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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Belowground carbon allocation in unfertilized and fertilized red pine plantations in northern Wisconsin.

We estimated carbon allocation to belowground processes in unfertilized and fertilized red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations in northern Wisconsin to determine how soil fertility affects belowground allocation patterns. We used soil CO(2) efflux and litterfall measurements to estimate total belowground carbon allocation (root production and root respiration) by the carbon balance method, established root-free trenched plots to examine treatment effects on microbial respiration, estimated fine root production by sequential coring, and developed allometric equations to estimate coarse root production. Fine root production ranged from 150 to 284 g m(-2) year(-1) and was significantly lower for fertilized plots than for unfertilized plots. Coarse root production ranged from 60 to 90 g m(-2) year(-1) and was significantly lower for fertilized plots than for unfertilized plots. Annual soil CO(2) fluxes ranged from 331 to 541 g C m(-2) year(-1) and were significantly lower for fertilized plots than for unfertilized plots. Annual foliage litterfall ranged from 110 to 187 g C m(-2) year(-1) and was significantly greater for fertilized plots than for unfertilized plots. Total belowground carbon allocation ranged from 188 to 395 g C m(-2) year(-1) and was significantly lower for fertilized than for unfertilized plots. Annual soil CO(2) flux was lower for trenched plots than for untrenched plots but did not differ between fertilized and unfertilized trenched plots. Collectively, these independent estimates suggest that fertilization decreased the relative allocation of carbon belowground.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Dermatitis among workers cleaning the Sacramento River after a chemical spill--California, 1991.

On July 14, 1991, a train tanker car derailed in northern California, spilling 19,000 gallons of the soil fumigant metam sodium (sodium methyldithiocarbamate) into the Sacramento River north of Redding (Figure 1). The major breakdown product of metam sodium, methylisothiocyanate (MITC), is a known skin irritant at high concentrations (greater than 1%). By July 21, the concentration of MITC in the river, at multiple test sites, measured 20-40 parts per billion (0.01%). On August 6, Shasta County health officials notified the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) of an outbreak of dermatitis among Shasta County jail inmates and crew leaders who had assisted in removing dead fish from the river on July 21-22 in greater than 100 F (greater than 38 C) ambient temperature.

Accidents↗
PubMed1989

[Morphological and tissue-culture properties of Trichophyton equinum].

In the studies it was revealed that the content of the medium determines growth and appearance of T. equinum colony. On solid Sabouraud media two types of colonies were observed, however, colonies with characteristic radial folds and grooves in the paracentral zone and umbilical elevation in the centre dominated. As typical features of T. equinum one can accept dark red pigmentation of the reverse side of colony in the culture on solid Sabouraud medium with glucose and yellow and orange pigmentation on the same medium with no glucose. T. equinum strains which have lost the ability of creating characteristic dark red pigment regain that ability after a few passages on media with soil or after just one passage on laboratory animals. None of the studied T. equinum strains grew on medium with casamino acids free of vitamins, while they revealed rapid growth on the same medium with nicotinic acid. T. equinum strains which were used for the studies rapidly adopted to liquid Sabouraud medium and this made it possible to obtain sufficient quantity of mycelium for studies on ++pathogenicity and antigenic structure. On the basis of observations of growth on solid media and mass of mycelium gained on liquid media it was decided that the optimal temperature of incubation of T. equinum is 26-28 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Analysis of the endophytic actinobacterial population in the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of 16S rRNA clones.

The endophytic actinobacterial population in the roots of wheat grown in three different soils obtained from the southeast part of South Australia was investigated by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of the amplified 16S rRNA genes. A new, validated approach was applied to the T-RFLP analysis in order to estimate, to the genus level, the actinobacterial population that was identified. Actinobacterium-biased primers were used together with three restriction enzymes to obtain terminal restriction fragments (TRFs). The TRFs were matched to bacterial genera by the T-RFLP Analysis Program, and the data were analyzed to validate and semiquantify the genera present within the plant roots. The highest diversity and level of endophytic colonization were found in the roots of wheat grown in a dark loam from Swedes Flat, and the lowest were found in water-repellent sand from Western Flat. This molecular approach detected a greater diversity of actinobacteria than did previous culture-dependent methods, with the predominant genera being Mycobacterium (21.02%) in Swedes Flat, Streptomyces (14.35%) in Red Loam, and Kitasatospora (15.02%) in Western Flat. This study indicates that the soil that supported a higher number of indigenous organisms resulted in wheat roots with higher actinobacterial diversity and levels of colonization within the plant tissue. Sequencing of 16S rRNA clones, obtained using the same actinobacterium-biased PCR primers that were used in the T-RFLP analysis, confirmed the presence of the actinobacterial diversity and identified a number of Mycobacterium and Streptomyces species.

Actinobacteria↗
PubMed2003

Effects of Formica ants on soil fauna-results from a short-term exclusion and a long-term natural experiment.

Wood ants (Formica spp.) were hypothesised to affect the composition and greatly reduce the abundance of large-sized soil fauna by predation. This was tested in two ways. Firstly, a 4-year-long experimental study was carried out in a mixed forest. Five ant-free 1.3-m(2) plots were created by fenced exclosures within an ant territory. Five nearby plots had fences with entrances for the ants. In addition, five non-fenced control plots were selected. Soil fauna (e.g. Coleoptera, Diptera larvae, Collembola and Araneae) was sampled during the summers of 1997-2000. The soil fauna was affected by the exclosures but there was no detectable effect of ants on the soil fauna. Secondly, soil fauna was studied within a large-scale natural experiment in which the long-term (30 years) effects of red wood ants could be assessed inside and outside ant territories. This long-term natural experiment revealed no significant effects of ants on the abundance or composition of soil fauna. The results from the two studies indicate that the effects of wood ants on soil fauna are fairly small. The hypothesis that wood ants are key-stone predators on soil fauna could, thus, not be supported.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Infrared color photomicrography of soil microorganisms.

The infrared color photomicrography technique for detecting unstained microbial cells in soil is revised for use with Kodak's recently introduced Ektachrome infrared film. Thes new version of the film required achromatic objectives instead of apochromats, and the use of a blue filter in addition to the previously required red filter. These filters also improve the visual focus capability of the operator. It was found that dry soil smears can be photographed as either immersion oil or aqueous mounts. Several makes of bright-field transmitted-light microscopes gave similar results. Phase microscopy, however, produced deteriorated image quality although the proper 'false' colors were produced.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1992

Susceptibility and behavioral response of red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to selected entomogenous nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae & Heterorhabditidae).

Pathogenicity of infective juveniles of selected Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. toward developing and reproductive stages of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, was tested under laboratory conditions. At 10(3)-10(5) infective juveniles per Petri dish, mortality of reproductive larvae, pupae, and alates ranged from 28 to 100% at higher doses after 96 h at 23-25 degrees C. Steinernema carpocapsae All was the most consistent species tested; this nematode caused mortality of fire ant larvae, pupae, and alates of 82-94, 64-96, and 38-99%, respectively. Although not susceptible to nematode infection, worker ants vigorously preened nematodes from brood, alates, and themselves. In a field study, S. carpocapsae (5 x 10(6) and 2 x 10(6) drench, 2 x 10(6) infective juvenile infection) was applied to active fire ant mounds in 3.8-liter suspensions. Hydramethylnon (75 ml), a water drench, a water injection, and untreated fire ant mounds were marked and treated. Overall activity in mounds treated with nematodes of hydramethylnon ranged from 40 to 48%. Satellite mound activity accounted for 32-44% of overall activity in mounds treated with nematodes 2 wk after treatment. However, 6 wk after treatment, activity in mounds treated with hydramethylnon was 44%; activity of mounds treated with nematodes ranged from 52 to 80%. Satellite mound activity accounted for 0-24% of overall activity. Whereas a soil drench of S. carpocapsae showed potential as a control method for the red imported fire ant, colony relocation after nematode treatment could limit overall efficacy unless application techniques are developed to overcome or take advantage of the movement.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Accretion, partitioning and sequestration of calcium and aluminum in red spruce foliage: implications for tree health.

Calcium (Ca) is an essential macronutrient in plants and is an important component of many cellular structures and physiological processes as well as overall forest function. Aluminum (Al) in soil solution can inhibit Ca uptake by plants and disrupt many Ca-dependent metabolic and physiological processes of plants. The ratio of Ca to Al in soil solution can be an important indicator of forest health, especially on acid soils. We used sequential chemical extractions (water, acetic acid and hydrochloric acid) to assess the chemical availability of Ca and Al in foliage from mature red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) trees growing under ambient environmental conditions. In plants deficient in Ca and with intermediate total foliar Ca concentration ([Ca]), Ca preferentially accrued in labile and physiologically available forms (water- and acetic acid-extractable). In plants with total foliar [Ca] above a "sufficiency" threshold, Ca also accrued in a chemically sequestered form with low solubility (HCl-extractable), suggesting that Ca sequestration is an inducible process in response to excess foliar Ca. Because it has low solubility, it is likely that sequestered Ca is unavailable for Ca-dependent physiological processes. Immobilization of Al in foliage was related to Ca sequestration, suggesting that Ca sequestration may provide a passive mechanism for Al tolerance in the foliage of these trees. Aluminum immobilization was evident based on the ratio of HCl-extractable Al to the more labile (water- and acetic acid-extractable) forms of Al. Sufficient labile Ca combined with Al sequestration was associated with plant health, including enhanced foliar accretion of Mg and Mn, greater tree growth, enhanced foliar cold hardiness and reduced winter injury. These findings demonstrate that not all chemical forms of foliar Ca and Al are of equal physiological significance and underscore the importance of assessing the biologically significant element forms in biogeochemical research.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1995

Preventing toxoplasmic encephalitis in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

Toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) is the second most common AIDS-related opportunistic infection of the CNS. It occurs in 10%-50% of patients with AIDS who are seropositive for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and have CD4+ T lymphocyte counts of < 100/mm3. Primary toxoplasmic infection usually is acquired by ingestion of T. gondii oocysts from soil contaminated by cat feces or by ingestion of tissue cysts present in undercooked red meats. In patients with AIDS, TE probably results from the reactivation of Toxoplasma tissue cysts that remained latent after the primary infection. Detection of IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma indicates prior infection and the possible presence of tissue cysts and, thus, risk for developing TE. A regimen of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or dapsone plus pyrimethamine with leucovorin is recommended for persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and who are seropositive for IgG to Toxoplasma after their CD4+ T lymphocyte counts fall to < 100/mm3. HIV-infected persons who are seronegative for IgG to Toxoplasma should be counseled to protect themselves from primary toxoplasmic infection by eating only well-cooked meats and washing their hands after outdoor activities involving soil contact; if they have a cat, they should feed it only commercial or well-cooked foods, keep it indoors, and make sure that the litter box is changed daily. HIV-infected persons who are Toxoplasma seropositive may also be advised about these preventive behavioral practices.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1984

Persistence of Nosema locustae Spores in Soil as Determined by Fluorescence Microscopy.

Nosema locustae, a protozoan parasite of grasshoppers, is used as a bioinsecticide. In the present study, the persistence of N. locustae spores in soil and the interaction of these spores with the indigenous soil microflora were examined with various forms of microscopy and staining. Fluorescence microscopy was found to be better than phase-contrast or bright-field microscopy for detecting and viewing spores in soil. Fluorescein isothiocyanate was a better fluorescent stain than acridine orange or fluorescein diacetate; water-soluble aniline blue did not stain spores. The eight bright-field microscopy stains tested (phenolic erythrosin, phenolic rose bengal, malachite green, crystal violet, safranin, Congo red, methyl red, and eosin B) were not satisfactory, as spore staining characteristics were either poor or masked by overstained soil debris. A procedure was developed which allowed spores to be extracted from soil with a peptone-phosphate buffer, recovered on a membrane filter, and stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate for microscopic counting. This procedure was used to assess the persistence of N. locustae spores in field and laboratory soils. The number of N. locustae spores in a laboratory model soil system persisted at a high level for over 8 weeks when the soil was incubated at 5 degrees C but exhibited a 1,000-fold decrease after 1 week of incubation at 27 degrees C. Persistence was related to the temperature-dependent activity of the indigenous soil microflora, which, on the basis of microscopic observations, appeared to prey on N. locustae spores. N. locustae spores were detected in an N. locustae-treated field soil at a low level consistent with the level for laboratory soil incubated at 27 degrees C, and they persisted at this level for over 2 months. No spores were detected on vegetation from this field or in the soil from an adjacent, nontreated control field. N. locustae-like spores were also detected in soil from nontreated fields supporting large grasshopper populations.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Simple method for determining cellulolytic activity in fungi].

Wild fungal strains isolated from litter and soil were inoculated in test tubes containing a synthetic medium with 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as sole carbon source. After the incubation time, cylindrical probes were taken from each tube using a borer and stained with Congo red 0.1% to reveal the remaining CMC. The relative cellulase activity was estimated by measuring the deepness of the clearing zone, and the growth by the limit of mycelial penetration in the medium. The ratio: hydrolysis zone/depth of growth, provides additional information to compare strains. A test using culture supernatants of liquid media growing strains was developed for enzyme assay using a modification of the cylinder-plate method. Petri dishes were filled with agar-CMC medium and cups were cut off with a steel punch. Such cups were filled with culture supernatants. After incubation, the plated were stained with Congo red, and the diameter of each cleared zone was recorded. Comparative studies of strains could be performed as well as quantitation of enzyme activity using a standard cellulase solution and computing the area of the cleared zones. This method may be useful when a large number of strains must be tested for cellulolytic activity or when conventional tests fail for assaying enzymatic induction in vitro.

Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium↗
PubMed2001

Capacity of Irpex lacteus and Pleurotus ostreatus for decolorization of chemically different dyes.

The rate and efficiency of decolorization of poly R-478- or Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR)-containing agar plates (200 microg x g(-1)) were tested to evaluate the dye degradation activity in a total of 103 wood-rotting fungal strains. Best strains were able to completely decolorize plates within 10 days at 28 degrees C. Irpex lacteus and Pleurotus ostreatus were selected and used for degradation of six different groups of dyes (azo, diazo, anthraquinone-based, heterocyclic, triphenylmethane, phthalocyanine) on agar plates. Both fungi efficiently degraded dyes from all groups. Removal of RBBR, Bromophenol blue, Cu-phthalocyanine, Methyl red and Congo red was studied with I. lacteus also in liquid medium. Within 14 days, the following color reductions were attained: RBBR 93%, Bromophenol blue 100%, Cu-phthalocyanine 98%, Methyl red 56%, Congo red 58%. The ability of I. lacteus to degrade RBBR spiked into sterile soil was checked, the removal being 77% of the dye added within 6 weeks. The capacity of selected white rot fungal species to remove efficiently diverse synthetic dyes from water and soil environments is documented.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2002

Human blood and environmental media screening method for pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl compounds using liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.

Screening assessment methods have been developed for semi- and non-volatile persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for human blood and solid environmental media. The specific methodology is developed for measuring the presence of "native" compounds, specifically, a variety of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), and for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The method is demonstrated on anonymous Red Cross blood samples as well as two potential environmental sources, tracked in soil and dog hair. This work is based on previously developed methods for semi-volatile hydrocarbon exposure from fuels usage and similarly employs liquid solvent extraction, evaporative volume reduction. and subsequent specialized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). Standard curves, estimates of recovery efficiency, and specific GC-MS SIM quantification methods were developed for common pesticides including diazinon. aldrin, chlorpyrifos, malathion, dieldrin, DDT, permethrin, cyhalothrin, and cypermethrin, and for seven selected PCBs. Trace levels of certain PCBs and pesticides such as permethrin, dieldrin, malathion, lindane, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos were tentatively identified in anonymous blood samples as well as in two potential environmental sources. tracked in soil and dog hair. The method provides a simple screening procedure for various media and a variety of common organic pollutants without extensive sample preparation. It is meant to complement and augment data from more specific or complex methodology, to provide initial broad spectrum guidance for designing targeted experiments, and to provide confirmatory evidence for the usual metabolic biomarker measurements made to assess human exposure.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1994

[Toxicity studies of paclitaxel. (III)--Six-month intermittent intravenous toxicity in rats].

Paclitaxel, an antineoplastic agent, was intravenously given to Crj:CD (SD) rats of both sexes at 0 (saline), 0 (vehicle), 0.3 (low dose), 1.0 (intermediate dose) and 3.3 (high dose) mg/kg at seven-day interval over a six-month period (total of 27 doses) to investigate its repeated dose toxicity. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. No deaths occurred in this study. Vehicle-related salivation was seen for some high dose and vehicle control rats. Soiling of the perigenital region was observed for some high dose females. 2. Red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit and white blood cell count were decreased for high dose rats. Reticulocyte count was increased and relative neutrophil count was decreased for high dose males. 3. Relative erythroid and myeloid cell count were decreased for high dose rats in bone marrow smear examinations. 4. Bone marrow hypoplasia and splenic hemosiderosis were observed for high dose rats, and thymic atrophy and lymphoid depletion were seen for some high dose males. Based on the these results, the no-toxic effect dose of paclitaxel was estimated to be 1.0 mg/kg in rats under this study condition.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of light-regulated seed germination in Ficus spp. and Cecropia obtusifolia: ecological implications.

The major components of annual seed deposition in the rain forest at Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México are seeds of the pioneer tree species Cecropia obtusifolia and those of some species of Ficus. Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol. forms a relatively persistent viable soil seed bank, whereas seeds of Ficus are seldom found in the soil. Both genera require light for seed germination; however, the species differ in their germination responses to far red (FR) light under laboratory and field conditions. Seeds of C. obtusifolia did not germinate in low red/far red (R/FR) or pure FR, whereas seeds of the Ficus species did. This suggests that Ficus seeds do not become dormant under the light conditions (low R/FR ratio) beneath the leaf canopy of the rain forest. This difference may explain why the species differ in their presence in the soil seed bank.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Physiological and foliar symptom response in the crowns of Prunus serotina, Fraxinus americana and Acer rubrum canopy trees to ambient ozone under forest conditions.

The crowns of five canopy dominant black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), five white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and six red maple (Acer rubrum L.) trees on naturally differing environmental conditions were accessed with scaffold towers within a mixed hardwood forest stand in central Pennsylvania. Ambient ozone concentrations, meteorological parameters, leaf gas exchange and leaf water potential were measured at the sites during the growing seasons of 1998 and 1999. Visible ozone-induced foliar injury was assessed on leaves within the upper and lower crown branches of each tree. Ambient ozone exposures were sufficient to induce typical symptoms on cherry (0-5% total affected leaf area, LAA), whereas foliar injury was not observed on ash or maple. There was a positive correlation between increasing cumulative ozone uptake (U) and increasing percent of LAA for cherry grown under drier site conditions. The lower crown leaves of cherry showed more severe foliar injury than the upper crown leaves. No significant differences in predawn leaf water potential (psi(L)) were detected for all three species indicating no differing soil moisture conditions across the sites. Significant variation in stomatal conductance for water vapor (g(wv)) was found among species, soil moisture, time of day and sample date. When comparing cumulative ozone uptake and decreased photosynthetic activity (P(n)), red maple was the only species to show higher gas exchange under mesic vs. drier soil conditions (P < 0.05). The inconsistent differences in gas exchange response within the same crowns of ash and the uncoupling relationship between g(wv) and P(n) demonstrate the strong influence of heterogeneous environmental conditions within forest canopies.

Acer↗
PubMed2003

Monitoring of landfill leachate dispersion using reflectance spectroscopy and ground-penetrating radar.

The utility of ground-penetrating radar and reflectance spectroscopy in the monitoring of landfill sites has been investigated. Strong correlations between red edge inflection position and chlorophyll and heavy metal concentrations have been demonstrated from grassland species affected by leachate contamination of the soil adjacent to the landfill test site. This study demonstrated that reflectance spectroscopy can identify vegetation affected by leachate-contaminated soil at a range of spatial resolutions. To identify the vegetation affected by leachate contamination, the spectroradiometer must have contiguous bands at sufficient spectral resolution over the critical wave range that measures chlorophyll absorption and the red edge (between 650 and 750 nm). The utility of ground-penetrating radar data to identify leachate escaping from breakout points in the contaminant wall has also been demonstrated. An integrated approach using these techniques, combined with field and borehole sampling and contaminant migration modeling, offers a possible cost-effective monitoring approach for landfill sites.

Chlorophyll↗