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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure to deltamethrin in freshwater fish, Channa punctatus Bloch.

The pyrethroid class of insecticides, including deltamethrin, are being used as substitutes for organochlorines and organophosphates in pest-control programs because of their low environmental persistence and toxicity. Ecotoxicological consequences of deltamethrin, particularly its effects on antioxidants in fish and other aquatic organisms, are not well understood. We investigated the effect of deltamethrin (0.75 microg/L) on antioxidants in a freshwater fish, Channa punctatus Bloch, using standard laboratory conditions. A single exposure for 48 h caused induction of various antioxidant enzymes and nonenzymatic antioxidants in kidney and liver. The induction of these antioxidants was not very prominent in gills. In fact, certain antioxidants were found to be depleted in gills. Catalase activity was decreased in all the tissues. Deltamethrin also induced lipid peroxidation in all the tissues, gills showing the highest levels. Glutathione, which is an established nonenzymatic antioxidant in fish, was significantly (P<0.001) increased in all the tissues. Ascorbic acid content increased in kidney and liver while it decreased in gills. The findings of the present investigation show that deltamethrin has oxidative-stress-inducing potential in fish, and gills are the most sensitive organs. It is also interesting to note that gills are the primary sites of deltamethrin absorption and their antioxidant potential is also very poor. The various parameters studied in this investigation can also be used as biomarkers of exposure to deltamethrin. It is suggested that appropriate ecotoxicological risk assessment should be made in the areas where deltamethrin is proposed to be used in pest control activities.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research on managing insect resistance to insecticides.

Insecticide resistance has developed within many classes of pesticide, and over 500 species of insects and mites are resistant to one or more insecticides. Insecticide resistance and the consequent losses of food and fiber caused by failure to control insect and mite pests causes economic losses of several billion dollars worldwide each year. It is the goal of insect resistance management (IRM) to preserve useful pesticides by slowing, preventing or reversing development of resistance in pests. Important aspects of this goal are understanding the development of resistance and monitoring to determine ways to prevent its development. We describe programs specific to missions of the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, which are designed to characterize insecticide resistance in insects and mites with the goal of managing pests in an ecologically acceptable manner. Resistance management of cotton, potatoes, vegetables, melons, ornamentals, greenhouse crops, corn, stored grains, livestock, honeybees and mites, as well as management of transgenic crops are evaluated. We conclude that IRM is a vital part of stewardship of any pest management product and must be a combined effort of manufacturers, growers, consultants, extension services and grower organizations, working closely with regulators, to achieve logistically and economically feasible systems that prolong the effectiveness of all pest-control products.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Effect of application variables on emissions and distribution of fumigants applied via subsurface drip irrigation.

Soil fumigation is useful for controlling soil-borne pests and diseases in high-cash-value crops. Fumigants are highly volatile, and approaches to reduce atmospheric emissions are required to protect human and environmental health. Application of fumigants through drip irrigation has been proposed as a means to decrease fumigant emissions, improve fumigant distribution in soil, and minimize worker exposure. These experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of the configuration of the drip system on the volatilization and distribution of the fumigants 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), propargyl bromide (PrBr), and methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) in bedded systems. Results indicated that changing the drip emitter spacing and using multiple drip lines in each bed had little effect on the emissions and distribution of any fumigant. Increasing the depth of application from 15 to 30 cm reduced volatilization of MITC by approximately 20 to >90%; emissions were reduced due to a decrease in the flux from the bed top, and deeper injection did not change the amount of fumigant volatilized from the bed side slope and furrow. Increasing the application depth resulted in a slight decrease in the rate of fumigant dissipation in soil, indicating the potential for some improvement in pest-control efficacy with deeper application.

Allyl Compounds↗
PubMed2004

Fluoroacetate poisoning in seven domestic dogs.

Sodium monofluoroacetate, also known as compound 1080, is used in Australia for control of feral and pest species. Poisoning of non-target species by sodium monofluoroacetate can be difficult to diagnose if there is no history of exposure because clinical signs are non-specific. This communication describes the poisoning by sodium monofluoroacetate of seven dogs from one property over a period of 3 days. Poisoning by sodium monofluoroacetate was confirmed by toxicological analysis of stomach contents, gastric lavage fluid and vomitus from three of the dogs, but the source of the toxin was not found. Six of the seven dogs were Maremmas, and livestock guard animals may be at particular risk of exposure to pest control baiting programs.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of Beauveria bassiana on embryos of the inland silverside fish (Menidia beryllina).

A chemical toxicity and teratogenicity test was adapted to assess potential adverse effects of a microbial pest control agent on a nontarget fish. Developing embryos of the inland silverside, Menidia beryllina, were exposed to conidiospores of the insect-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Embryo rupture and death were observed. Embryo rupture did not always result in death, nor was death always associated with embryo rupture. Adherence of spores to the chorion, followed by germination and penetration by the germ tube, probably caused the embryos to rupture. Statistically significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) responses were observed in tests in which conidiospore concentrations were greater than or equal to 8.3 x 10(4) or less than or equal to 1.5 x 10(6)/ml. Conidiospores treated with a dispersant (biological detergent) showed significantly less binding (P less than or equal to 0.01) to embryos than did untreated spores. Both detergent-treated and heat-killed spores failed to cause significant adverse effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Alternatives to chemical methods for vector control.

Under the concept of the integrated approach for disease vector control, chemical pesticides in many cases can be complemented or replaced by ecologically safer alternatives. Environmental management and physical or biological methods of control are attractive adjuncts. Recent advances in biochemical, immunological and genetic studies of host-parasite relationships are creating innovative tools for interrupting vector-borne disease transmission cycles.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Agriculture-health interface in the field of epidemiology of vector-borne diseases and the control of vectors].

This paper is a review of the interactions between agriculture and vector borne diseases. Rain forest clearing makes possible the development of heliophilous species of anophelines and snails leading to an increase of malaria and schistosomiasis in Africa. But in Asia, clearing is a control method against Anopheles balabacensis, an important malaria vector. Clearing of forest galleries is followed by the disappearance of shore-dwelling tsetse flies. Woodcutters and pioneer farmers are contaminated with arbovirus and leishmaniasis when entering in natural sylvatic foci of these diseases. Management of drinking water reduces guinea worm as well as cholera and other diarrhoeal diseases. More over when piped water becomes available people are no more obliged to store drinking water in containers where vectors use to breed. Reservoirs of dams offer large possibilities for the development of mosquitoes including anophelines vectors of malaria and filariasis and of snails hosts of schistosomiasis. The medical importance of these man-made breeding sites depends of the local epidemiological features of the diseases. Dam spillways provide breeding for blackflies and man-made foci of onchocerciasis have been described in West Africa. Irrigation channels mainly when non cleared of vegetation are good breeding places for anophelines and snails. Irrigated surfaces like rice fields are highly productive in anophelines and other dangerous species of Culicinae. Insecticides used in agriculture, mainly to control cotton and rice pests, have been at the origin of insecticide resistance of several anopheline species. On an other hand, sometimes rice pests control lead to the control of rice field mosquitoes until they become resistant, e.g. for Culex tritaeniorhynchus the vector of Japanese encephalitis in South Korea. Many international organizations have emphasized the role of intersectorial collaboration to control man-made vector borne diseases foci. Good planning of the infrastructures (e.g. twin spillways) and adequate maintenance are essential. Vector control in rice field is a puzzling question. Wet irrigation was a hope but it cannot be done everywhere. Biological control methods have not been proven to be very efficient. Even Bacillus thuringiensis H14 and B. sphaericus have severe limitation. New tools for intersectorial activities should be a goal for scientists imagination.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

The potential efficiency of irrigation management and propargyl bromide in controlling three soil pests: Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Fusarium oxysporum and Echinochloa crus-galli.

Propargyl bromide (3-bromopropyne, 3BP) is a potential alternative for methyl bromide. Little information is available about its efficiency in controlling pests. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the 3BP dose required for killing three pests and to compare the efficiency of water management approaches to that of fumigation. The pests, Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht (fungus), Echinochloa crus-galli (L) Beauv (grass) and Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb (nematode) were exposed to different 3BP concentrations in a sandy loam at 30 degrees C in a closed system. The lethal dose for killing 90% of the population (LD90) was calculated from the total applied mass, and varied from 0.3 microg g(-1) soil for the nematode, 3 microg g(-1) for the grass, and 9 microg g(-1) for the fungus. The concentration-time index for killing 90% of the population (CT90) was 11 microg g(-1) h for the nematode, 112 microg g(-1) h for the grass and 345 microg g(-1) h for the fungus. 3BP seems as efficient as other fumigant alternatives in controlling these pests. Using an open system, it was shown that the volume of soil in which the pests were controlled varied for different irrigation managements. Even 96 h after fumigation (with a concentration 10 times higher than would potentially be applied in the field), more than 20% of the soil volume had not reached the fungus and grass CT90 of the non-irrigated soil. The soil underneath the furrow and the bed reached CT90 only slowly in all irrigated treatments even though techniques for increasing efficiency were used (tarping, surface sealing with water and high application rate).

Agriculture↗