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PubMed1977

Planning for retirement: advice to physicians.

Retirement planning has become a legitimate concern of all physicians, especially those employed by agencies where retirement is compulsory. Faced with the possibility of retirement, whether forced or voluntary, and issues of competence and other related matters, many physicians are departing from the traditional pattern of working until they become incapacitated. The typical physician places high values on work and deprecates other activities. Busy practitioners who have spent little time with their families and in recreational pursuits find themselves unprepared for their altered status when they stop working. Little empirical information is available concerning physicians and retirement. Four proposed retirement patterns may help physicians plan successfully for retirement.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

[Dutch study of the older employee and retirement: an overview].

This article reviews the Dutch research on older workers and retirement, which has been done between 1974 and 1979 and is reported in the Register van Sociaal-Gerontologisch Onderzoek, deel III, 1974-1979. Described is research on older workers, early retirement and pre-retirement courses. It is concluded that research should also be directed towards the still healthy older worker, in order to take preventive measures; that for the enlargement of the possibilities of voluntary, early retirement the financial problems should first be solved and, finally, that evaluation research has to be done on the influence of pre-retirement courses on the adjustment to retirement. Some research problems are mentioned.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1984

Retirement: implications for clinical practice.

Retirement is not a negative experience for the majority of people. Most adjust satisfactorily, even though retirement involves the loss of a significant work role and a decline in income. Most retired people report that their health stayed the same or even improved after retirement. However, a minority of retired patients need help and counseling in adjusting to their change in lifestyle. For that minority, the innovative physician may wish to consider adding a retirement counselor to his staff.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

[Professional activities and retirement among Norwegian physicians aged 55 years and over].

In a study of professional activity and retirement among 2,117 Norwegian doctors, the mean age of retirement was 68.5 years. It was lower among the younger doctors in the study group (those 70-74 years of age compared to those 80-84 years), and among female doctors, psychiatrists and doctors with impaired health, but was higher among doctors in the primary health service. Under the current pension scheme, the preferred age of retirement among those still working was on average 67.3 years, but was 65.1 if early retirement would not involve a reduced pension. It was lower among the youngest doctors, females, doctors who were frequently on duty, doctors in the primary health service, surgeons and doctors with impaired health. A reduction in the mean retirement age from 67 to 65 years would mean 300 fewer working doctors (i.e. 2% of the work force) by year 2003. Retired doctors considered the present age limit (75 years) of the medical license to be too low, while working doctors accepted it.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

The work and retirement decisions of older women: a literature review.

This article reviews the economic literature on the work and retirement decisions of older women. Economic studies generally find that married women respond to the financial reward for work (for example, wages) in making their work and retirement decisions, but that they do not respond to unearned income and wealth (for example, the value of lifetime Social Security benefits). Unmarried women are found to respond to all types of financial variables. Most economic studies find that the family plays only a limited role in the work and retirement decisions of women. The retirement status of the husband does influence the wife's retirement decision, but the health status of the husband does not. The presence of dependents in the household, regardless of whether they are children or parents, is not found to influence work and retirement among women. The relevance of these results to Social Security policy is discussed. There are a number of reasons to be cautious about the results. The literature to date is small; it is based on data that are deficient in some respects, and it contains studies that have methodological problems. These problems are discussed and prospects for future research are explored.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

A simulation-based interval two-stage stochastic model for agricultural non-point source pollution control through land retirement.

This study presents a simulation-based interval two-stage stochastic programming (SITSP) model for agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution control through land retirement under uncertain conditions. The modeling framework was established by the development of an interval two-stage stochastic program, with its random parameters being provided by the statistical analysis of the simulation outcomes of a distributed water quality approach. The developed model can deal with the tradeoff between agricultural revenue and "off-site" water quality concern under random effluent discharge for a land retirement scheme through minimizing the expected value of long-term total economic and environmental cost. In addition, the uncertainties presented as interval numbers in the agriculture-water system can be effectively quantified with the interval programming. By subdividing the whole agricultural watershed into different zones, the most pollution-related sensitive cropland can be identified and an optimal land retirement scheme can be obtained through the modeling approach. The developed method was applied to the Swift Current Creek watershed in Canada for soil erosion control through land retirement. The Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) was used to simulate the sediment information for this case study. Obtained results indicate that the total economic and environmental cost of the entire agriculture-water system can be limited within an interval value for the optimal land retirement schemes. Meanwhile, a best and worst land retirement scheme was obtained for the study watershed under various uncertainties.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Workers' ignorance of retirement benefits.

PURPOSE: This study considered the extent of workers' unfamiliarity with retirement benefits, a problem that could compromise informed retirement planning. DESIGN AND METHODS: Among workers in the 1992 Health and Retirement Study, we examined the frequency of "don't know" responses to question series about employer pensions, health insurance, and Social Security. RESULTS: Eligible workers readily offered responses about the shared, public details of pension plans, but knowledge about personal pension wealth was lacking for one third of persons in defined benefit plans and for one fifth of those in defined contribution plans. Among household financial respondents, 14% did not know about health insurance continuation after retirement, and 52% could not offer an expected Social Security amount. Such nonresponse was patterned by proximity to retirement and by social and occupational factors. IMPLICATIONS: More than a problem of missing data, these findings argue for a theoretical reconsideration of the role of financial knowledge in retirement behavior. Ignorance of benefits is probably less a problem of disclosure than of workers' inattention to available information.

Female↗
PubMed1994

Look After Your Heart programme: impact on health status, exercise knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of retired women in England.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of the Health Education Authority's 20 hour Look After Your Heart health promotion course on a large group of retired women. DESIGN: Three groups of retired women were compared: group 1 women, drawn from 12 retirement groups, participated in the programme; group 2, drawn randomly from the same groups, declined; group 3, selected randomly from 12 different retirement groups matched for geographical area, were not offered the course. SETTING: Twenty four retirement groups established by a major national retail company in England. SUBJECTS: A total of 739 women with a mean age of 66 years participated. Altogether 200 women were in group 1, 192 in group 2, and 347 in group 3. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The Nottingham Health Profile was administered and exercise knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of the three groups were assessed using a validated, reliable questionnaire. RESULTS: Group 1 had significantly better self-perceived health, indicated by lower Nottingham Health Profile scores, more exercise knowledge, and positive exercise attitudes and they did more exercise than the other two groups. The responses of groups 2 and 3 were similar. Time since completion of the programme did not have any effect on Nottingham Health Profile scores, exercise knowledge, and behaviour. CONCLUSION: The Look After Your Heart programme is associated with beneficial and persistent effects in retired women. Detailed studies are needed to confirm whether these associations are due to the programme or reflect the selection of fitter, healthier subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Retirement plan funding: how has legislation affected it?

Because of the changes in tax laws, accounting guidelines, and economic conditions, the "shelf life" of many retirement plans has expired. Financial managers need to examine the effects these changes have had on retirement plan funding, especially the effects the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 has produced. By using an evaluation method that examines the basic issues involved in retirement plan funding, financial managers can determine whether or not their retirement programs can continue to meet hospital objectives. This is the last article in a series on retirement plans. The first article in this series discussed the issues that affect the design of retirement plans.

Financial Management↗
PubMed1985

Assets of new retired-worker beneficiaries: findings from the New Beneficiary Survey.

Most new retired workers in 1982 owned some type of asset, usually a savings, checking, or credit union account, according to data obtained by the Social Security Administration (SSA) in its New Beneficiary Survey. Many recently retired workers also owned their home, often mortgage-free. Homeownership was their most significant asset in terms of its median value. Comparatively few retirees owned property other than a home, though for owners of such property, the median value was substantial. Married couples, whose assets included those of both partners, more frequently owned assets and their assets had higher median values than did unmarried individuals. A comparison of retired workers with persons aged 65 or older who were enrolled in the Medicare program but who had not yet received retired-worker benefits showed that these Medicare-only enrollees were much better off, both in the likelihood of owning assets and in having higher median values for their assets. Individuals who retired before reaching age 65 and therefore received a reduced social security benefit were not as well off as those whose first benefit was paid at age 65 or older. Overall, the asset situation of new retired workers in 1982 was better than that of men and unmarried women aged 58-63 in 1969, even when the 1969 assets were adjusted to constant 1982 dollars.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Retirement patterns in Hong Kong: a censored regression analysis.

"This paper provides an overview of retirement patterns in Hong Kong on the basis of limited data. A censored regression model is used to infer the retirement age from people's current retirement status and their current age. This model is equivalent to a restricted probit model, and the interpretation of parameters is straightforward. The results clearly show a negative income effect on the retirement decision. The retirement age seems to be positively related to lifetime earnings but negatively related to the rate of decline of earnings with age."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Anticipation of and adjustment to retirement.

The role of anticipation of retirement was studied by comparing two samples under different conditions: in the West German sample, retirement could be anticipated as "normal" with regard to the economic changes in most industrial societies between 1992 and 1994, whereas the members of the East German sample were faced with mandatory retirement, with few changes in the anticipation of this event. Findings confirm the hypotheses regarding a more negative view of retirement, different ways of coping with retirement, and equal status of cognitive functioning and health. They did not confirm the hypothesis of a lower degree of well-being in the East.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

[Retirement as crisis or good fortune? Results of a quantitative-qualitative longitudinal study].

Results of a longitudinal study about the transition to retirement are presented. 329 persons were interviewed three times (quantitative study) and 20 persons conducted a semi-structured diary (qualitative study), covering in both groups a two-year period (from half a year before retirement to one and a half years after retirement). They were asked about their subjective well-being (happiness, joy, satisfaction, stresses), their life situation and their personal, social and material resources. The results show that the transition to retirement brings with it gains (leisure time) and losses (financial, social status), but overall maintains a high level of well-being. Specific analyses point out inter-individual differences, risk factors and resources, like a high level of trait well-being, health, social networks and an optimistic outlook. The diary analyses lead to specifications, more detailed process analyses and hypotheses about cohort effects. Consequences for an adequate preparation for retirement are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Ill health retirement in Scottish teachers: process, outcomes and re-employment.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the process, causes and outcomes of ill health retirement (IHR) in teachers in Scotland. Perceptions and experience of occupational health services (OHS), access to rehabilitation and redeployment, current health, post retirement experience and predictors of re-employment were identified. METHODS: 537 teachers who retired due to ill health between April 1998 and March 2000 were mailed our IHR questionnaire by the Scottish Public Pensions Agency. RESULTS: The most common cause of IHR was mental disorders (37%), followed by diseases of the musculoskeletal system (18%). 11% of teachers attended an OHS prior to IHR. 9% of teachers were offered part-time work and 5% were offered alternative work. 63% of retired teachers stated their health had improved and 48% said they would like to work again. 36% of the surveyed teachers have found re-employment since their retirement. On unadjusted analyses, re-employment of teachers after IHR was significantly associated with sex, having dependants, job group, cause of IHR, health having improved and wanting to work again. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed three variables as independent predictors of re-employment: having dependants, job group and cause of IHR. CONCLUSION: This is the first comprehensive study investigating teachers' experiences of IHR in Scotland. The findings highlight substantial lack of support for teachers in a number of areas which need to be addressed by managers and employers. Our study confirms the need for rehabilitation and teacher support services in order to try and retain experienced teachers in the profession.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effects of retirement on aspects of self-perception.

In this study some effects of retirement have been assessed from the viewpoint of the retired person. The study is based on an Open University national survey from which a sub-sample of 210 men over 55 years (133 working and 77 retired) was obtained. Self-perception was assessed using 14 seven point semantic differential scales from which five dimensions (social standing, contentment, self-reliance, outlook, and dependence) were identified by factor analysis. Differences in the five dimensions between the working and retired men were examined. No differences in these aspects of self-perception were found and the results support the view that, for most people, retirement is not sufficiently disruptive to damage their self-image.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

The association between health and retirement: self-health assessment of Israeli retirees.

Self-health evaluation and health behavior after retirement were compared with the retrospectively self-assessed health state of the pre-retirement period. The data of 310 former industrial and service workers were examined within the context of the 'Health, Stress and Coping' mechanism, with retirement representing the potential psychological stress. The findings negate the hypothesis that retirement is responsible for worsening health conditions leading to over-utilization of medical services. The decline in the perceived health state, that had already started 6 to 1 year before retirement is not ascribable to this life change event per se, but rather to the normal biological ageing processes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Cross-cultural perspectives on the concept of retirement: an analytic redefinition.

A cross-cultural valid analytic definition of retirement remains elusive in gerontology despite a long tradition of research on the topic. Inadequate attention has been paid to consistently defining the key concepts used to examine retirement and to specifying its occurrence in non-Western, non-industrial societies. This paper critically reviews basic cultural tenets in the notion of retirement, and proposes a more comparatively valid definition. It then proposes a three part comparative categorization by exploring retirement in contemporary Western nations and comparing it with retirement-like practices from a range of non-Western cultures including Thai, Chinese, Ladak, Fulani, Lusi and Aymara.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Assessing the social components of retirement anxiety.

In 4 studies involving 308 men and 384 women aged 25-76, a reliable instrument, the Social Components of Retirement Anxiety Scale (SCRAS), was developed to assess retirement anxiety. The 23-item SCRAS measures 4 factors:Social Integration and Identity, Social Adjustment/Hardiness, Anticipated Social Exclusion, and Lost Friendships. The scale strongly predicts fear of retirement and negative attitudes toward retirement. However, it seems not to be measuring simply a generalized emotional state, exhibiting only minimal correlations with more general measures of anxiety and depression. Elevated scores were observed particularly in persons for whom major social transitions are quite difficult--for example, those who were shy, lonely, had fewer instrumental or communal traits, or expected to have little personal control over their lives after retirement.

Adaptation, Psychological↗