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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Pupil dilation, sex of stimulus, and age and sex of observer.

10-yr.-old, 16-yr.-old, and 20-yr.-old male and female observers (ns = 10; N = 60) rated a number of male and female faces for how 'good-looking' they were. Some of these faces were identical save that in one version the pupils were larger. Pupil dilation in the photographs of males produced no significant effects, whereas pupil dilation in the female photographs caused such faces to be rated as more good-looking by the two oldest groups of male observers. The 10-yr.-old boys and the 16- and 20-yr.-old women rated the female faces with enlarged pupils as significantly less 'good-looking' than the same faces with smaller pupils.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Miotic Adie's pupils.

Two young adults, aged 24 and 31, had a long history of small, poorly reactive pupils. There was no history of large pupils, and a review of old photographs confirmed 10 and 5 years, respectively, of miosis. Both were found to have bilateral tonic pupils that were supersensitive to diluted pilocarpine. Although it is possible that they had an unusually early onset of bilateral Adie's syndrome with dilated pupils that was not noticed, it is suggested that some patients might have primary miotic Adie's pupils without ever passing through a mydriatic phase.

Adie Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of pupil dynamics after implantation of artisan phakic intraocular lenses.

PURPOSE: To compare pre- and postoperative horizontal and vertical pupil diameters after horizontal Artisan phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) (Ophtec BV, Groningen, The Netherlands) implantation for correction of myopia. METHODS: The pre- and postoperative scotopic pupil diameters measured by the Colvard pupillometer (Oasis Medical, Glendora, Calif) were compared in 71 eyes after Artisan PIOL implantation (Artisan Colvard group). Analysis of pupil shape (vertical vs horizontal diameter, V/H ratio) after horizontal Artisan PIOL implantation was performed with the Procyon pupillometer (Procyon Instruments Ltd, London, United Kingdom) in 121 eyes (Artisan Procyon group) under scotopic, mesopic-low, and mesopic-high conditions and compared to an age- and refraction-matched control group of 121 eyes of refractive surgery candidates (Procyon control group). RESULTS: After horizontal Artisan PIOL implantation, the mean horizontal pupil diameter decreased from 6.231 +/- 0.70 mm preoperatively to 5.34 +/- 0.68 mm postoperatively in the Artisan Colvard group (P < .01). The mean horizontal scotopic diameter was 5.60 +/- 0.66 mm, the mesopic-low diameter was 4.94 +/- 0.71 mm, and the mesopic-high diameter was 3.98 +/- 0.54 mm for the Artisan Procyon group. The mean horizontal scotopic diameter was 6.29 +/- 0.91 mm, the mesopic-low diameter was 5.40 +/- 0.96 mm, and the mesopic-high diameter was 4.16 +/- 0.80 mm in the Procyon control group. A significant increase was noted in V/H ratio under scotopic, mesopic-low, and mesopic-high conditions from 1.02, 1.02, and 1.01, respectively, in the Procyon control group to 1.17, 1.12, and 1.06, respectively, in the Artisan Procyon group (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Horizontal pupil size was significantly decreased after horizontal Artisan PIOL implantation and might be attributed to a mechanical restriction of the iris in the horizontal meridian.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed2003

[Frequency of detection and distribution of narrow pupil in patients with cataracts].

The authors have analyzed 445 patients (464 eyes) living in the Leningrad Region who underwent the removal of age and complicated cataracts (except posttraumatic and diabetic). The pupils width was evaluated against the background of mydriasis with instillations of 1% tropicamid solution. The patients were investigated for the presence of pseudoexfoliative syndrome (PES) and glaucoma. Narrow pupil, PES and glaucoma were observed more often in men than in women (P < 0.05). In patients with isolated PES the narrow pupil was revealed in 32.6%, with isolated glaucoma--in 41.4%, with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma--in 90.9% of the cases. In eyes without PES and glaucoma the narrow pupil was noted in 1.2%. The frequency of detection of narrow pupils increases with age (in patients older than 50 years) and depends on the degree of cataract maturity.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1991

Effects of topical administration of timolol maleate on intraocular pressure and pupil size in cats.

Effects of topical administration of a single dose of timolol maleate, a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent, on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter were evaluated in the normotensive eyes of 10 clinically normal cats over 12 hours. Mean (+/- SEM) normal IOP was 17.1 (+/- 1.1) mm of Hg and diurnal fluctuation was observed, with the highest IOP seen in the evening. Mean (+/- SEM) normal pupil diameter was 10.1 (+/- 0.5) mm. Topical treatment with 0.5% timolol resulted in reduction of IOP in treated and nontreated eyes. This effect was time-dependent and was first observed at 6 hours after treatment. Mean reduction of IOP was 22.3% in the treated eye and 16.3% in the nontreated eye. The treated eye had reduced pupil diameter at 30 minutes after treatment, and miosis persisted throughout the 12 hours of the study. Mean reduction of pupil diameter was 38.7%. A contralateral effect on pupil diameter was not seen in the nontreated eye. Topical administration of timolol maleate results in a reduction of IOP in treated and contralateral eyes, which supports the use of timolol for treatment of glaucoma in cats. In addition, the treated eye becomes miotic. This effect may indicate beta-adrenergic inhibition or alpha-adrenergic activation of the iris sphincter muscle. beta-Adrenergic blockade would then result in miosis.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1991

Effects of topical administration of 2.0% pilocarpine on intraocular pressure and pupil size in cats.

Effects of topical administration of a single dose of 2% pilocarpine on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter were evaluated in normotensive eyes of 10 clinically normal cats over 12 hours. Mean (+/- SEM) normal IOP was 17.1 (+/- 1.1) mm of Hg and, diurnal fluctuation was observed, with the highest IOP seen in the evening. Mean (+/- SEM) normal pupil diameter was found to be 10.1 (+/- 0.5) mm. Topical treatment with pilocarpine resulted in reduction of IOP in treated and nontreated eyes. This effect was time-dependent and was first observed at 4 hours after treatment. Mean reduction of IOP was 15.2% in the treated eye and 9.3% in the nontreated eye. The treated eye had reduced pupil diameter at 30 minutes after treatment, and miosis persisted throughout the 12 hours of the study. Mean reduction in pupil diameter was 28.5% in the treated eye and 14.2% in the nontreated eye. Topically administered pilocarpine results in reduction of IOP and pupil diameter in treated and contralateral eyes, which supports the use of pilocarpine for treatment of glaucoma in cats.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1990

Do women and myopes have larger pupils?

It is commonly reported that the pupils of women are larger than those of men and the pupils of myopes larger than those of emmetropes. However, these reports are not supported by experimental procedures using objective measurements, controlled conditions, and adequate numbers of subjects. In this report the open-loop pupil size was measured objectively using dynamic infrared pupillometry in a sample of 48 subjects. Subjects were balanced for age and equally divided between emmetropes and myopes, males and females. The results did not support the contention that females have larger pupils than males or that physiologic myopes have larger pupils than emmetropes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

A quasistatic study of pupil and accommodation after-effects following near vision.

The study examines the effect of a near task on immediate post-task measures of pupil size and accommodative state. The method of quasistatic measurement of accommodation was used and pupillary changes elicited by the accommodative stimulus were simultaneously recorded using an infrared video-pupillometer. This method requires a short (typically 2 minutes) but strong (up to 10 D in most subjects) near-vision effort, with the accommodative and pupillary responses being recorded before, during, and after the task. The results show pupil after-effects to be more pronounced than tonic accommodative after-effects. Inter-individual difference in after-effects is large. The pupil after-effect was dissociated from the tonic accommodation after-effect and lasted in some cases for more than 15 minutes. The pupil after-effect was not masked by darkness. It is proposed that monitoring the changes of pupil is valuable when assessing the after-effects of sustained near vision.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1989

Pupil size after extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation: a prospective randomized trial of epinephrine and acetylcholine.

The effects of using epinephrine in the irrigating fluid and intracameral acetylcholine were studied by measuring changes in pupil size in the 48 hours following extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in 39 eyes. Epinephrine reduced peroperative pupil constriction, but its effect was insignificant thereafter. The pupil constriction following acetylcholine was maximal at 2 hours and was still significant at 4 hours, but pupils redilated by 6 hours. Neither drug had any effect after this time. The edge of most lens implants was visible at 6 hours, after which pupils steadily constricted.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1987

A quantitative investigation into the effects of pupil diameter and defocus on contrast sensitivity for an extended range of spatial frequencies in natural and homatropinized eyes.

Contrast sensitivity was measured in 12 subjects for different spatial frequencies of sinusoidal grating patterns, generated by oscilloscope, for pupil diameters 2-8 mm and for defocus of +1-4 D, following homatropine eyedrops. Changes in pupil diameter, without correction for the change in retinal illumination, had no significant effect on contrast sensitivity, except at 0.5 and 1 c deg-1 when a significant reduction occurred with the 2 mm pupil. Defocus caused a large reduction in contrast sensitivity at spatial frequencies higher than the peak of the contrast sensitivity function (3 c deg-1) and a smaller reduction below the peak. In both individual and group results, there was no significant effect of defocus in causing a disproportionately greater reduction in contrast sensitivity at higher spatial frequencies nor were the zero mimina predicted by optical theory observed. The results were confirmed in eight subjects viewing with the natural eye, though the reduction in contrast sensitivity caused by +1 D defocus was not significant: this was attributed to the relaxation of accommodation in response to defocus. To predict the performance of the visual system, multiple regression equations were derived to incorporate terms for pupil diameter, defocus and spatial frequency. These equations reflected the lack of effect of pupil diameter, while defocus caused a 51% loss in contrast sensitivity per dioptre at higher spatial frequencies (3-38 c deg-1) and a 19% reduction at low spatial frequencies.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1978

A displaced Stiles-Crawford effect associated with an eccentric pupil.

Receptors tend to be oriented toward a point near the center of the pupil in the normal eye. We report psychophysical studies of receptor orientation and directional sensitivity in a subject whose right pupil is displaced nearly 3 mm nasally as a result of injury sustained 25 years ago. The Stiles-Crawford effect was measured for foveal cones and for parafoveal cones and rods. Greatest sensitivity was found in all cases at a point close to the center of the natural pupil, indicating that the receptors in this eye are trained toward the abnormally situated pupil. At large angles of incidence, foveal cones exhibited a clear asymptote of sensitivity 0.83 log units below the sensitivity for axially incident light. Parafoveal cones were more directionally sensitive, with a suggestion of an asymptote for oblique incidence about 1.2 log units below the sensitivity for axial incidence. Rods showed a sensitivity pattern decentered like that of the cones, with a greatest observed sensitivity loss of 0.28 log units. Best acuity for cones was observed for entrance pupils close to the optical axis of the eye, remote from the pupillary region for best sensitivity.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1995

Do changes in pupil size and ambient illumination affect the duochrome test?

Vague and conflicting suggestions currently exist within the literature regarding the appropriate level of ambient illumination to use while conducting the clinical duochrome (bichrome) test. One proposal is that reduced illumination should be adopted since this allows the pupils to dilate, thereby increasing the chromatic interval and resultant test sensitivity. The aim of the present study was to determine whether changes in pupil size and ambient illumination do indeed alter the subjective duochrome response. Accordingly, eight young, visually normal subjects were dilated with 2.5 percent phenylephrine and tested while monocularly viewing the duochrome chart through 1, 3, 5 and 7mm artificial pupils. Additionally, the effects of performing the test through a 1.0 log unit neutral density filter and varying the overall room illumination were examined. There were no significant differences between the mean responses under all test conditions. The variability of individual responses decreased with increasing pupil size; however, a 4mm change in pupil diameter was required to alter the response variability significantly. Therefore it is recommended that the test be performed under the minimum practical ambient illumination conditions in order to minimize this variability.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1995

The effect of field of view size on steady-state pupil diameter.

Studies of the relationship between luminance and pupil diameter have produced widely differing results. This research note explores the possibility that this is due, in part, to differences in the size of the adapting fields used by various workers. We present measurements of pupil diameter as a function of luminance for a variety of field subtenses. The results indicate a consistent trend for smaller subtenses to produce less pupil constriction. For field diameters of up to 25 degrees, replotting the data in terms of corneal flux density (i.e. the product of luminance and subtended area) causes an approximate convergence onto a single function described by D = 7.75-5.75 [(F/846)0.41/((F/846)0.41 / 2)] where D is the pupil diameter (mm) and F is the corneal flux density (cdm-2 deg2). This equation should be of some practical use in estimation of natural pupil diameter.

Cornea↗
PubMed1996

[Experience with pupil tropicamide test in Alzheimer's disease].

Scinto et al (Science 1994; 266: 1051-4) observed that a single drop of 0.01% tropicamide elicited more than a 13% pupil dilatation in 19 individuals with probable or possible Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 3 cognitive abnormal elderly without dementia, but not in 30 out of 32 normal elderly and 3 out of 4 patients suffering from other dementias. It could be an easy and bloodless test to help in diagnosing AD. We have administered the same test to 10 patients with probable AD (NINCDS-ADRDA criteria) and twenty 40-90 year-old control subjects (10 of whom were sons or daughters of AD patients and 10 without a family history of dementia). The researcher does not know which group the subject belongs to. He administers a single drop of 0.01% tropicamide in eye and one drop of 0.45% normal saline solution in the other (without knowing the contents of either vial) and measures the pupil diameter by means of a Goldmann pupilometer in basal condition and 10, 15, 25, 30, 35, 45, and 55 minutes after. The results show that it is necessary to measure the pupils at least between the minutes 25 and 55 to detect tha maximum pupil dilation in every case. The cutoff point to consider the result positive must be located between 43 and 50%. If we establish the cutoff point in 50% of pupil dilation, 90% of AD patients and 35% of control subjects show a positive response. There was not a statistically significant difference between both control groups. Our results from this test show a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 65%. The positive responses of some control subjects may express a weak specificity, or perhaps they mean that we have a marker of the pre-clinical stage of the disease before us.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Objective visual field measurement using "pupil perimetry"].

In an attempt to measure the visual field objectively, we developed a system of "Pupil Perimetry". An infrared pupillometry machine was linked to a Goldmann perimeter to record the visual field by mapping the change in the pupil area (mm2) at each target location within the field. We decreased the background intensity to 10Asb to get maximum pupil response. The target was exposed for 0.25 seconds with an intensity of 1,000 Asb. Pupil response was observed up to 90 degrees laterally and 60 degrees nasally across a meridian in normal subjects. Visual fields obtained from patients with homonymous hemianopsia, glaucoma and Leber's optic neuropathy were compatible with a field obtained by a Humphrey field analyzer (FHA) 30-2 program. Pupil perimetry is a useful tool for measuring the visual field objectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Pupil size, mean accommodation response and the fluctuations of accommodation.

We wished to determine how pupil size and mean accommodation response level interact to influence the fluctuations of accommodation. A dynamic infra-red optometer was used to record accommodation responses while subjects viewed a steady target at two stimulus levels (1.5 and 3 D) through four pupils (1, 2, 4 and 6 mm). It was found for most subjects that the fluctuations of accommodation increase at higher mean accommodation response levels, and small pupils lead to an increase in the low frequency (but not the high frequency) fluctuations of accommodation. The effects of mean accommodation response are independent of pupil size, and the effects of pupil size are independent of mean response level.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1993

Level dependent signal flow in the light pupil reflex. I. Latency of time domain responses to transient stimuli.

Latency of pupillary responses to light stimuli are smaller for larger steps of light, and larger for smaller steps of light (Alpern 1954; Lowenstein et al. 1964; Lee et al. 1969; Terdiman et al. 1969; Cibis et al. 1977; and many others). Miller and Thompson (1978), however, reported negligible change in pupil cycle time (period of high gain instability oscillations) with increased mean brightness. Sandberg and Stark (1968) reported a negligible reduction in phase lag of pupillary responses to sinusoidal light stimuli as the modulation coefficient (m) increased. To resolve the inconsistency between the well-documented dependence of latency upon brightness, and the apparent absence of level dependence in the phase characteristics (as reflected directly in the responses to sinusoidal stimuli and indirectly in pupil cycle time experiments) we measured: 1. Latency to step stimuli of light, 2. Phase of responses to sinusoidal light stimuli and 3. Period (pupil cycle time) of high gain instability oscillations. The dependence of pupillary latency upon stimulus level (both light and accommodation) and the interaction between accommodation and light responses were investigated. We show that most of the level dependence of light-pupil latency resides in the afferent path. In the companion papers, we demonstrate that: 1. Phase of pupillary response to sinusoidal light stimuli is reduced by increased mean light level, but is independent of pupil size and accommodative stimulus level; and 2. The period of high gain oscillations is shown to decrease with increased mean light level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of three different technologies for pupil diameter measurement.

BACKGROUND: The pupil diameter plays an important role in the occurrence of photopic phenomena after refractive surgery. Standardized estimation can be performed using a lens system with a built-in millimeter scale (Colvard, Oasis Medical, California). A new computerized technique allows dynamic and binocular measurement of the pupil diameter by use of infrared light (P2000SA, Procyon Instruments, London, UK). An additional approach is a wavefront aberrometer based on the Hartmann-Shack principle (WASCA; Asclepion-Meditec-Zeiss, Jena, Germany). These strategies were compared. DESIGN: Non-randomized comparative trial. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: The pupil diameter of 56 eyes of 28 probands (18 female, mean age 23 years) was measured under scotopic conditions by three independent examiners with each measurement device. The measurement devices were compared intraindividually by pairwise sign tests. Description was based on the intraindividual differences' medians and quantiles. RESULTS: Median pupil diameters were 6.67 mm for the scale pupillometer (interquartile range 6.07-6.94 mm), 6.60 mm for the dynamic pupillometer (6.0-7.02 mm), and 6.37 mm for the wavefront-based aberrometer (5.9-6.7 mm). Pairwise comparison revealed statistically significant ( P<0.05), although not clinically relevant median deviations. Although no clinically relevant median differences were observed (when based on intraobserver means), deviations for single pupil diameter assessments ranged up to 1 mm. CONCLUSION: No clinically relevant median deviations were observed in the underlying repeated measurement scenario. The scale pupillometer showed greater interobserver variation than the objective tests.

Adult↗