Population policies and the ideology of population control in India.
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Child↗
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Coercive population control policies: an illustration of the need for a conscientious objector provision for asylum seekers.
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Abortion, Induced↗
Blood viscosity, coagulation, and activated protein C resistance in central retinal vein occlusion: a population controlled study.
BACKGROUND: The role of blood viscosity and haemostasis has been investigated in mixed groups of patients with branch and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) with conflicting results. This may have partly been due to the different aetiologies of these two types of vein occlusion. METHODS: In this study viscosity and coagulation (including activated protein C resistance) were examined in 87 patients with CRVO and compared with the results from an age-matched, population based control group. RESULTS: Viscosity variables were higher in CRVO than in controls which suggested that reduced red cell deformability was associated with the occurrence of CRVO. A higher percentage of the patients with CRVO (12%) had activated protein C resistance than controls (5%). Patients who developed the complication of iris neovascularisation had relatively low antithrombin III, factor VII, and tissue plasminogen activator indicating both a tendency to thrombus formation and a reduction in fibrinolytic activity. CONCLUSION: Increased blood viscosity may contribute to the production of CRVO by inducing stasis of blood flow, with thrombus formation in at risk individuals who go on to develop iris neovascularisation.
Adult↗
Perpetuating neo-colonialism through population control: South Africa and the United States.
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Africa↗
Diabetic retinopathy: contemporary prevalence in a well-controlled population.
OBJECTIVE: To measure the extent to which modern intensified risk factor control has lessened the duration-specific prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and, therefore, has decreased the risk of blindness in Americans with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Intensified control of blood glucose and blood pressure has prevented diabetic retinopathy in randomized controlled trials. There is as yet no confirmation that subsequent treatment intensification in the community has had the same result. We identified all 6993 members of a health maintenance organization, Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW), who, in 1997-1998, had dilated retinal examinations and verifiable data of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. We plotted prevalence by time since diagnosis for background diabetic retinopathy (BDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and compared these results to identically derived 1980-1982 results from the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy (WESDR). We estimated multivariate predictive models. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) HbA(1c) in KPNW was 7.84 +/- 1.26% versus 10.37% (standardized) in the WESDR. KPNW blood pressure averaged 138.6 +/- 13.8/79.5 +/- 7.4 mmHg compared with 147.0/79.0 in the WESDR. BDR was much less prevalent in KPNW, but PDR prevalence appeared unchanged. BDR preceded diagnosis in 20.8% of the WESDR subjects but only 2.0% of KPNW subjects. However, in both populations, the first cases of PDR appeared similarly, soon after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Earlier diagnosis and more aggressive control of blood glucose and blood pressure decreased the duration-adjusted prevalence of background, but not of sight-threatening proliferative retinopathy. More population-based research is needed to replicate and explain this unexpected finding. Detecting and treating PDR should not be neglected on the assumption that risk-factor control has minimized its prevalence.
Blood Glucose↗
Molecular medicine and population control.
As we uncover the physiological and molecular mechanisms behind human reproduction, we gain the potential to exert more control over our reproductive capabilities. In the past two decades, the prospects for 'infertile' women to bear children, or 'sterile' men to father them, have improved dramatically; recently, women have given birth in their sixties, well beyond their natural menopause. Thanks to developments in contraception, couples can now enjoy an active sex-life without a significant risk of pregnancy, and more accurately control the size and timing of their families. But these new freedoms have a price: they also have the potential to cause demographic distortions, medical harm to individuals and abuse of human rights.
Contraception↗
Results of therapy of latent and asymptomatic syphilis in a prison population. I. Clinical outcome with reference to cardiovascular and central nervous system syphilis and related to a nonsyphilitic control population.
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Antacids↗
Relevance of immuno-contraceptive vaccines for population control. II. Gamete antigens.
Some new information on the sperm and seminal plasma antigens which can induce responses which decrease fertility has been obtained. This recent development has not, however, brought the understanding of the subject to a stage where the production of a contraceptive antisperm vaccine for the female can be discussed realistically. Many laboratories are continuing the active investigation of the potentials of zona pellucida antigens for contraceptive approach. Also, passive immunization with human monoclonal antibodies promises to be an effective and safe method for short-term contraception and early pregnancy termination.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
An immunologic approach to population control in dogs.
Testicular, thyroidal, and adrenal activities were measured in male Beagles immunized against bovine luteinizing hormone for 15 or 52 weeks. Circulating antibodies were associated with atrophy of the testes, epididymides, and prostate gland. The effects of immunization were apparent by high amounts of antibodies and by reproductive dysfunction for as long as a year in 3 of 4 dogs. The thyroid and adrenal glands were not detectably affected. A single dose of human chorionic gonadotropin stimulated production of antibodies that failed to cross react with canine gonadotropins or to cause reproductive failure in immunized dogs. A single dose of ovine gonadotropin stimulated production of antibodies that were associated with inability to ejaculate for more than 20 weeks.
Animals↗
Relevance of immuno-contraceptive vaccines for population control. I. Hormonal immunocontraception.
Human chorionic gonadotropin--subunit beta (beta-hCG) has been so far most extensively studied antigen for immuno-contraceptive properties. Studies of vaccination of non-human primates has been so far controversially reported since some antisera obtained from baboons immunized with beta-hCG had shown cross-reactivity to other tissues. Despite these problems and concerns about the complete safety of this first generation vaccine, a decision has been made to proceed with a limited clinical trials with this vaccine. Results from these trials are encouraging and indicate that contraceptive antibody titers can be achieved with permissible adjuvants. Neutralization of LH and/or FSH by circulating antibodies may impede their action and interfere with the maturation of gametes. Gonadotropin releasing hormone can be also a suitable target for immunological attack.
Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
Prevalence of the factor VR506Q mutation in two Irish control populations: use of a novel nested polymerase chain reaction approach.
The prevalence of factor V (FV) Leiden among normal populations has primarily been determined using blood donors. This control group is carefully selected and therefore may not accurately reflect the true prevalence within the population. We assessed the prevalence of FV Leiden within the Irish population using Guthrie card samples randomly selected from all newborns. We compared this result with the prevalence of FV Leiden within blood donors. A novel nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for FV Leiden was developed for analysis of the Guthrie card samples. There was no significant difference between the allele frequency within the Guthrie card samples and blood donors (2.07% vs. 2.35%, P = 0.66)
Adult↗
T cell immunotherapeutic populations control viral infections in bone marrow transplant recipients.
Immunotherapies designed to prevent infection serve as an increasingly important adjunct to bone marrow transplantation (BMT). T cell immunotherapies are particularly useful for the control of virus infections, provided that T cell populations are free of graft-vs-host (GVH) activity. In this review, we describe positive and negative selection methods with which donor T cell populations devoid of GVH activity can be prepared for transfer to the immunodeficient BMT recipient. The support of patients with T cell immunotherapies may ultimately revolutionize BMT, elevating the procedure from a salvage to a front-line treatment strategy for otherwise fatal disorders.
Animals↗
Rabies and dog population control in Thailand: success or failure?
Despite a success in reducing rabies deaths from almost 200 to less than 20 annually, this may not be considered a success. More than 400,000 persons required rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in 2003, more than 4 times as many as those in 1991 [93,641 cases in 1991; 183,815 in 1996 and 350,535 in 2001]. The number of samples submitted for testing in rabies diagnostic laboratories has been declining. However, the percent of samples that were confirmed infected with rabies during the 10 year period remained unchanged; within a range of 23 - 30% (MOPH report). Of the 6 million dogs roughly estimated to live in Thailand, there are no reliable data indicating their relative population densities or distribution patterns in various regions throughout the country. However, in a survey conducted by the Bureau of National Statistics and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration in 1999, it was estimated that approximately 630,000 dogs dwell in Bangkok city (an area of 1 565 sq km). In this survey, approximately 110,000 of the dogs living in Bangkok were considered to be ownerless (stray or feral), whereas the remainder was believed to be owned or were community dogs. Nevertheless, it has not been known how many of the latter group can be accessible or are in compliance with local rabies control regulations. When the dog population statistics collected in 1999 are compared to an earlier survey conducted in 1992, the stray dog population appears to have almost tripled in size in Bangkok over the eight year
Animals↗
Polypectomy of adenomas in the prevention of colorectal cancer: 10 years' follow-up of the Telemark Polyp Study I. A prospective, controlled population study.
BACKGROUND: The efficacy of polypectomy in preventing colorectal cancer (CRC) has never been demonstrated in a controlled, prospective study. This must be done by randomization within a population with a high prevalence of colorectal polyps, and the feasibility and safety of endoscopic screening examination is a prerequisite for this type of study. METHODS: The present study is a randomized, controlled study of the feasibility and safety of flexible sigmoidoscopic screening of a normal population sample of 799 men and women aged 50-59 years, findings at 2 and 6 years' colonoscopic follow-up, and the appearance of clinical colorectal cancer (CRC) after 10 years. RESULTS: The attendance rate was high, and there were no complications. After 10 years 1 of 400 in the screening group had developed CRC (in the group of 76 (19%) not attending for screening examination). Four of 399 controls developed CRC. CONCLUSIONS: Poor yield of polyps at follow-up, slow growth of in situ polyps, and no clinical CRC among screenees after 10 years provides support to infrequent or no colonoscopic follow-up after initial polypectomy in individuals with otherwise average risk of CRC.
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
The frequency of disorders of the lower urinary tract, urinary incontinence in particular, as evaluated by a questionnaire survey in a gynecological health control population.
Four thousand four hundred women were examined under the gynecological health control program in Malmö municipality during a period of 11 months. Nine hundred and forty-four (21 per cent) reported that they were troubled by disorders of the urinary tract. These women were given copies of a separate questionnaire, which was subsequently properly answered by 512 women. Of these, 321 (62.7 per cent) indicated urinary incontinence. From the questionnaire alone, it was difficult to characterize the different types of urinary incontinence in the patients. Thus only 42 women (8.2 per cent) seemed to suffer from genuine stress incontinence and 34 women (6.6 per cent) from genuine urge incontinence, whereas 245 (47.9 per cent) had to be characterized as "mixed incontinence". Hence, it is obvious that in several patients suffering from urinary incontinence, written or combined written and oral interviews to not produce a clear-cut diagnosis and that the etiology and treatment of incontinence in these patients may be uncertain. It is concluded that interviews with most patients suffering from urinary incontinence must be supplemented by objective recordings before a definitive diagnosis and treatment can be prescribed.
Adult↗
Mutilation anxiety differs among females with fibromyalgia and functional dyspepsia and population controls.
BACKGROUND: Studies using self-report rating scales suggest a considerable overlap regarding symptom complaints in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and functional dyspepsia (FD), while clinical assessments point to important psychological differences. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that measurement of psychological state by means of content analysis of speech will demonstrate differentiation between the two patient groups and between patients with these disorders and age-matched population-based random sample controls. METHOD: The Giessener Symptom Complaints Checklist assessed somatic complaints. The computerised Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis method assessed psychological state in 42 females with FM, 17 females with FD and 48 population-based, randomly selected control subjects. RESULTS: FM patients score higher on mutilation anxiety than FD and control subjects. FD patients had the highest score for death anxiety. Mutilation anxiety and low hope score identified FM patients (sensitivity 68%, specificity 81%, overall classification 75%), but only 19% of the variation in total somatic complaints could be predicted from these or other psychological state scores. In FD patients, however, death anxiety explained 59% of the variance in gastrointestinal complaints. INTERPRETATION: Psychological state was differentiated among the three groups. Mutilation anxiety may be a psychological marker of an underlying neurobiological vulnerability for FM or may represent a secondary long-term consequence of chronic illness. In FD, death anxiety is directly related to symptom complaints, suggesting a stronger etiological association between emotions and somatic complaints in this disorder.
Adult↗
Diabetes and hypertension. Blood pressure in clinical diabetic patients and a control population.
Blood pressure was recorded in a group of 514 randomly selected Swiss diabetic patients (267 men and 247 women; 164 early-onset and 350 late-onset diabetics) aged from 35 to 54 years. These patients were compared with a control group from a population survey in Switzerland (877 men and 850 women). Mean systolic pressure (+/- SD) in the diabetic population was 139.3 +/- 21 mm Hg as compared with 125.5 +/- 17 mm Hg among controls. Mean diastolic pressure was 85.4 +/- 12 mm Hg in diabetic subjects as compared with 79.1 +/- 12 mm Hg in controls. The difference was reduced by about 25% after adjustment for body mass, age, and sex; 30.7% of diabetic subjects as compared with 8.2% among controls were hypertensive. Sixty-two percent of the hypertensive diabetic patients and 45% of the hypertensive controls were receiving antihypertensive treatment. In a multivariate analysis, presence of proteinuria and larger body mass had an important influence on systolic and diastolic blood pressures and the risk of hypertension. Diabetes duration had a significant influence only on systolic blood pressure. Efforts are needed in the clinical and research field to limit and clarify the harmful effects of elevated blood pressure in diabetes.
Adult↗
Serotonin transporter promoter variants: Analysis in Indian autistic and control population.
Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) is a transmembrane protein belonging to Na+/Cl- dependent membrane transporter family and transports 5-HT across the membranes of presynaptic neurons. 5-HTT-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) gained much interest because of the differential regulation of expression and activity of 5-HTT by its various genotypes. A population-based study has been conducted on 5-HTTLPR with 358 individuals, which included 79 autistic probands, 136 parents, and 143 controls from two subpopulations of east and northeast regions of India. The genotypic frequencies of all the groups conform to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. With the finding of efficacy of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in ameliorating ritualistic behavior in autistic disorder, 5-HTT emerged as a putative candidate gene for autism and association studies have been carried out in different ethnic populations. But these studies were inconclusive due to conflicting results on association. Because such a study has never been performed in the Indian population, we have tested the possible involvement of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism with autism. The present study failed to establish any association or linkage of 5-HTTLPR with autism in the Indian population by case-control studies (chi2 = 1.314, P = 0.63) and family-based approaches (TDT chi2 = 0.22, P = 0.64 and HHRR-chi2 = 0.25, P = 0.61). However, when a meta-analysis of all the available TDT data, inclusive of the present study is carried out, we observed a significant preferential transmission of S-allele from parents to the affected offspring (chi2 = 7.51, P = 0.006) indicating an association of 5-HTTLPR with autism.
Autistic Disorder↗