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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Potential sources of error during virus thermal inactivation.

A review of virus thermal inactivation data published in the literature demonstrated variations in reported virus resistance. Examination of the methods used indicated that numerous studies were made by heat processing virus suspensions in test tubes. Duplication of some of the methods using milk suspensions of poliovirus 1 showed virus persistence after heating as a result of uneven temperature distribution inside the test tubes. Unless the containers (preferably sealed ampoules or capillary tubes) are completely submerged in the water bath and agitated vigorously, apparent virus persistence may be encountered.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Bladder carcinoma in situ which harbored human papilloma virus. A case report].

Last year, we reported that human papilloma virus type 16 genome (HPV 16 genome) was detected in a case (S.Y.) of bladder carcinoma in situ (bladder CIS) (Cancer Res., 1988). Since then, a number of bladder tumors other than CIS were searched for HPV genome. However, no HPV genome was detected in the bladder tumors. From the results, we consider that HPV may not have a relation with all types of bladder tumor but with only a part of it. In the current report, the case (S.Y.) is presented more precisely than before, in particular on the characteristic bladder lesion. The patient was a 40-year-old female with immunodeficiency and anemia who was referred from a hospital with a complaint of asymptomatic pyuria. Cystoscopic examination revealed a bladder tumor, well-demarcated, white and velvety lesion with slight elevation. On November 25, 1987, she underwent total cystectomy, resection of the anterior vaginal wall and of a part of vulval skin, and ileal conduit formation. Postoperative course was stormy because of bleeding from the wounds and thrombophlebitis in the right femoral vein. In spite of the episodes, she eventually recovered and was discharged 2 months later. However she was readmitted 9 months later due to severe anemia which was ascribed to acute myelogenous leukemia. She is now on cancer chemotherapy for leukemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Ordered duplex RNA controls capsid architecture in an icosahedral animal virus.

Small spherical viruses are among the simplest replicating systems in biology, yet the factors affecting their assembly, stability and disassembly are still poorly understood. A molecular switch is required for the assembly of icosahedral virus particles containing more than 60 identical subunits because strict symmetry cannot be maintained in subunit packing. All previously reported viruses with this type of structure use a portion of the capsid protein to regulate interactions between chemically equivalent but structurally distinct interfaces. We have investigated the T = 3 quasiequivalent nodaviruses, which are small non-enveloped viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome that infect insects, mice and fish. They undergo a well-characterized series of steps in assembly and maturation, which in some respects are similar to the picornaviruses, despite their different capsid architecture. Here we report the X-ray structure of Flock House virus at 3.0 A resolution, which reveals an ordered RNA duplex of 20 nucleotides and a protein segment that control the subunit interactions in this animal virus. The RNA interacts with a helical protein domain of the subunit that lies inside the capsid shell. One of the helices that binds the RNA is part of a 44-amino-acid polypeptide which is autocatalytically cleaved from the initial subunit translation product after virion assembly. The structure indicates that RNA associated with the cleaved polypeptide may be important in the infection process.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Construction of an adenovirus type 7a E1A- vector.

A strategy for constructing replication-defective adenovirus vectors from non-subgroup C viruses has been successfully demonstrated with adenovirus type 7 strain a (Ad7a) as the prototype. An E1A-deleted Ad7a reporter virus expressing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene from the cytomegalovirus promoter enhancer was constructed with DNA fragments isolated from Ad7a, an Ad7a recombination reporter plasmid, and the 293 cell line. The Ad7a-CAT virus particle transduces A549 cells as efficiently as Ad5-based vectors. Intravenous infections in a murine model indicate that the Ad7a-CAT virus infects a variety of tissues, with maximal levels of CAT gene expression found in the liver. The duration of Ad7a-CAT transgene expression in the liver was maximally maintained 2 weeks postinfection, with a decline to baseline activity by the week 4 postinfection. Ad7a-CAT represents the first example of a non-subgroup C E1A- adenovirus gene transfer vector.

Adenovirus E1A Proteins↗
PubMed2002

Lower respiratory tract infections associated with influenza A and B viruses in an area with a high prevalence of pediatric human immunodeficiency type 1 infection.

BACKGROUND: Despite the high burden of pediatric HIV-1 infection in developing countries, there are few data on the clinical course of influenza virus-associated lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in these children. OBJECTIVE: To define and compare the clinical course of HIV-1-infected and -uninfected African children hospitalized with influenza virus associated severe LRTI. METHODS: Children with severe LRTI were prospectively recruited between March, 1997, and March, 1999, as part of a broader study evaluating the etiology and outcome of this condition in hospitalized HIV-1-infected and -uninfected children. The results of children in whom influenza A or B virus was identified by immunofluorescent antibody staining after shell vial culture are reported. Viruses isolated were typed by hemagglutination inhibition assays. RESULTS: Twenty-five (21.6%) of the 116 children hospitalized with severe LRTI in whom influenza A or B virus was identified were HIV-1-infected. HIV-1-infected children were older than uninfected children (mean age +/- SD 17.4 +/- 10.8 months vs. 10.2 +/- 8.9 months; P = 0.002). HIV-1-infected children were more likely to have an underlying medical illness (in addition to HIV-1 infection) predisposing them to more severe LRTI (32.0% vs. 13.2%; P = 0.03). HIV-infected children were also more likely to have indirect evidence of bacterial coinfection, including chest radiographic evidence of confluent alveolar consolidation (78.9% vs. 35.1%, P = 0.006), and were less likely be wheezing (8.0% vs. 31.9%, P = 0.01). However, there was no difference in the clinical outcome of HIV-1-infected and -uninfected children. The duration of hospitalization [median (range) 5 (2 to 33) days vs. 4 (0 to 21) days, P = 0.08] and the mortality rates (8.0% vs. 2.2%, P = 0.20) were similar between HWV-1-infected and -uninfected children. CONCLUSION: HIV-1-infected children hospitalized with severe LRTI associated with influenza virus have an outcome similar to that of HIV-1-uninfected children even in the absence of antiretroviral or anti-influenza virus treatment.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1991

The complete nucleotide sequence of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (SH strain) genomic RNA.

The complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus watermelon strain SH (CGMMV-SH) was determined using cloned cDNA. This sequence is 6421 nucleotides long containing at least four open reading frames, which correspond to 186K, 129K, 29K and 17.3K proteins. The 17.3K protein is the coat protein. Sequence analysis shows that CGMMV-SH is very closely related to another watermelon strain. CGMMV-W, although three amino acid substitutions in the 29K protein were found between these strains. The sequence was also compared to those of other tobamoviruses, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) vulgare, TMV-L (a tomato strain) and tobacco mild green mosaic virus reported by other groups. It shows 55 to 56% identity with these viruses. The size and location of the open reading frames are very similar to those of TMV but the 129K and 186K proteins are composed of 1142 and 1646 amino acids, being larger than those of TMV by 27 and 31 amino acids, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of these proteins are highly homologous to those of TMV, especially in the readthrough downstream region of the 186K protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1985

Appearance of ovine progressive pneumonia virus outside the United States.

A recently isolated Israeli retrovirus from a sheep with maedi-visna was compared with other retroviruses, using cDNA-RNA hybridization in solution. The Israeli isolate was shown to have close, if not identical, genetic homologic features with the ovine progressive pneumonia virus reported in the United States, rather than with those of the maedivisna viruses of European origin.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Identification and characterization of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV1) ICP22 gene product: MDV1 ICP22 transactivates the MDV1 ICP27 promoter synergistically with MDV1 ICP4.

A previous report [Virus Genes 6 (1992) 365-378] has shown that the US1 gene of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV1) encodes a homologue of herpes simplex virus type 1 infected cell protein No. 22 (ICP22). In the present study, we expressed and identified a product of the MDV1 US1 gene in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) with the aid of a recombinant baculovirus expressing a Flag epitope-tagged MDV1 US1 gene, under control of the SRalpha promoter (composed of the enhancer region of the simian virus 40 early promoter and the R region of the human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 long terminal repeat). In CEF infected with the recombinant baculovirus, MDV1 ICP22 was specifically and efficiently expressed in the presence of n-butyric acid. The apparent M(r) of the expressed protein was 30,000. Reporter gene assays revealed that MDV1 ICP22 by itself transactivated an MDV1 ICP27 promoter/reporter construct weakly but specifically, and furthermore, worked synergistically with MDV1 ICP4 to efficiently up-regulate the MDV1 ICP27 promoter. MDV1 ICP22 may be a regulatory protein that stimulates viral promoters in co-operation with other viral regulatory proteins such as MDV1 ICP4.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Simian virus 40-based replication of catalytically inactive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase mutants in nonpermissive T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages.

Integrase function is required for retroviral replication in most instances. Although certain permissive T-cell lines support human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in the absence of functional integrase, most cell lines and primary human cells are nonpermissive for integrase mutant growth. Since unintegrated retroviral DNA is lost from cells following cell division, we investigated whether incorporating a functional origin of DNA replication into integrase mutant HIV-1 might overcome the block to efficient gene expression and replication in nonpermissive T-cell lines and primary cells. Whereas the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) origin (oriP) did little to augment expression from an integrase mutant reporter virus in EBV nuclear antigen 1-expressing cells, simian virus 40 (SV40) oriT dramatically enhanced integrase mutant infectivity in T-antigen (Tag)-expressing cells. Incorporating oriT into the nef position of a full-length, integrase-defective virus strain yielded efficient replication in Tag-expressing nonpermissive Jurkat T cells without reversion to an integration-competent genotype. Adding Tag to integrase mutant-oriT viruses yielded 11.3-kb SV40-HIV chimeras that replicated in Jurkat cells and primary monocyte-derived macrophages. Real-time quantitative PCR analyses of Jurkat cell infections revealed that amplified copies of unintegrated DNA likely contributed to SV40-HIV integrase mutant replication. SV40-based HIV-1 integrase mutant replication in otherwise nonpermissive cells suggests alternative approaches to standard integrase-mediated retroviral gene transfer strategies.

Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming↗
PubMed1992

[New aspects in the diagnosis of herpes simplex virus encephalitis--case reports and virologic findings].

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the most common causes of severe necrotizing encephalitis in men. Without adequate acyclovir treatment it has a mortality rate of 70%. An early, reliable virological diagnosis is therefore essential. In this study, two newly-introduced diagnostic methods were assessed and compared: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for detection of HSV-genome in cerebrospinal fluid and HSV-specific isoelectric focusing (IEF) for detection of intrathecal virus specific antibody synthesis in HSV encephalitis (HSVE). PCR proved more effective for the early diagnosis of HSVE and HSVE relapses, whereas HSV-specific IEF was superior for the diagnosis of HSVE in post-acute stages of the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Oral manifestations during herpes virus infection. Case report].

The infections due to herpes viruses are widely spread, people being every day at high risk of contamination starting early age. The characteristic of the herpes virus infection consists of a symptom less evolution following the prime infection. As for any other herpetic infection, episodes infection exacerbation is due to some determining factors. Clinical symptom in herpes virus infection varies according to the virus type, age of the patient and site. Oral signs and symptoms are numerous, extremely intense and often, difficult to diagnose. Progressing in so many ways and being diagnosed and treated by so many medical specialties it is difficult to evaluate the actual number of cases. Consequently it is mandatory to train dentists in order to be able to accurately diagnose and treat the herpetic infection and to prevent nosocomial cross infections in dental office.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1982

Duration of vidarabine therapy in biopsy-negative herpes simplex encephalitis.

Vidarabine therapy reduces mortality due to herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) from 70% to 40% at one year. Treatment with vidarabine is commonly terminated five days after biopsy in suspected HSE if herpes simplex virus is not isolated from the biopsy specimen. However, as demonstrated by this case report, virus distribution in brain tissue may be patchy, even within the temporal lobe. In addition, several technical factors in the process of virus isolation can result in falsely negative results at five days. To protect this subgroup of patients with HSE, a full ten-day course of antiviral therapy should be considered for patients with focal encephalitis whose biopsy results are negative, provided that HSE remains the principal diagnostic possibility. However, the potential benefit of vidarabine treatment must be weighed against the risk of side effects, particularly cerebral edema. For optimum care, patients with presumed HSE should be transferred to centers whose personnel have expertise in the diagnosis and management of this disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1996.

In 1996, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 7,124 cases of rabies in non-human animals and 4 cases in human beings to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nearly 92% (6,550 cases) were wild animals, whereas 8% (574 cases) were domestic species. The total number of reported cases decreased 9.6% from that of 1995 (7,881 cases). Although much of the decline was the result of fewer reported cases of rabies in raccoons, fewer cases were also reported among most groups of animals. Numbers of cases associated with separate epizootics of rabies in foxes in west central Texas and in dogs and coyotes in southern Texas attributable to canine variants have declined, with 56.2% fewer rabid foxes (60), 72.7% fewer rabid dogs (15), and 76.3% fewer rabid coyotes (19) during 1996, compared with cases of rabies reported among these same species during 1995. Nationally, the number of reported rabid bats (741) decreased 5.8%, with cases reported by 46 of the 48 contiguous states. Four Eastern Seaboard states, enzootic for the raccoon variant of the rabies virus, reported noteworthy increases in total numbers of reported cases: Maine (29.7%; 101 cases in 1995 to 131 in 1996), Maryland (44.2%; 441 to 636), North Carolina (59.0%; 466 to 741), and Virginia (33.3%; 459 to 612). Increases were also reported by Florida (6.4%; 251 to 267) and Georgia (3.1%; 294 to 303). Cats continued to be the domestic animal most frequently reported rabid, but reported cases of rabies in cats (266), cattle (131), and dogs (111) decreased by 7.6%, 3.7%, and 24.0%, respectively. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia reported decreases in rabies in animals during 1996, compared with 18 states and Puerto Rico in 1995. Hawaii was the only state that did not report a case of rabies in 1996. Two indigenously acquired cases of rabies reported in human beings were the result of infection with rabies virus variants associated with bats, whereas the remaining 2 human rabies infections were acquired outside the United States, and the variants identified were consistent with those associated with rabid dogs.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1986

Antigenic variants of Junín virus isolated from infected Calomys musculinus. Brief report.

Junín virus establishes a long-term persistent infection in its natural host, Calomys musculinus. Virus recovered from blood of infected animals from 14 to 61 days p.i. behaved antigenically distinct to parental virus, as shown by cross neutralization assays. The emergence of antigenic viral variants occurs during both the acute and persistent state of infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Growth characteristics of influenza virus type C in avian hosts. Brief report.

Influenza virus type C could be propagated to high yield in primary chick embryo kidney cell culture (PCEK) provided that trypsin (2 microgram/ml) was used as a medium supplement. The virus could also be titrated by plaque assay using PCEK host cells and influenza C virus that had been plaque-purified in PCEK cells could then be serially passaged to high titer using the allantoic route of 10--11-day-old embryonated eggs.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1988

Antigenic variation of equine infectious anemia virus as detected by virus neutralization. Brief report.

The antigenic structure of 16 viruses isolated from four horses which were inoculated with a clone of equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus was compared by the neutralization test. The antigenic structure of viruses isolated after development of neutralizing antibody differed from virus to virus. Back mutation of the antigenic structure was also demonstrated by serial passage of the virus in horses. These results suggest that EIA virus is subject to multidirectional antigenic variation. The possibility that the variants originated in the heterologous virus population in the inoculum seems to be unlikely since the virus used for the primary inoculation was cloned by three repeated high-limiting dilutions.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Saturation of TRIM5 alpha-mediated restriction of HIV-1 infection depends on the stability of the incoming viral capsid.

HIV-1 infection is restricted at a post-entry stage in some simian cell lines by species-specific variants of TRIM5 alpha. Restriction targets the viral capsid protein (CA) and results in attenuated reverse transcription. TRIM5 alpha restriction can be inhibited by the addition of noninfectious virus-like particles (VLPs), thus rendering cells permissive for infection by an HIV-1 reporter virus. Through the use of HIV-1 VLPs containing Gag cleavage site substitutions and point mutations in CA which alter the stability of the viral capsid, we demonstrate that saturation of TRIM5 alpha restriction depends on the stability of the capsid in the incoming VLPs. Differences in the requirement for cleavage of the specific sites in Gag were observed between distinct African green monkey cell lines. The results strongly suggest that the mechanism of HIV-1 restriction by TRIM5 alpha involves engagement of the viral capsid by the restriction factor prior to completion of uncoating.

Animals↗