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PubMed2006

Race/ethnicity and nativity differences in alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES: We examined race/ethnicity and nativity correlates of prenatal substance use. METHODS: Using data on a nationally representative cohort of pregnant women in US cities (N=4185), we evaluated the relative importance of socioeconomic status, paternal health behaviors, social support, and maternal stress and health history in explaining variations in prenatal substance use by race/ethnicity and nativity. RESULTS: Maternal stress and health history appeared to fully explain differences in alcohol use by nativity, but these and other factors could not explain differences in prenatal smoking. For all races/ethnicities, paternal health behaviors were most strongly associated with maternal substance use. Except among Black women, socioeconomic background bore little relation to prenatal substance use after adjustment for more proximal risk factors (e.g., paternal and maternal health behaviors). Social support was most protective among Hispanic women. CONCLUSIONS: Foreign-born immigrant women are at equal risk of prenatal alcohol use compared with similarly situated US-born women and should not be overlooked in the design of interventions for at-risk women. Furthermore, the inclusion of fathers and the development of social support structures for at-risk women can strengthen interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Parent-child-interaction in infancy (author's transl)].

On the basis of many experimental studies it is demonstrated that not only mother-child-relationship in infancy but also father-child-relationship is important for child development. Different patterns of mother-child-interaction as well as father-child-interaction during the first weeks after birth are reported and intervening variables are discussed. Kind and degree of interactions of both parents with the newborn and infant influence the emotional, social, and cognitive development of the child. On the other hand the birth of child and the behavior of the newborn determine personal development of father and mother, too. The growth of the family is to be regarded as a process which is based on the differentiated net work of conditions. The concentration of research on mother-child-contacts has to be rejected in the light of these new findings and has to be regarded as hostile against the family as a whole.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1997

Alcohol use disorder among adolescents: impact of paternal alcoholism on drinking behavior, drinking motivation, and consequences.

This study examined the impact of an Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in biological fathers on drinking history, context, motivation, and consequences in male and female adolescents dichotomized according to the presence or absence of an AUD. Main effects for paternal history of an AUD were not found on any variable. Significant interactions were observed between father-son diagnostic status with respect to age of first alcohol use (p < 0.001) and peer relationships (p < 0.001). No significant interactions were observed between father-daughter diagnostic status. As expected, adolescents with AUD differed from adolescents without AUD on numerous variables pertaining to drinking behavior, history, and consequences. These findings indicate that there is no strong or pervasive effect of paternal AUD on adolescent offspring's AUD characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Recall of parental behaviors in female neurotic depressives.

Twenty-four neurotic depressive females and 24 female anxiety neurotics were compared on a 90-item questionnaire that concerned recall of parental behavior. Relative to anxiety neurotics, the neurotic depressives recalled fathers as unloving disciplinarians and recalled mothers as difficult to please, intrusive and controlling, and possibly more concerned with their own than with their children's needs. Previous findings that parents of depressives are recalled as depriving were supported, and a methodology for differentiating neurotic depressives from anxiety neurotics was described.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1998

Public trust and initiatives for new health care partnerships.

Effective communication between doctor and patient is a critical component of high-quality care. The physician's credibility has a significant effect on treatment outcomes. Because changes in medicine and larger cultural trends challenge the ability of clinicians to engage their patients' trust, new kinds of partnerships must be created. To do this effectively, physicians have to sharpen their communication skills and devise strategies for assuring that their patients become informed allies in their own treatment. A number of innovations are helping to build these alliances: training in communication skills; creative uses of the Internet and videotape technologies; improved "customer service" programs; critical pathways for patients; and special educational aids. All these tools promise to be useful, but they require careful development and evaluation.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1993

On the nature and ethics of health promotion. An attempt at a systematic analysis.

This paper attempts to analyse the notion of health promotion and related conceptual issues within an action-theoretical framework. The purpose is both theoretical and ethical. The paper provides a taxonomy as well as a system for classifying various types of health promotion. This system is inspired by Professor G H von Wright's theory of action explanation. The theoretical framework is used in the ethical part of the paper where some major ethical dilemmas in health promotion are analysed. Particular attention is paid to the use of manipulation and force in health promotion. An attempt is made to define when such measures are justified in various health enhancing contexts.

Behavior Control↗
PubMed1999

Within-group vigilance in red colobus and redtail monkeys.

In theory, animals are expected to relax vigilance in the safety of large groups. Four controlled studies of primates have failed to detect relaxed vigilance as group size increases. The counter-intuitive behavior of primates might arise if another component of vigilance increases with group size, masking any decrease in outward, anti-predator vigilance. Surveillance of associates is a major component of primate vigilance and might be expected to increase with group size due to an increase in competitive interactions. The present analysis uses data on glances toward associates to determine if within-group surveillance is related to group size in wild red colobus and redtail monkeys of Uganda. Although males glance at associates more frequently during mating periods and females glance at associates more often when infants are young or out of contact, there was no evidence of a group-size effect on within-group surveillance. As with previous studies, primate vigilance patterns reflect reproductive strategies such as infant protection and mate defense. This study joins several others that indicate that primate vigilance is unresponsive to group size. New models that take into account association patterns below the level of the group may be needed.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2000

Phylogenetic analysis of twinning in callitrichinae.

The callitrichines are known for twinning and for a communal rearing system in which all or most group members help care for the offspring. The origin of twinning has been the subject of much speculation. In this study predictions from earlier hypotheses are tested on the basis of two alternative phylogenetic trees. From this analysis we infer that helping behavior and male care preceded the origin of twinning, and that these traits did not coevolve with, but might have been important prerequisites for twinning in callitrichines. Small body size does not necessarily result in twinning, although it might still have been a prerequisite for its evolution. Gum feeding was an ecological change which evolved along with twinning. If nutrition was a limiting factor in the number of off-spring produced, then the use of a new feeding resource could have been crucial for the origin of twinning in callitrichines. According to one of the two alternative solutions inferred by the total evidence tree, and in accordance with the morphological tree, semi-annual breeding appears in the marmosets together with specialization in gum feeding. The fact that gums are available for these monkeys all year may have facilitated semiannual breeding. We suggest that the exploitation of gums as a feeding resource could have been the decisive factor in the increase of the reproductive rate by twinning and by semi-annual breeding.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Family schemata in families of symptomatic and normal children.

Psychological distance within families was investigated by a family doll placement technique. Parents of emotionally disturbed boys tended to use a higher frequency of psychologically distant doll placement than did parents of normal boys. Parents of boys with learning problems used psychologically close doll placements more frequently than did parents of normal boys. Parents grouped the family into a single unit more frequently than their children when the child had learning problems. Siblings of children with learning problems were found to be symptom-free in comparison with siblings of disturbed children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Pup recognition in Mus musculus: parental discrimination between their own and alien young.

The responses of male and female mice each presented with a sequence of 4 pups from their own litter, a pup from another litter but of the same age and strain, and finally their own pup were noted. Both sexes spent longer sniffing the alien pup than the preceding own pup regardless of the age of pups at testing, and more time licking the alien pup on some test days. Young pups (Days 0-3; birth = Day 0) emitted fewer ultrasounds in the presence of a male than a female, but there was no quantitative difference in the vocalizations of own and alien pups. These data indicate that adult mice are able to discriminate between their own and alien offspring; this discrimination appears to be based upon olfactory and possibly gustatory cues rather than auditory ones.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Hunger and the vocalizations of infant gerbils.

Infant gerbils were deprived of food by removing their mother from the cage for 3 hr on alternate days, during which time they remained with their father. These infants were compared with a control group which remained with their mother while the father was removed. Litters lost weight when deprived of food but they received similar levels of parental care, warmth, and tactile stimuli to those of nonfood-deprived litters. There were no significant effects on the vocalizations of the young when tested either in isolation or in the nest with other pups. This apparent absence of a mode of communicating nutritional state is discussed with reference to normal interactions between adults and the litter and the role of vocalizations produced in response to heat loss.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Nursing posture is elicited rapidly in maternally naive, haloperidol-treated female and male rats in response to ventral trunk stimulation from active pups.

Maternal responsiveness in rats can be induced in virgin females and males, without hormonal priming, following several days of cohabitation with pups. Because antagonism of dopamine (DA) facilitates nursing behavior in lactating rats, the response of nonlactating, maternally naive rats to effective stimulation of the ventral trunk (ventrum) from pups following similar treatment was investigated. Lactating dams, virgin females and males, both intact and gonadectomized, were treated with a catalepsy-inducing dose of haloperidol (5 mg/kg), a DA receptor antagonist, and tested with hungry pups 1 hr later. Subjects were placed over 8 pups and postures assessed every 3 min for 30 min. The nursing posture occurred in most subjects. Lactating and nonlactating females were similar in occurrence of the nursing crouch, though the intensity was somewhat higher in the former; females scored higher than males in terms of likelihood and intensity of crouching; and there was no effect of gonadectomy. The nursing posture was not elicited in intact virgin females if the stimulus pups were anesthetized or if the subjects were treated with saline instead of haloperidol. There were no sex differences in onset or intensity of catalepsy in response to the dose of haloperidol used. These results suggest that the nursing posture occurs reflexively, is not directly dependent upon ovarian hormones, and is diminished by the effects of androgens, prior and current.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Opioid regulation of parental behavior in juvenile rats.

When exposed to young rats for a period of days, juvenile rats will respond with full parental behavior (FPB: retrieval and grouping of, and crouching over, pups). Because the parental behavior of juveniles is so robust, and because opiates have been shown to be involved in the regulation of parental behavior in adult animals, we examined morphine's ability to disrupt the display of parental behavior in the juvenile animal. In Experiment 1, 25-day-old males and females were administered one of three injection regimens of morphine (MOR), saline (SAL), or naloxone (NAL)--[MOR (5.0 mg/kg) + SAL; MOR + NAL (0.5 mg/kg); or SAL + SAL]--and 1 h later were exposed to three 1- to 6-day-old neonates. Behavior was scored over a 60-min period and animals were considered parental if they responded with FPB for 2 consecutive testing days. Whereas the SAL + SAL and MOR + NAL were not different, MOR + SAL virtually failed to respond to young over a 10-day period. Experiment 2 exposed juveniles to young for a period of days until they displayed 2 consecutive days of FPB. Next, separate groups of juveniles were treated with the same regimen as above. Again, SAL + SAL and MOR + NAL responded rapidly to young, whereas MOR + SAL did not. These data suggest that the display of parental behavior, both its onset (Experiment 1) and maintenance (Experiment 2), appears to be regulated by opiates.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Developmental psychobiological influences on rodent parental behavior.

The present paper focuses on the development, broadly defined, of parental responsiveness. Both sexes can respond to young with parental behavior, in the absence of elaborate experimental manipulations; yet, through the combined natural forces of ontogeny and maturation, organizational influences of hormones, and adult modifications of neurochemical sensitivity, these animals can be rendered more or less sensitive to young. We will explore the ways in which such developmental alterations determine whether or not an animal is responsive to neonates.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Sex differences in ultrasonic vocalizations and coordinated movement in the California mouse (Peromyscus californicus).

Geyer [Am. Zool. 21 (1981) 117] hypothesized that infant rodents increased the number of ultrasonic vocalizations when they moved in and out of the nest in order to elicit extended care from parents. We tested these hypotheses by recording ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and coordinated movements (locomotion and grooming) in California mouse and by recording USVs from pups before and after their parents retrieved them. In Experiment 1, USVs and coordinated movements were recorded from 2 to 30 days of age, in female and male Peromyscus californicus pups. USVs at 37, 42, 47, and 52kHz were digitized and recorded by computer and an event recorder program which was simultaneously used to record coordinated movement. Vocalizations persisted to 30 days of age. Vocalizations increased for both males and females after they spent more than 180s in coordinated movement and females vocalized more than males. Females also displayed more coordinated movement and earlier development of coordinated movement than males. There was no effect of litter size on USVs. In Experiment 2, the number of USVs emitted by pups and the latency of dams and sires to contact their pups and retrieve them was measured. There was no significant correlation between the number of USVs emitted by pups and the latency for a parent to contact or retrieve a pup. Results from Experiment 1 provided some support for Geyer's (1981) hypothesis and results from Experiment 2 did not support the hypothesis that the main function of USVs in California mouse pups was to elicit parental care.

Acoustic Stimulation↗