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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

A survey of the causes of 'wet vent' in budgerigars.

'Wet vent', the principal clinical sign of which is diarrhoea, is common in budgerigars. In a survey of 83 cases examined post mortem 21 causes were found. The most common causes were enteritis, mainly of a non-infectious nature (18 cases), 'going light' (15 cases), abnormal gizzard structure (nine cases) and nephrosis (six cases).

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Comparative physiology of the high-pressure neurological syndrome--compression rate effects.

The effect of compression rate on onset of high-pressure convulsions has been studied in 14 vertebrate species, as well as in 10 mouse strains and 4 rat strains. Compression rate effects were observed in 9 of the 14 species. They appear to be independent of exposure temperature, correlate only very loosely with phylogenetic position, and appear to reflect species-specific compensatory mechanisms grafted onto an underlying convulsion-producing effect of high hydrostatic pressure. Five vertebrate species distributed among three of the four classes tested failed to show a significant degree of compression rate dependence of high-pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS) convulsion thresholds. The implications of this finding for the formulation of hypotheses regarding the biophysical basis for HPNS convulsions has been discussed. Comparison of intrinsic HPNS susceptibility in different species, in the light of these findings, requires that the comparison be made at a common compression rate. Four of the five lower vertebrate species fall consistently into the category showing high HPNS convulsion threshold pressures regardless of the compression rate employed, whereas the two primates and the one carnivore tested equally consistently fall in the low convulsion threshold pressure category. The data suggest a parallel between the degree of brain development and the relative HPNS susceptibility of a given species and contrast with the inverse relations observed during maturation of newborn mice and rats. The results are compared with data for other convulsants and suggest grouping HPNS and pentylenetetrazole seizures as against electroshock, hyperoxic, flurothyl, strychine, or picrotoxin convulsions.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Localization and characterization of specific cornification proteins in avian epidermis.

Little is known about proteins involved in the formation of the stratum corneum in the avian apteric epidermis. The present immunocytochemical, autoradiographic and electrophoretic study shows that antibodies against characteristic proteins of mammalian cornification (alpha-keratins, loricrin, sciellin, filaggrin, transglutaminase) recognize avian epidermal proteins. This suggests the presence of avian protein with epitopes common to related mammalian proteins. These proteins may also be involved in the formation of the cornified core and cell envelope of mature avian corneocytes. The immunoblotting study suggests that protein bands, cross-reactive for antibodies against loricrin (45, 52-57 kDa), sciellin (54, 84 kDa), filaggrin (32, 38, 45-48 kDa), and transglutaminase (40, 50, 58 kDa), are present in the avian epidermis. Immunocytochemistry shows that immunoreactivity for the above proteins is localized in the transitional and lowermost corneous layer of apteric epidermis. Their epitopes are rapidly masked/altered in cornifying cells and are no longer detectable in mature corneocytes. In scaled epidermis a thick layer made of beta-keratins of 14-18, 20-22, and 33 kDa is formed. Only in feathered epidermis (not in scale epidermis), an antifeather chicken beta-keratin antibody recognized a protein band at 8-12 kDa. This small beta-keratin is probably suitable for the formation of long, axial filaments in elongated barb, barbule and calamus cells. Conversely, the larger beta-keratins in scales are irregularly deposited forming flat plates. Tritiated histidine coupled to autoradiography show an absence of both keratohyalin and histidine-rich proteins in adult feathered and scaled epidermis. Most of the labeling appears in proteins within the range of beta- and alpha-keratins. These data on apteric epidermis support the hypothesis of an evolution of the apteric and interfollicular epidermis from the expansion of hinge regions of protoavian archosaurians.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Auditory pathways in the budgerigar. I. Thalamo-telencephalic projections.

Thalamo-telencephalic auditory pathways in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) were studied using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry and amino acids autoradiography. The results indicate that in this species the thalamic auditory relay nucleus, n. ovoidalis, projects upon a circumscribed region of the caudal and caudomedial neostriatum including field 'L' and immediately adjacent portions of the neostriatum intermedium, pars dorsolateralis (NIDL). This region of NIDL also receives inputs from another thalamic nucleus, n. dorsolateralis posterior (DLP). In the DLP is in receipt of tectal inputs. Projections of DLP upon NIDL were confirmed with amino acids autoradiography. The results of the HRP experiments indicate that different portions of n. ovoidalis project upon different portions of field 'L' and NIDL. Neurons in the dorsal and lateral portions of the n. ovoidalis project upon more medial portions of field 'L'. Neurons located centrally in the n. ovoidalis project upon central and lateral portions of field 'L'. Neurons in the ventromedial portion of the n. ovoidalis are labeled in all cases in which HRP is placed in either field 'L' or in the DLP projection field immediately adjacent to field 'L' proper. HRP injections placed in NIDL lateral to the projection fields of the n. ovoidalis and DLP label neurons within other diencephalic nuclei including the n. subrotundus. The caudal and intermediate levels of the neostriatum intermedium apparently serve as a complex processing area for many thalamic inputs in this species. The existence of multiple ascending thalamo-telencephalic projections from portions of the thalamus receiving inputs from both the visual (i.e., tectal) and auditory (i.e., n. mesencephalicus lateralis pars dorsalis) portions of the midbrain roof (i.e., from DLP and from n. ovoidalis) suggests the possibility that intermodal associations may take place in these telencephalic fields. Such partially converging pathways may provide a basics for intermodal associations which are important in individual recognition and social signalling systems in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Carcinogenicity of N-nitroso compounds. Species and route differences in regard to organotropism.

N-nitroso compounds were found to be carcinogenic in 22 animals species. The organotropism of the carcinogenic action may be related to a variety of organs and organ systems. It does not only depend on the chemical structure of the molecules but also on the daily dose. It is highly probable that N-nitroso compounds also act carcinogenically in human beings. Predictions as to the organotropism of the carcinogenic action in man cannot be made. N-nitroso compounds have to be regarded as 'multipotent'.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Serological investigations in 15 cases of bird fanciers disease.

Serological studies in 15 patients with bird fanciers disease are reported. Quantitative analysis of serum proteins showed elevation of IgG in almost every case. High IgE was observed in three patients with isolated asthmatic reactions. In four patients alpha1-antitrypsin was transiently diminished. Two of these had heterozygous deficiency of this protein (genotype MS and MZ). Precipitins against avian sera and avian droppings were found in all patients, but also in some exposed and nonexposed controls. Cross-reactions to avian antigens from different species were observed quite regularly in patients but not in controls. One case is presented suggesting that these cross-reactions may be of clinical importance. Precipitins against other inhaled antigens such as Aspergillus fumigatus, cereals or Micropolyspora faeni were observed significantly more frequently in patients than in controls. These precipitins showed no cross-reactions with those against avian antigens.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Detection of IgG antibodies against pigeon intestinal mucosa antigens in pigeon breeders' sera using the immunofluorescent technique.

The serum of 102 pigeon breeders was examined for circulating IgG antibodies against antigens localized in pigeon intestine by the indirect immunofluorescent technique. 15 symptomatic breeders with a positive response to inhalation challenge had antibodies against mucosa tissue. The majority of asymptomatic breeders demonstrated either a fluorescence of intestinal excrements combined with a weak fluorescence of mucosa tissue or had no detectable antibodies in their serum. By the indirect immunofluorescence, antibodies were found more frequently than by immunoprecipitin reactions in agar.

Absorption↗
PubMed1995

Development and application of an immunohistochemical staining technique to detect avian polyomaviral antigen in tissue sections.

An immunohistochemical staining technique was developed to detect polyomaviral antigens of budgerigar fledgling disease in formalin-fixed tissue sections. This technique used an indirect avidin-biotin, alkaline phosphatase labeling system with a mixture of monoclonal antibodies developed against the virus major capsid protein. The staining technique was applied retrospectively to 24 avian accessions which were originally diagnosed as budgerigar fledgling disease or avian polyomavirus infection based on microscopic findings including typical intranuclear inclusions. Immunohistochemical staining resulted in positive reactions in some tissues from 17 of 24 cases. The tissues most frequently containing typical intranuclear inclusions or positive immunohistochemical staining were the spleen, liver, and kidney. Neither of the 2 nonpsittacine cases was positive immunohistochemically. This technique may be used wither as a rapid test on routinely processed diagnostic samples to confirm the presence of avian polyomavirus or for pathogenesis research studies.

Animals↗