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PubMed1999

Low probability of chloroplast movement from oilseed rape (Brassica napus) into wild Brassica rapa.

Pollen-mediated movement of transgenes from transplastomic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) into wild relatives will be avoided if chloroplasts are maternally transmitted. We assess the probability of chloroplast exchange between conventional oilseed rape and wild Brassica rapa to model the future behavior of transplastomic cultivars. Primers specific to cpDNA were used to demonstrate maternal inheritance of chloroplasts in 47 natural hybrids between cultivated B. napus and wild B. rapa. We conclude that there will be no or negligible pollen-mediated chloroplast dispersal from oilseed rape. Transgene introgression could still occur in mixed populations, however, if B. napus acted as the recurrent female parent. Rate of transfer would then depend on the abundance of mixed populations, their persistence as mixtures, and hybridization frequency within stands. A low incidence of sympatry (0.6-0.7%) between wild B. rapa and cultivated B. napus along the river Thames, UK, in 1997 and 1998, suggests mixed stands will form only rarely. Eighteen feral populations of B. napus also showed a strong tendency toward rapid decline in plant number, seed return, and ultimately, extinction within 3 years. Conversely, hybrid production is significant in mixed stands, and the absence of control practices means that oilseed rape will have slightly greater persistence. We infer that some introgression from transplastomic B. napus into B. rapa is inevitable in mixed populations even though such populations will occur infrequently and will tend to lose B. napus plants relatively quickly. Chloroplast exchange will be extremely rare and scattered.

Brassica↗
PubMed1996

Biotin carboxyl carrier protein and carboxyltransferase subunits of the multi-subunit form of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from Brassica napus: cloning and analysis of expression during oilseed rape embryogenesis.

In the oilseed rape Brassica napus there are two forms of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). As in other dicotyledonous plants there is a type I ACCase, the single polypeptide 220 kDa form, and a type II multi-subunit complex analogous to that of Escherichia coli and Anabaena. This paper describes the cloning and characterization of a plant biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) from the type II ACCase complex that shows 61% identity/79% similarity with Anabaena BCCP at the amino acid level. Six classes of nuclear encoded oilseed rape BCCP cDNA were clones, two of which contained the entire coding region. The BCCP sequences allowed the assignment of function to two previously unassigned Arabidopsis expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences. We also report the cloning of a second type II ACCase component from oilseed rape, the beta-carboxyltransferase subunit (betaCT), which is chloroplast-encoded. Northern analysis showed that although the relative levels of BCCP and betaCT mRNA differed between different oilseed rape tissues, their temporal patterns of expression were identical during embryo development. At the protein level, expression of BCCP during embryo development was studied by Western blotting, using affinity-purified anti-biotin polyclonal sera. With this technique a 35 kDa protein thought to be BCCP was shown to reside within the chloroplast. This analysis also permitted us to view the differential expression of several unidentified biotinylated proteins during embryogenesis.

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase↗
PubMed2002

A comparative investigation of the metabolism of the herbicide glufosinate in cell cultures of transgenic glufosinate-resistant and non-transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and corn (Zea mays).

To obtain information on differences between the metabolic pathways of the herbicide glufosinate (trade names: BASTA, LIBERTY) in non-transgenic, glufosinate-sensitive plants and in transgenic, glufosinate-resistant plants, the metabolism of 14C-labeled glufosinate and its enantiomers L- and D-glufosinate was studied using cell cultures of oilseed rape and corn. Transformation of glufosinate in both sensitive and transgenic rape cells remained at a low rate of about 3-10% in contrast to corn cells, where 20% was transformed in sensitive and 43% in transgenic cells after 14 days of incubation, the rest remaining as unchanged glufosinate. In sensitive rape and corn cells the main metabolite was 4-methylphosphinico-2-oxo-butanoic acid (PPO) with 7.3 and 16.4%, respectively, together with low amounts of 3-methylphosphinicopropionic acid (MPP), 4-methylphosphinico-2-hydroxybutanoic acid (MHB), 4-methylphosphinicobutanoic acid (MPB) and 2-methylphosphinicoacetic acid (MPA). An additional metabolite formed in transgenic cell cultures was 2-acetamido-4-methylbutanoic acid (N-acetyl-L-glufosinate, NGA), which was formed at rates of 3.2% in rape and 16.1% in corn. A further minor metabolite, not yet identified, was detected in both cell types. The liberation of 0.2% 14CO2 indicates further metabolic steps prior to a limited mineralization in plant cell cultures. L-glufosinate was transformed into the same metabolites as the glufosinate racemate. D-glufosinate was not metabolized.

Aminobutyrates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identifying hazards in complex ecological systems. Part 3: Hierarchical Holographic Model for herbicide tolerant oilseed rape.

This paper is the third in a series designed to demonstrate the application of rigorous, systematic hazard identification techniques to ecological systems. Here we use Hierarchical Holographic Modelling to identify the potential ecological hazards associated with the commercial release of herbicide tolerant oilseed rape. Hierarchical Holographic Models decompose complex systems into a series of sub-systems and consider interactions between the components and processes of these sub-systems in order to identify hazards. In this example we considered 1356 potential interactions between the biological, chemical and physical components and processes of the herbicide tolerant oilseed rape environment, and identified 152 potential hazards, grouped into 14 categories. The hazards were subsequently scored for degree of concern and plausibility, and then compared with an equivalent list of hazards generated independently by a checklist approach. The incidence of herbicide tolerant volunteers (and weeds) both on and off the farm had the highest average score of all the ecological hazard categories. The checklist based approach identified or implied 44% of the hazards identified in the Hierarchical Holographic Model, including nine of the ten hazards ranked most important. The checklist approach focussed almost exclusively on the phenotypic and genotypic hazards associated with herbicide tolerant oilseed rape and largely ignored the hazards associated with the circumstances surrounding its use. As a result the checklist identified only 6 out of the 79 potential hazards associated with changes to farming practice. The commercial release of herbicide tolerant oilseed rape will be associated with changes in tillage and the application of post-emergent herbicides. It may also lead to changes in spray schedules of insecticide and fungicide. Many of the environmental hazards identified with these changes are plausible and may warrant further investigation or targeted monitoring.

Brassica napus↗
PubMed2005

Persistence of seeds from crops of conventional and herbicide tolerant oilseed rape (Brassica napus).

A series of rotation experiments at five sites over four years has explored the environmental and agronomic implications of growing herbicide tolerant oilseed rape and sugar beet. This paper reports on the population dynamics of volunteer rape (Brassica napus). The experiments compared four winter oilseed rape (WOSR) cultivars: a conventional cultivar (Apex) and three developmental cultivars either genetically modified (GM) to be tolerant to glyphosate or glufosinate, or conventionally bred to be tolerant to herbicides of the imidazolinone group. Seed losses at harvest averaged 3575 seeds m(-2) but ranged from less than 2000 up to more than 10000 seeds m(-2). There was a rapid decline in seed numbers during the first few months after harvest, resulting in a mean loss of seeds of 60%. In subsequent seasons, the seedbank declined much more slowly at four of the five sites (ca 20% per year) and the models predicted 95% seed loss after approximately 9 years. Seed decline was much faster at the fifth site. There were no clear differences between the four cultivars in either the numbers of seeds shed at harvest or in their subsequent persistence. The importance of the persistence of GM rape seeds, in the context of the coexistence of GM and non-GM crops and the role of good management practices that minimize seed persistence, are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Temporal and spatial expression of a polygalacturonase during leaf and flower abscission in oilseed rape and Arabidopsis.

During leaf abscission in oilseed rape (Brassica napus), cell wall degradation is brought about by the action of several hydrolytic enzymes. One of these is thought to be polygalacturonase (PG). Degenerate primers were used to isolate a PG cDNA fragment by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction from RNA extracted from ethylene-promoted leaf abscission zones (AZs), and in turn a full-length clone (CAW471) from an oilseed rape AZ cDNA library. The highest homology of this cDNA (82%) was to an Arabidopsis sequence that was predicted to encode a PG protein. Analysis of expression revealed that CAW471 mRNA accumulated in the AZ of leaves and reached a peak 24 h after ethylene treatment. Ethylene-promoted leaf abscission in oilseed rape was not apparent until 42 h after exposure to the gas, reaching 50% at 48 h and 100% by 56 h. In floral organ abscission, expression of CAW471 correlated with cell separation. Genomic libraries from oilseed rape and Arabidopsis were screened with CAW471 and the respective genomic clones PGAZBRAN and PGAZAT isolated. Characterization of these PG genes revealed that they had substantial homology within both the coding regions and in the 5'-upstream sequences. Fusion of a 1,476-bp 5'-upstream sequence of PGAZAT to beta-glucuronidase or green fluorescent protein and transformation of Arabidopsis revealed that this fragment was sufficient to drive expression of these reporter genes in the AZs at the base of the anther filaments, petals, and sepals.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Evidence that oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera) causes respiratory illness in rural dwellers.

A study of 25 residents in a small Scottish village over a two-year period investigated respiratory symptom reporting in the presence or absence of oilseed rape. Symptom reporting in the year when oilseed rape virtually surrounded the village, varied during the growing season of the crop and was at its highest coincident with peak flowering. At the same period of the following year when the crop was absent, symptom reporting was significantly lower. The symptoms which correlated most strongly with peak oilseed rape flowering were sneezing, cough, headache, eye irritation and the total of these and other symptoms. Increased symptoms were reported by 12 of the participants though only seven of these were judged to be atopic. The symptoms did not correlate with levels of oilseed rape pollen but there is no clear evidence as to which of the other factors associated with the crop might be the cause.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Formation of artificial nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with rape (Brassica napus var. napus) plants in nonsterile soil].

The treatment of rape plants grown in nonsterile soil with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (auxin-like growth-promoting substance) or their inoculation with the bacterial association Micrococcus sp. + Rhodococcus sp. and/or with the mixed nitrogen-fixing culture Azotobacter nigricans + Bacillus sp. led to the formation of paranodules on the rape roots. The introduced bacteria were detected both in the intercellular space and inside the cells of the paranodules and the rape roots. The nitrogen-fixing activity of the paranodulated plants was two times higher than that of the inoculated plants lacking paranodules and five times higher than that of the control (i.e., not inoculated) plants. The paranodulation led to a 40% increase in the crop yield of rape plants and provided for a statistically significant increase in the total nitrogen as well as protein nitrogen contents of the plants.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed2001

Gene flow from a large scale release of genetically modified herbicide tolerant and hybrid winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.).

One of the major concerns regarding the cultivation of transgenic crops is the uncontrolled spread of transgenes among fields or to related wild species. To address this concern a long-term study has been set up to assess the amount of gene flow that is occurring from a large scale field trial of genetically modified herbicide tolerant and hybrid (GMHTH) oilseed rape. During the first year of the project, outcrossing of the herbicide tolerance gene from a large scale release of GMHTH winter oilseed rape to a non-transgenic oilseed rape crop in the vicinity and to wild relatives in the environment has been monitored. After harvesting seeds on oilseed rape plants or wild relatives, the seeds are sown in the greenhouse. Seedlings are sprayed with the herbicide on two different occasions. In this way escapes of the first treatment that are not transgenic will be eliminated. To confirm the transgene state of the surviving plants, leaf material is collected from resistant plants. DNA is extracted and the material is examined for the presence of the herbicide tolerance gene by means of a PCR assay. Results on the levels of cross pollination will be discussed.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

[Response of POD and CAT during seeds of rice, wheat and rape germination on acid rain stress].

The effects of simulated acid rain (pH 2.5 - 5.0) on the activities of POD and CAT were investigated during germination of rice (O. sativa), wheat (T. aestivum) and rape (B. chinensis var. oleifera) seeds. Compared with the control (CK), the amplitude of the change in the activity of CAT and POD is that rice (28.8%, 31.7%) < wheat (34.7%, 48.3%) < rape (79.3%, 50.0%), respectively. The pH significantly different (p < 0.05) from CK follows the order: rice (3.5) > wheat (4.0) > rape (5.0). All of these revealed that the ability of resisting acid rain stress is that rice is stronger than wheat and rape is the worst. Under the same condition, the amplitude of the change in the activity of CAT is more sensitivity toward acid rain stress than that of POD. The difference in free radicals removed by these 3 species is one of the reasons why the germinating indexes behaved differently.

Acid Rain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis caused by rape flour: description of a clinical case].

A 48 year old man, employed in a grain and animal feed store for 9 years, was referred to our clinic complaining of nasal blockage, rhinorrhea, sneezing, ocular burning, coughing and wheezing occurring over the last 12 months. The man's main task was to manually load and unload the unpackaged grain and feed. Symptoms occurred only when he worked directly with oilseed rape flour and not when he worked with other types of grains. Eye and nasal symptoms appeared during the work shift, while respiratory symptoms were worse at night than during the day after exposure to rape for more than 2 consecutive days. Physical examination was normal, as were the results of the pulmonary function studies. The methacholine inhalation test, performed to measure the level of non-specific airways responsiveness, showed normal bronchial reactivity. Results of allergy skin prick tests were negative for common inhalant and food allergens, but slightly positive for the oilseed rape flour extract. Registration of the peak expiratory flow (PEF) showed slight decreases in PEF values after occupational exposure. We conclude that this case is suggestive of asthma and rhino-conjunctivitis, induced by oilseed rape flour, probably due to an allergic mechanism.

Brassica↗
PubMed1995

Personality of rape survivors as a group and by relation of survivor to perpetrator.

Adult survivors of rape were compared to controls on 34 scales of the Apperceptive Personality Test and Draw-A-Person Questionnaire. They also reported on present or past weight problems, alcohol or drug problems, and psychotherapy. They differed on 12 scales and on alcohol, weight problems, and therapy. These survivors more frequently reported problems or therapy and differed on personality scales in the direction of assigning fewer positive or more negative attributes to their characters. Those raped by relatives, dates, or acquaintances were more negative than those raped by strangers on four scales, but did not differ on alcohol or weight problems or participation in psychotherapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Treatment of adult victims of rape.

Literature regarding the aftermath of rape, the process of recovery from rape, and treatment is reviewed. Suggestions for conceptualizing a rape experience within the broader context of women's lives are given and specific intervention techniques are also reviewed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

Attitudes toward rape among mental health professionals.

This study examined the attribution of blame in rape among mental health professionals from one state. Thirty-eight professionals (76% of the total population) completed the Attribution of Rape Blame Scale, a 20-item questionnaire reflecting different ways people account for rape. The responses were factor analyzed yielding four clear factors: Societal Blame, Victim Blame, Assailant Blame, and Sociological Status Blame. Analyses of variance were then performed on the participants' four factor scores to determine if there were differences in blame attribution across age or gender of respondents. The only significant finding was a gender difference on the societal blame factor. Results of the factor analysis, ANOVAs as well as implications for training of professionals are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Sertraline in the treatment of rape victims with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a significant problem following rape, yet reports on the efficacy of pharmacological agents in this population are lacking. The results of an open 12-week clinical trial utilizing sertraline (mean dose 105 mg) in the treatment of adult female rape victims with chronic PTSD are presented. The five completers were, on average, 41.6 years old and 15.6 years postassault. Sertraline reduced PTSD and related symptoms in these rape victims. The mean Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) scores decreased by 53%, with four out of five participants responding positively to treatment. These preliminary results support the need for systematic assessment of sertraline in this population.

1-Naphthylamine↗
PubMed2006

Female urethral and bladder neck injury after rape: an appraisal of the surgical management.

The aim of this study was to discuss the surgical management of urethral and bladder neck injury after urethral coitus during rape. A 21-year-old lady presented with total urinary incontinence of 1-year duration after being raped. On examination, she had urethral laceration and a patulous urethra and bladder neck suggesting urethral coitus during the rape. Her introitus and vagina were however normal. She had repair of her urethral laceration and plication of her urethra and bladder neck via a vaginal approach. She regained her continence and voids without any residual urine. Urethral coitus is rare. Urethral coitus in the presence of a normal introitus and vagina is very rare. The urethral and bladder neck injury resulting from this can be satisfactorily corrected by urethral and bladder neck plication via a vaginal approach with the vaginal incisions positioned to forestall suture line apposition, which may lead to wound failure.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Colposcopy to establish physical findings in rape victims.

OBJECTIVE: Conventional rape examination protocols have been poor in yielding genital findings (10% to 30% typically). We report our experience with a revised protocol employing colposcopy to perform genital examinations of victims and to document findings. STUDY DESIGN: Physical examinations were performed on rape victims seen by San Luis Obispo County's Suspected Abuse Response Team between 1985 and 1990, and the results were reviewed for this study. RESULTS: Of 131 patients seen within 48 hours and who experienced penile penetration, 114 (87%) had positive findings. Colposcopic magnification allowed examiners to characterize these findings as acute mounting injuries, typically seen at 3, 6, and 9 o'clock on the posterior fourchette and consisting chiefly of lacerations, ecchymosis, and swelling. CONCLUSIONS: An examination protocol that includes colposcopy may be the most reliable means to document and characterize genital findings in rape victims and to evaluate whether findings may be linked to a reported sexual assault.

Colposcopy↗
PubMed2006

Rape trauma syndrome: time to open the floodgates?

The conviction rate in rape cases remains remarkably low, leading many to believe a new approach is needed to prosecuting such crimes. Many important steps have been taken in relation to the collection and retention of evidence and the setting up of specialist rape prosecutors, but important evidential weaknesses remain present in the system alongside Victorian attitudes to sexual conduct. The British Home Office is currently consulting on a number of measures, including the admissibility of evidence showing the presence of rape trauma syndrome. This paper examines the history of this controversial evidential debate.

Crime Victims↗