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PubMed1988

The reliability and validity of a sensory developmental expectation questionnaire for mothers of newborns.

The purpose of this study was to construct and conduct preliminary reliability and validity studies on a questionnaire designed to measure a mother's ability to provide an adequate sensory environment for her newborn child. The questionnaire was conceptualized as an extension and application of sensory integrative theory into the domain of maternal role preparation. The instrument assessed (a) a mother's knowledge of the sensory capacity of the newborn and (b) a mother's perception of her ability to influence the development of her child. The subjects were 55 primiparas of newborn infants who responded to the questionnaire within 3 days postpartum. The findings demonstrated that the questionnaire measured the two traits reliably. Additionally they indicated that knowledge of the sensory capacity of the newborn correlated positively with perceived influence on development. Maternal age did not correlate with the mothers' knowledge of the sensory capacity of the child, but did correlate with perceived influence of mothers on development. Educational level of the respondent correlated with scores on both subscales. With further research, it is foreseen that this questionnaire may be used by occupational therapists as a part of a screening interview for identifying mothers who may be at risk for failure to provide adequate sensory experiences for their children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Symptoms of ocular discomfort and microclimate: epidemiologic and environmental survey in operating rooms].

An epidemiological investigation regarding the ocular symptoms of 213 subjects working in the operating theatres of a hospital of the eastern Sicily was conducted. Information was gathered via a questionnaire designed to identify the ocular symptoms that occurred most frequently during working hours in the operating theatre. The questionnaire was administered by a specialist in Occupational Health, before any decision was made to investigate the indoor air quality. The microclimate parameters (temperature, relative humidity, number of air changes/hour, air velocity, illumination levels) of the operating theatres were also studied. The results of the epidemiological investigation showed that 154 subjects out of 213 (72.3%) reported a lack of eye comfort. The most frequently reported symptoms were fatigue (35.21%) and heaviness (34.27%), followed by burning (25.82%), redness (25.35%), lacrimation (17.84%), itching (2%), blinking (20%), foreign body sensation (19%) and photophobia (10%). The study of the indoor climate of the operating theatres showed that the number of air changes/hour and illumination level were not consistent with those recommended by the Italian Regulatory Authority. Others parameters were considered to be satisfactory. The Authors conclude that the low illumination level may be responsible for the high percentage of subjects suffering from eye fatigue and heaviness. The ineffective rate of room air exchange, possibly interacting with chemicals and aerosols, is thought to be responsible for the other ocular symptoms experienced by the workers. The present study suggests that the operating theatre environment might be a cause of the ocular discomfort often complained of by health care workers. Further studies are needed in this area.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Multivariate analysis of factors influencing quality of life and utility in patients with haemophilia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although several studies have determined quality of life (QOL) in patients with hemophilia, generic questionnaires have rarely been used. The objectives of our study were; 1) to measure QOL and utility in patients with hemophilia using the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and the EuroQOL questionnaires; 2) to evaluate the influence of some clinical variables on QOL and utility; 3) to assess the correlation between the two questionnaires. DESIGN AND METHODS: All consecutive patients with hemophilia were asked to complete the SF-36 and the EuroQOL questionnaires. The following information was recorded from each patient: age, type of hemophilia, severity of disease, HCV and HIV infection, number of bleeding episodes and cumulative dose of coagulation factors over the previous year. These items were entered into a multivariate analysis to assess their effect on QOL. Correlation analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between the EuroQOL and SF-36. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients completed the SF-36 and the EuroQOL questionnaires. The mean scores of the SF-36 ranged from 55.2 (general health) to 74.7 (social functioning). The EuroQOLself-classifier and the EuroQOLvas showed a mean score of 0.67 (SD=0.26) and 0.66 (SD=0.17), respectively. Among the clinical variables, age significantly influenced both the EuroQOL and the SF-36 scores. The EuroQOL indices showed a statistically significant correlation with each dimension of the SF-36. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our study quantified the degree to which QOL is impaired in patients with hemophilia by using both a generic questionnaire and a utility-based approach.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Validation of subjective measures of fatigue after elective operations.

OBJECTIVE: To find out if it was possible to evaluate postoperative fatigue by questionnaire. DESIGN: Open study. SETTING: University hospital. SUBJECTS: 23 patients about to undergo elective general surgical operations. INTERVENTIONS: A questionnaire was filled in before, and 2-46 days after, operation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Six measures of fatigue were derived from the questionnaire and validated objectively with changes in body weight, exercise tolerance (n = 10), or grip strength (n = 21). RESULTS: The six measures all showed a significant increase after operation. The changes in fatigue correlated well, but there were differences in sensitivity to changes in perceived weakness compared with perceived tiredness. Each measure correlated significantly with either body weight, exercise tolerance or grip strength. CONCLUSION: Questionnaires can provide reliable results in the assessment of postoperative fatigue.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Shoulder disability questionnaires: a systematic review].

OBJECTIVES: To identify all available shoulder disability questionnaires designed to measure physical functioning and to examine those with satisfactory clinimetric quality. METHODS: We used the Medline database and the "Guide des outils de mesure de l'évaluation en médecine physique et de réadaptation" textbook to search for questionnaires. Analysis took into account the development methodology, clinimetric quality of the instruments and frequency of their utilization. We classified the instruments according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. RESULTS: Thirty-eight instruments have been developed to measure disease-, shoulder- or upper extremity-specific outcome. Four scales assess upper-extremity disability and 3 others shoulder disability. We found 6 scales evaluating disability and shoulder pain, 7 scales measuring the quality of life in patients with various conditions of the shoulder, 14 scales combining objective and subjective measures, 2 pain scales and 2 unclassified scales. Older instruments developed before the advent of modern measurement development methodology usually combine objective and subjective measures. Recent instruments were designed with appropriate methodology. Most are self-administered questionnaires. CONCLUSION: Numerous shoulder outcome measure instruments are available. There is no "gold standard" for assessing shoulder function outcome in the general population.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed1997

Prescribing behaviour in clinical practice: patients' expectations and doctors' perceptions of patients' expectations--a questionnaire study.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of patients' expectations for medication and doctors' perceptions of patients' expectations on prescribing when patients present with new conditions. DESIGN: Questionnaire study of practitioners and patients. SETTING: General practice in Newcastle, Australia. SUBJECTS: 22 non-randomly selected general practitioners and 336 of their patients with a newly diagnosed medical condition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prescription of medication and expectation of it. RESULTS: Medication was prescribed for 169 (50%) patients. After controlling for the presenting condition, patients who expected medication were nearly three times more likely to receive medication (odds ratio = 2.9, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 6.3). When the general practitioner thought the patient expected medication the patient was 10 times more likely to receive it (odds ratio = 10.1, 5.3 to 19.6). A significant association existed between patients' expectation and doctors' perception of patients' expectation (chi 2 = 52.0, df = 4, P = 0.001). For all categories of patient expectation, however, patients were more likely to receive medication when the practitioner judged the patient to want medication than when the practitioner ascribed no expectation to the patient. CONCLUSIONS: Although patients brought expectations to the consultation regarding medication, the doctors' opinions about their expectations were the strongest determinants of prescribing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Data collection methods and results in user surveys in mental health care].

BACKGROUND: Questionnaires on patient experience are increasingly used as quality indicators in the health services. There is limited evidence relating to alternative approaches to surveying patients within this field. We wanted to assess the effect of different methods of data collection on response rates and scores produced by a self-administered questionnaire on patient experience for adult inpatients receiving mental health care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were collected from adult inpatients treated at three community mental health centres affiliated with the psychiatric clinic at Stavanger University hospital in spring 2005. The inclusion period was nine weeks, with three designs at consecutive time periods: A, a postal survey following discharge; B, a clinical survey before discharge; and C, patients given the choice of A or B. RESULTS: The response rate was highest with the postal design (38% vs. 24% and 23% respectively), but the differences were related to one additional reminder in the postal design. Out of the 11 questions, 4 had significantly poorer scores for the postal design. Questionnaire scores were significantly poorer with the postal design; 50 (on a scale from 0 to 100), vs. 59 and 63 in design B and C respectively. INTERPRETATION: The choice of data collection methods influences the results in user surveys in mental health care. This is an important consideration in the planning of studies and in the interpretation of the results, and in the comparison of results between studies using different data collection methods.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A web-based presentation of an undergraduate clinical skills curriculum.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to use information and communications technology to present a curriculum of clinical skills in a user-friendly format. SETTING: A UK undergraduate medical school with a problem-based curriculum and a strong emphasis on proficiency in clinical skills. STUDY DESIGN: Case study describing the qualitative analysis of users' requirements and development of a web-based learning portfolio. EVALUATION: The study involved direct observation of users during a 'think-aloud' protocol, a validated software users' measurement inventory and a 17-item questionnaire designed to test whether 'SkillsBase' met its users' requirements. RESULTS: Students wanted a clear and flexible presentation of their skills curriculum that was easy to navigate, offered instructional material and standards for self- and peer assessment, offered useful Internet links, allowed them to compare their progress with school standards and peer norms, and could be used as a learning portfolio. During the think-aloud protocol, students made very few errors in data interpretation or navigation, and found SkillsBase easy to learn and aesthetically pleasing to use. They rated it higher on all measures of usability than standard commercial software. The questionnaire showed that it met most aspects of its design specification, although many students were doubtful that they would use its reflective function. It is available for inspection at http://www.skillsbase.man.ac.uk/. CONCLUSIONS: SkillsBase meets the design specification for a training and reflective aid to learning clinical skills and is very usable.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2001

Using a trade-show format to educate the public about death and survey public knowledge and needs about issues surrounding death and dying.

A public education event on death and dying, based on the design of a commercial trade show, was held to raise the profile of palliative care in the community. Attendees answered a questionnaire designed to assess their knowledge on issues about dying and their anticipated needs if they were to face a terminal illness. Healthcare providers knew significantly more about dying, but there were persistent misconceptions that morphine shortens life, causes addiction, and develops tolerance. The questionnaire revealed confusion about treatment choices available to patients and euthanasia. The anticipated needs questions revealed that increasing age leads to less concern about physical needs, and independence/control. Further public forums on death and dying will be held with attention to education on the identified issues and inclusion of wider education and cultural groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Sexual and psychological symptoms in the climacteric years.

OBJECTIVES: To provide epidemiological data about psychological and sexual functioning during menopausal transition in a large Italian non-clinical sample, and to investigate their correlation with life events. METHODS: The study design was a cross-sectional postal survey of a menopausal sample of women recruited from the General Registry Office in Ferrara's province. The sample was composed of four thousand and seventy-three women; they were sent a questionnaire designed on the basis of the Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ). Together with the WHQ, the subjects filled out a personal file to define social status, cultural level, family's characteristics, recent menstrual cycles, gynaecological history and operations, drug assumption, life events in the last year, and lifetime depression. RESULTS: One thousand three hundred and forty-five women provided usable questionnaires. Factor analysis resulted in eight clusters: somatic symptoms, depressive symptoms, depressed mood with anxiety symptoms, cognitive difficulties, anxiety, sexual functioning, vasomotor symptoms and sleep problems. Mood and sexual function were impaired through the menopausal transition, with depressive and sexual symptoms being higher in the post-menopausal group compared to the pre-menopausal one. Therefore, the correlation between the two was greater in the pre- and peri-menopausal period. CONCLUSION: Depressive and sexual symptoms presented greater severity in the post-menopausal group. Both clusters of symptoms were strongly associated with life events. The parallel course of the two clusters could be related with a common pathoplastic action of life events, both on sexual symptoms and on depressive symptoms, occurring right at the time that a woman has to face the transition into menopause.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2000

Sex education in secondary schools: an Italian experience.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact on Italian teenagers' knowledge and attitudes of an experimental program in sex education. METHODS: The program consisted of five workshops in five public secondary schools in Rome. The impact of the program was evaluated with three questionnaires designed for this study. A pretest evaluated baseline knowledge, a posttest measured the gain in knowledge, and a third questionnaire estimated retention of information 4-6 months later. Three hundred seventy-six students attending secondary school participated in the program. Thirteen questions were selected for the analysis, and improvement was measured by the difference between pretest and posttest scores. RESULTS: Ninety-six percent of the sample was in favor of sex education programs in schools. The students had an average 50% gain in the percentage of correct answers following the course. The mean score based on the number of correct answers to questions showed a baseline value of 5.00, a posttest value of 11.80, and a test value 4-6 months later of 10.7. Results showed students' positive attitude toward school sex education courses, low baseline knowledge, and a good ability to learn. CONCLUSIONS: In Italy there is a need for collaboration between schools and local health services to promote knowledge and prevention in reproductive health among teenagers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Attitude of medical students toward the handicapped].

In their daily professional work physicians are increasingly faced with persons who live with chronic diseases or handicaps. Beyond profound medical knowledge, an understanding of psychosocial factors and a positive attitude are essential for providing optimal treatment. In order to teach the medical students of Leipzig University how to balance these factors they are required to visit self-help groups and institutions for disabled persons as part of the course "Social Medicine". 250 medical students of the 9th semester filled out a questionnaire designed to assess their attitudes toward handicapped persons as well as their motivation for choosing the medical profession. The questionnaire was given twice, once before their visitations and once following. 28 students of special supportive education served as a control group. While the attitudes of the medical students were very similar to those of the standard population, the attitudes of the supportive education students were significantly more positive. A comparison of the results of the questionnaires before and after the visitations showed that the attitudes of the medical students remained essentially the same without any obvious changes due to their experiences during the visitations. This evidence suggests that there needs to be more emphasis in Social Medicine and medical education in general placed on the problems specific to handicapped people.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A questionnaire to screen for cognitive impairment among elderly people in developing countries.

Most questionnaires designed to assess cognitive impairment among elderly people are constructed in the West, where literacy is high. However, such questionnaires may not be applicable in developing countries because of cultural differences or low literacy. The Elderly Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire (ECAQ) is derived from items in the Mini-Mental State Examination and Geriatric Mental State Schedule. It is a satisfactory scale for quantitative assessment of cognitive impairment among elderly people living in developing countries. This 10-item questionnaire shows a sensitivity of 85.3%, specificity 91.5%, positive predictive value 82.8% and overall miscalculation rate 10.5%. In a sample of 105 elderly subjects from 2 day centres and a psychiatric outpatient clinic in Singapore, the ECAQ was compared with Kahn's Mental Status Questionnaire. The sensitivity of the scales was found to be similar but the ECAQ had a higher specificity and positive predictive value, and lower overall miscalculation rate.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Validation of the Spanish version of PRIME-MD: a procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care].

INTRODUCTION: Psychiatric disorders occurs in at least 20% of patients attending Primary Care settings, however, only 50% of them are detected by primary care physicians. Therefore a tool is required which can help primary care physicians to detect and diagnose psychiatric disorders. PRIME-MD (Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders) is a questionnaire designed with this aim. In this article the results of the validation study of the Spanish version of this questionnaire are presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 312 patients were interviewed by primary care physicians using PRIME-MD and by psychiatrists using SCAN (Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry). RESULTS: The time most frequently spent in questionnaire application by the physician was 10 minutes. PRIME-MD detected the presence of at least one psychiatric disorder in 44.3% of patients. PRIME-MD diagnoses agree well with SCAN diagnoses for mood disorders (coefficient of agreement: 0.50) and for anxiety disorders (coefficient of agreement: 0.35), but not for somatoform disorders or alcohol-related disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of PRIME-MD questionnaire in a useful tool to identify and diagnose mood and anxiety disorders in Primary Care settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Understanding patient perceptions of asthma: results of the Asthma Control and Expectations (ACE) survey.

In spite of support among UK healthcare professionals for asthma guidelines, studies continue to show that many patients fail to reach the suggested management goals. Patient expectations and poor communication may be factors in this failure. This survey assessed patients' asthma control, expectations in respect of asthma and communication with healthcare professionals. A structured questionnaire, designed for self-completion, was developed and distributed to asthma patients at participating pharmacies. A total of 1031 questionnaires were returned. Most of the respondents, even among those feeling well, reported lifestyle restrictions because of asthma. These restrictions were not generally discussed with healthcare professionals. One-third did not perceive the benefits of inhaled corticosteroids. Low expectation may be a major contributor to the poor control seen in this survey. The failure to discuss lifestyle restrictions and symptom levels with healthcare professionals gives little scope for recommendation of appropriate and adequate treatment. Improved communication between healthcare professionals and patients may help such understanding and raise patient expectations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Pilot study to assess the viability of a rape trauma syndrome questionnaire.

INTRODUCTION: Studies have revealed that rape victims undergo a number of psychological symptoms following the attack, which constitute a specific syndrome termed the rape trauma syndrome (RTS). Evidence of the RTS has been admitted as scientific testimony in the prosecution of sexual offences and has been integral in their successful conviction. The present study aims to assess the viability of a questionnaire designed to identify the RTS in victims of alleged rape. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A 77-item rape trauma syndrome questionnaire (RTSQ) was developed and administered to 30 women who reported rape and 57 nurses who formed the control group. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Windows Version 6.0). RESULTS: Statistical analysis suggested that the questionnaire was internally consistent and effective in uncovering significant differences between rape victims and controls in their experience of rape trauma symptoms. Rape victims scored significantly higher than controls on the RTS scale. Those who faked rape were also found to endorse a greater number of the rape trauma symptoms than actual rape victims, as well as a greater number of fictitious and unlikely symptoms. CONCLUSION: This pilot study confirmed the viability of the RTSQ and paves the way for a more rigorous examination of its reliability and validity. In the future, the questionnaire may be of use in ascertaining the veracity of victims' claims of rape in the conviction of sexual offences where circumstances are equivocal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Marfan syndrome in adolescents and young adults: psychosocial functioning and knowledge.

Twenty-two subjects with Marfan syndrome (age range 11-24 years, mean 15.7 years) were studied to evaluate the impact of Marfan syndrome on their lives, level of psychosocial adaptation, concerns about their disorder, compliance with medical regimens, and knowledge of Marfan syndrome. Subjects were interviewed and then completed the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire and two questionnaires designed for the study. Parents also were interviewed. Subjects demonstrated normal psychosocial adaptation on the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire. Nevertheless, the subjects perceived that their lives would be significantly better without Marfan syndrome, especially in the areas of physical activities and self-image. They expressed concerns about their illness most often to their parents, less frequently to their doctors. Their compliance with medical regimens were suboptimal and similar to the published description of compliance among teenagers with other chronic illnesses. Their knowledge base was weakest in the areas pertaining to future childbearing. Thus, although these subjects showed normal psychosocial adaptation, doctors caring for them may foster better coping with Marfan syndrome by discussing self-image issues and Marfan syndrome-related concerns, and by encouraging compliance and imparting knowledge.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Newborn high-risk hearing screening by maternal questionnaire.

State-wide, high-risk hearing screening is made possible in Utah through the use of a questionnaire designed for maternal response during hospitalization. The mothers of those determined high risk are sent a follow-up questionnaire when the infant is 6 to 8 months of age, and a determination is made for audiological testing on the basis of her response. Questionnaires (26352) were received on 50,700 live births, of which 4,591 (17.4%) were categorized high risk. Of the high-risk infants, 181 (3.9%) were determined at risk after follow-up, and 54 (20.8%) of these were found hearing impaired. Questionnaire item analysis is presented. Concerns regarding response validity and low return rate are discussed as is the pilot use of the birth certificate as the initial screening device.

Female↗