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PubMed1976

[Significance of twin birth for the appearance of cyclic psychoses].

The motility psychosis, one of the cycloid psychoses, is frequently encountered in twins. As this is also true of two-egg twins, similarity of character does not seem to be essential. Therefore the influence must probably become active during early childhood, perhaps even the first year of life. Somatic lesions before and after birth must be taken into consideration, as the weaker twin is at higher risk. On the other hand, a mutual influence between the twins has been suggested by the observation that confusion psychoses, which are closely related to motility psychoses, hardly occurred in twins. Investigations in siblings with motility psychosis and confusion psychosis confirmed the mutual interrelationship. Concerning the former, considerably more siblings were found. Many siblings, as well as twins, seem susceptible to the development of a motility psychosis, however they seem less susceptible to the development of a confusion psychosis. The investigation of siblings could lead to verification of early infancy as a period of influence.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1976

[Paranoid-hallucinatory psychoses in acromegaly].

Paranoid halluzinatory psychoses associated with acromegaly occur rarely. This paper presents three own observations and at the same time gives a revue of cases reported in the literature. Based on these observations it is attempted to characterize structure and cause of these psychoses and to correlate the psychopathology with the development and severity of the somatic disease. The discussion of the psychopathology includes the problem of differentiation between somatic determined psychoses and endogenous disorders, i.e. schizophrenic and manic depressive illness. It also considers factors such as personality structure and situation of life.

Acromegaly↗
PubMed1978

A reappraisal of alcoholic psychoses.

A retrospective study of alcoholic psychoses is reported. The phenomena of the illnesses corresponded poorly with classical descriptions of alcoholic hallucinosis, delirium tremens and alcoholic paranoia. Alternative diagnostic approaches were tried (Catego, restrictive definition of alcoholic hallucinosis). The problems of distinguishing psychoses with associated organic factors from 'idiopathic' forms are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Saccadic eye movements and endogenous psychoses].

Saccadic eye movements were examined in different psychiatric patient groups. It was found that patients with schizophrenic and schizoaffective psychoses showed significantly increased incidence of dysmetric saccades (dysmetria) as compared to manic-depressive and alcoholic patients as well as healthy controls. However, increased non-fixations (deviations of the gaze from the target point) occurred in all psychotic inpatients but not in alcoholics and schizophrenic outpatients. Significantly increased saccadic reaction times could be found in chronic schizophrenic inpatients only. Furthermore it could be shown in the latter group that the increased dysmetria remains intraindividually relatively constant, in contrast to the other parameters. The results are interpreted as the expression of an impairment of attention of psychotic inpatients, while the dysmetria could represent the equivalent of a disturbed attention typical for psychoses with schizophrenic features.

Attention↗
PubMed1979

Presentation of the steroid psychoses.

This study suggests that patients receiving daily doses of 40 mg of prednisone or its equivalent, are at greater risk for developing steroid psychosis. Psychotic reactions were twice as likely to occur during the first 5 days of treatment as subsequently. Premorbid personality, history of previous psychiatric disorder, and a history of previous steroid psychosis did not clearly increase the patient's risk of developing psychotic reaction during any given course of therapy. Steroid psychoses present as spectrum psychoses with symptoms ranging from affective through schizophreniform to those of an organic brain syndrome. No characteristic stable presentation was observed in these 14 cases reported here. The most prominent symptom constellation to appear some time during the course of the illness consisted of emotional lability, anxiety, distractibility, pressured speech, sensory flooding, insomnia, depression, perplexity, agitation, auditory and visual hallucinations, intermittent memory impairment, mutism, disturbances of body image, delusions, apathy, and hypomania. Phenothiazines administered in average daily doses of 212 mg produced excellent response in all patients studied. Of particular note was the fact that tricyclic antidepressants produced an exacerbation or worsening of the clinical state in all patients to whom they were administered.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1984

Course and outcome of delusional psychoses.

The authors reinvestigated 84 out of a sample of 90 patients with delusional psychoses after an interval of 6-9 years. The results of the follow-up showed a pattern of episodic versus chronic course which compares to follow-up studies on classically diagnosed schizophrenias. The authors found evidence for their hypothesis concerning the nosological heterogeneity of this group of psychoses and propose a syndromatological classification apart from the delusional symptomatology itself. What they call background symptomatology was divided into axial syndromes. The authors feel that this results in subgroups that are more homogeneous for course and outcome than the usual classification systems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Psychoses associated with bupropion treatment.

The authors describe the development of acute psychoses in four patients treated with bupropion, a unicyclic aminoketone antidepressant. In two of the cases the psychoses seemed to be affected by dose. The mechanism responsible for the psychotic reactions is unclear, although it may involve perturbation of dopaminergic systems. On the basis of their experience, the authors offer recommendations regarding the clinical use of bupropion.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

Psychoses with propranolol: a case report.

Functional and organic psychoses have been reported in association with propranolol therapy. The authors report a rare occurrence of both types of psychoses in the same individual at two different times during propranolol therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Alcohol consumption and alcoholic psychoses in Poland.

In Poland, analysis of partial correlations showed a close connection of the incidence of alcoholic psychoses with total alcohol consumption and consumption of distilled spirits but not with consumption of wine or beer. It is suggested that the incidence of alcoholic psychoses can serve as an indicator of the incidence of alcohol-related problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Differential diagnosis and syndrome-genetic problems and aspects of drug-induced psychoses in juveniles (author's transl)].

Acute and chronic psychotic states in juvenile drug addicts demand careful observation of syndrome-genetic and differential diagnostic factors. Not only the diagnosis of a schizophrenic or affective juvenile psychosis and their differentiation from phase-specific developmental crises may often be difficult. A further problematic field are special aspects of symptomatic psychoses and particularly states due to drug addiction with hashish, LSD and amphetamines and the effect of drugs on already existing endogenous psychoses. This demands subtile phenomenologic description and syndrome-genetic assessment. One will have to take into account the complexity of drug effects and whether a psychosis existed already before addiction, whether drugs have provoked a latent psychosis, whether a purely symptomatic psychosis mimics a schizophrenia or whether irreversible personality changes with secondary psychotic behavior have developed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

[Acute psychoses in opioid addicts].

A clinical study of 377 opioid dependent patients has been carried out. In 11.1% of the patients, development of acute psychosis of delirious structure in the withdrawal period was detected. Abstinent and medication factors were shown to play a key role in psychosis manifestation. An impact of such factors, as alcohol abuse, concomitant use of hypnotics and tranquillizers, craniocerebral traumas and somatic disturbances is discussed. Higher frequency of acute psychoses was suggested to contribute to opioid dependence pathomorphosis. Acute psychoses in opioid addicts are characterized by benign course.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

Drug-induced psychoses.

Major causes of drug-induced psychoses include cocaine, amphetamines, phencyclidine, cannabinoids, LSD, mescaline, the so-called designer drugs, anticholinergic compounds, and steroids. Most drug-induced psychoses are managed with general supportive measures, reassurance, minimizing patient stimulation, and benzodiazepines as needed; however, specific antidotes such as physostigmine for anticholinergic poisoning or urinary acidification to enhance excretion of amphetamines or phencyclidine may be indicated in some patients. Any patient with a drug-induced psychosis must be evaluated carefully for evidence of other toxic effects of the drug in question.

Designer Drugs↗
PubMed1986

Organic psychoses. Delusional disorders and secondary mania.

Organic delusional disorders and secondary mania are clinical syndromes produced by neurologic diseases and toxic-metabolic disorders. Delusional disorders are associated primarily with limbic system lesions and basal ganglia dysfunction. These two groups of structures are united into a single system involved in the assessment of ongoing perception and experience, and dysfunction in these structures may explain the presence of psychosis. Lesions producing delusional disorders involve dopaminergic projections considered important in idiopathic schizophrenia, and involvement of similar anatomic and biochemical systems may explain the identity of symptoms noted in both disorders. Secondary mania is associated with deep midline lesions and with pharmacologic agents affecting monoaminergic function. Midline lesions may involve reward-system nuclei and euphoriant enkephalins to produce an elevated mood and hypothalamic nuclei to produce alterations in sleep, appetite, and libido. Mania appears to be more common with right-sided than with left-sided lesions. Lesions, metabolic disturbances, and drugs causing mania may disturb serotonergic and noradrenergic transmitters implicated in idiopathic bipolar disease. Study of the organic psychoses is providing insight into the neurophysiologic basis of idiopathic psychotic disorders. Clinically, greater awareness of the organic psychoses may lead to the discovery of additional cases of secondary mania and organic delusional disorders with potentially treatable neuromedical causes.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1987

[Effect of neuroleptic therapy on the structure of an episode in acute alcoholic psychoses].

Clinical examination of 106 patients with acute alcoholic psychoses has shown a definite effect of neuroleptic therapy with phenothiazine drugs on the pathomorphosis of psychotic attacks. It has been found that the main direction of the therapeutic pathomorphosis in the studied group is the appearance in the structure of attacks of the alternately changing main forms of alcoholic psychoses-delirium, verbal hallucinosis, and paranoid, as well as an increase in the number of patients with consciousness disturbances of delirious or delirious-oneiric type by the end of the attack. Positive results of the use of eglonyl in the treatment of acute alcoholic hallucinosis are presented.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

[Pharmacotoxic psychoses in patients with neurological disorders during old age (author's transl)].

23.3 per cent out of 180 old patients (age above 60 years, 71 y in the mean) suffering from chronic cerebral disorders (3 large groups of disease) developed pharmacotoxic psychoses. This relative high percentage can be explained by psychotoxic side effects of the modern antiparkinson-therapy. The incidence to psychotoxicity of combined L-Dopa seems to be less marked in patients without Parkinson's disease when compared to patients with progredient nigrostriatal degeneration. Toxic delirium as a result of treatment with antidepressants, diuretics and digitalis was observable only in a few percentage. This occurance was even less pronounced in comparison to acute developing exogene psychoses in the same group of patients when drugs were not administered.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Antipsychotic drugs and drugs inducing psychoses].

The contributions made by various stages of psychopharmacology - i.e. pharmacotherapy of psychoses as well as experimental psychiatry - towards the understanding of the structure and nature of major psychoses are considered. The various types of antipsychotic agents (neuroleptics, antidepressants and lithium) are reviewed as well as their characteristics, classification and biochemical properties. Besides, pharmacopsychoses resulting from heavy and repeated abuse of hallucinatory and other drugs are put forward as a model worthy of further studies. This paper concludes by an appeal for a truly multidisciplinary collaboration in order for modern biologic psychiatry to progress.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1978

[Alcoholic psychoses in patients with sluggish schizophrenia].

Among the 36 patients with sluggish schizophrenia in combination with alcoholism there were 6 cases of psychoses appearing against the background of chronic alcoholic intoxication. On the basis of the clinical picture the conclusion is made that the atypicity of clinical signs depends upon the double influence of alcohol on the endogenous process. The described psychoses, in the opinion of the author, are of transient nature changing the development of sluggish schizophrenia under the influence of alcoholism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Treatment of pharmacotoxic psychoses with clopenthixol in patients with Parkinson's disease (author's transl)].

Pharmacotoxic psychoses resulting from therapy of advanced Parkinson's disease can occur in up to 60% of the patients. Treatment must not be completely discontinued in such cases. Clopenthixol (Sordinol, Ciatyl) in small dosage has been shown to be much more effective than all other types of therapy in the management of those psychoses. In a group of 28 patients treated with clopenthixol the progression of Parkinson's disease was not quicker than a control group of 30 patients not treated with clopenthixol. Both groups were of similar age and at a similar stage of the disease.

Antiparkinson Agents↗