDDP-resistant lines. Exposure of the cells to each of the mitochondrial effectors, chloramphenicol, FCCP, oligomycin, or antimycin prior to and during exposure to CDDP or PtCl4(Rh-123)2 had variable effects on the cytotoxicity of the platinum complexes in the parental lines. However, there was a consistent decrease in the cytotoxicity of PtCl4(Rh-123)2 in the CDDP-resistant cells in the presence of the mitochondrial effectors such that, in some cases, the CDDP-resistant lines were now less responsive to PtCl4(Rh-123)2 than were the parent cell lines. These studies indicate that mitochondrial alterations may be an important component of CDDP resistance in these cell lines and that PtCl4(Rh-123)2 may represent a prototype platinum complex useful in the treatment of CDDP resistant tumors.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1982

Collagen-anti-collagen complexes in rheumatoid arthritis sera.

Immune complexes (IC) were detected in rheumatoid sera by means of anti-antibody (AA) neutralization tests. The sera with rheumatoid factor (RF) that did not agglutinate human Rh+ erythrocytes sensitized by incomplete Rh antibodies, Ripley, could be tested in an AA neutralization test without any further treatment. On the other hand, 'Ripley-positive' sera had to be treated with 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol in order to destroy RF. IC-containing sera were further studied for dispersion of IC by collagen. Surprisingly, roughly 50% of IC-containing sera were affected by collagen in that they lost AA-neutralizing activity completely or partially. Significantly, very similar results were obtained with collagen type I, collagen type II and denatured collagen type II. It was concluded that these sera contained IC formed by denatured collagen and its antibodies. Further experiments were devoted to the study of the effect of collagen on reactions of RF with Ripley-sensitized erythrocytes. In several sera, the addition of collagen eliminated the prozone. This was interpreted as deblocking of RF due to the dispersion of the blocking IC by an excess of collagen. In other sera, the addition of collagen seemed to remove or block RF. This blocking effect was interpreted as a neutralization of multispecific RF by collagen. An alternative explanation proposed that collagen formed IC with free anti-collagen antibodies and that these IC blocked the RF.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic↗