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Some psychological aspects of pregnancy. 8.
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Sex and the college student.
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Psychosexual problems in male childhood malignancy survivors.
We studied the development of psychosexuality and object relationships in 58 young males who had survived malignancies in childhood. Using a psychodynamically oriented, semistructured psychiatric interview, we formed 13 criteria for comparisons between patients over and under 18 years of age. Of these 13 criteria, 12 showed that development was equally problematic for the older and younger patients. Our findings indicate that, in many patients, the adolescent process remains problematic during development, with obvious difficulties in establishing the final sexual organization, separating from internalized primary objects, and making contacts with same-sex and opposite-sex peers.
Aspects of primary and secondary genital feelings and anxieties in girls during the preoedipal and early oedipal phases.
The author examines the development of the girl's psychosexual feminine self-image during the preoedipal and early oedipal phases, as well as the accompanying primary and secondary genital feelings and anxieties. The connection between the little girl's discovery and pleasure in self-exploration and masturbation and related anxieties about being "closed-up" is discussed. The nature of the corresponding object relationships is elucidated, especially the narcissistic significance of being like mother.
Psychosexual developmental tasks imposed by pathologically delayed childhood: a cultural dilemma.
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Range of psychological functioning in "normal" late adolescents.
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Ernest Hemingway. A psychiatric view.
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The psychoaggressive stages of psychological development in an authority-based socialization process.
In a brief review of the psychiatric literature on the psychological development of the child it is noted that only scant attention has been given to the influences of man's inborn aggressive drives in determining "how we get to be the way we are." The sexual, behavioral, and cognitive milestones of psychological development have been described in great detail from a variety of perspectives, but the historical evidence clearly shows that man is an aggressive creature, and that it is largely through the disciplined expression of this aggressiveness that he has achieved a position of dominance over all other creatures. Surely the psychoaggressive aspects of psychological development deserve more attention and greater emphasis than has so far been apparent in the psychiatric literature (Lidz, 1976). An attempt is made here to describe man's gradual process of gaining control over his instinctual aggressive drives through his reactions to the gradual imposition of challenges from external authorities associated with the socialization process. The psychoaggressive stages occur in a developmental sequence which parallels the approximate age periods in classical descriptions for sexual, behavioral, and cognitive phases in an evolving process. The psychoaggressive stages coincide with those crucial phases in development when impositions of external authority required by the socialization process act as frustrating challenges to the uninhibited expression of instinctual aggressive drives. These cultural challenges block direct expression of instinctual drives, create intrapsychic conflicts, and evoke the use of intrapsychic defense mechanisms which serve to redirect the energies of the drives toward more socially desirable expressions (Figure 2). In early life this takes place under the supervision and control of the nurturing mother figure with whom there is strong affective bonding. There is some research evidence that these early life experiences during the time of rapid brain growth are actually imprinted on a cellular-molecular level and may permanently alter behavioral responses to challenges from external authority in the socialization process. When consistently imposed in a gradual manner during infancy and early childhood by the mother figure, these guiding and redirecting influences operate to inhibit the often harmful direct expression of instinctual aggressive drives and result in the child's more effective adaptation to living by the rules of a civilized society.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Sex differences in early childhood.
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Self-reports of "positive" childhood and adolescent sexual contacts with older persons: an exploratory study.
An exploratory, descriptive study of 37 male and 26 female subjects reporting childhood or adolescent intergenerational sexual contacts about which subjects maintained, at least in part, "positive" feelings is reported. An informal comparison group of 7 female victims of sexual abuse also participated. Subjects were administered a 21-page, 130-item questionnaire designed to explore and evaluate childhood functioning and development, the nature of the sexual experience, and its possible impact on adult life. Eight subjects also participated in subsequent in-depth telephone interviews. A wide range of characteristics and possible effects of the experiences were reported, suggesting that intergenerational sexual contacts may represent a continuum of experience rather than a unitary and discrete pathological phenomenon.
Adolescent turmoil and the search for identity.
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The evolution of gender identity.
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Stress, coping, and adjustment in female adolescent incest victims.
Although previous literature on incest has dealt extensively with the nature, parameters, and effects of such abuse, it has not focused on the role of coping in the psychological adjustment of victims. Forty-five female adolescent incest victims in treatment completed questionnaires regarding their current adjustment, characteristics of their molest, their perceptions of the stressful aspects of the molestations, how they appraised the molestations, and how they coped with the fact that it occurred. The majority of the girls in this study had been sexually abused by a father figure (82%). The coping strategies of wishful thinking and tension reduction, the lack of maternal support at the time of reporting, and appraisals of threat and "holding self back" accounted for 70% of the variance in self-reported distress. The coping strategies of detachment, seeking social support and appraisal of hold self back accounted for 38% of the variance in adolescent's global psychopathology as rated by their therapists. In light of these findings, the implications of the need to address appraisals and coping efforts in research and therapy with incest victims was emphasized.
A developmental approach to sexuality education: implications for medical practice.
Medical professionals are increasingly expected to address issues of sexuality and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with young patients and their parents. Focus group interviews were conducted with parents (n = 43) and adolescents (n = 800) to determine the preferred physician role regarding families and sexual development. Parents believed that a physician was an appropriate expert to assist in preventing negative risk behaviors (e.g., drugs, alcohol, sexual intercourse) and emphasized the importance of the physician developing a comfortable relationship early on with parents and youth to allow for reciprocal dialogue about sensitive topics. Parents also commented that physicians generally appeared uncomfortable when discussing personal issues (viz., sexuality) and frequently lacked communication skills (e.g., use of open-ended questions or statements) to foster conversation. Youth identified physicians as a logical source of information about sexuality but felt hesitant to ask questions that might prompt value-based discussion. Youth also expressed concern about confidentiality in the doctor-patient relationship. Adolescents desired physicians to be more "askable" than they are perceived to be. Guidelines are offered for strengthening office interactions and improving communication skills.
Childhood and adolescent development of ten female prostitutes.
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Female adolescents' compliance with contraceptive regimens.
Although today's adolescents have access to a variety of contraceptive options, they remain inconsistent and suboptimal users of these methods. A particularly frustrating problem for those caring for adolescents is the issue of noncompliance with contraceptives, which is an important antecedent of adolescent pregnancy. In the future, new fertility-related developments such as subdermal hormonal implants may reduce the likelihood of noncompliance. For the present, however, systematic monitoring rather than only when noncompliance is suspected is essential in enhancing adolescents' contraceptive compliance.
Peer to peer sexual harassment in early adolescence: a developmental perspective.
The goal of this study was to examine sexual harassment in early adolescence. Available data indicate that peer to peer sexual harassment is prevalent in high school and is associated with psychosocial problems for both victims and perpetrators. For the present study, we adopted a developmental contextual model to examine the possibility that this behavior develops during the late elementary and middle school years and is linked to the biological and social changes that occur at this time. Youths from Grades 6-8 (N = 1,213) enrolled in seven elementary and middle schools in a large south-central Canadian city were asked to report on their sexual harassment behaviors with same- and cross-gender peers; their pubertal development, and the gender composition of their peer network. The results revealed that cross-gender harassment was distinct from same-gender harassment, increased in frequency from Grade 6 to Grade 8, and was linked to pubertal maturation and participation in mixed-gender peer groups. The implications of a developmental contextual model for understanding the emergence of this problematic behavior in adolescence are discussed.