SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PRINTING”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources

PubMed1998

Does cigarette print advertising adhere to the Tobacco Institute's voluntary advertising and promotion code? An assessment.

OBJECTIVES: This investigation examined whether, despite the Tobacco Institute's Voluntary Cigarette Advertising and Promotion Code, current cigarette print advertising communicates culturally positive messages to youth about smoking. METHODS: Nine hundred thirteen students in grades 6-8 (ages 10-15) were shown a sample of four contemporary cigarette print ads (Camel, Marlboro, Newport, and Virginia Slims) and completed structured written assessments designed to capture their perceptions of each ad. RESULTS: Across the four ads, between 37% and 84% of the students reported that the ads communicated to them that smoking will make people popular, cool, successful in life, sexy, attractive, and healthy. Sizeable percentages of students reported that the ads show people using the product in an "exaggerated" way, and that what people in the ads are doing requires "exercise and physical energy." The median estimated age of the models in the ads was under age 25 for four out of the six models. CONCLUSIONS: As perceived by adolescents, current cigarette print advertising violates basic tenets of the Voluntary Code, thus bringing into question the tobacco industry's ability to self-regulate image advertising. These findings suggest that the FDA ruling to prohibit image advertising for tobacco in publications with significant youth readership deserves serious consideration.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

The U.S. Government Printing Office--marketing and publishing.

Official printer and sales agent for publications of the Federal government, the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) receives typed and electronic manuscripts from virtually every agency of government. Either in house or through commercial procurement, GPO provides typesetting, printing, and binding services to produce finished publications. GPO also disseminates these publications through the 1400 Depository Libraries and the Superintendent of Documents Sales Program. GPO employs an hierarchical marketing system which helps assure public exposure for every sales program title, while assigning increasing levels of promotion for titles with the greatest sales potential. As a trend, GPO sees fewer consumer-oriented publications and more professional-use titles. GPO also observes a new appreciation of the value of government statistical information, and increased agency efforts to provide improved public access to this data. GPO is working with publishing agencies and information-technology suppliers to study ways of accommodating demand for electronic information dissemination.

Government Agencies↗

PubMed2004

Predictors of plasma lead among lithographic print shop workers in Mexico City.

BACKGROUND: Plasma lead is considered a biological marker that reflects the fraction of lead in blood that is toxicologically available. We examined the relationship between plasma lead and other biomarkers of lead exposure in 69 lithographic print shop workers. METHODS: Lead was measured in plasma and whole blood (by inductively coupled plasma-magnetic sector mass spectrometry), in bone (by 109Cd X-ray fluorescence), and in hand wipes and occupational air samples. Personal hygiene habits at work were surveyed. RESULTS: Mean age was 47 years and 86% (n=59) were men. Mean lead levels were 0.3 microg/L in plasma, 11.9 microg/dL in blood, 46.7 microg/g in patella, and 27.6 microg/g in tibia. Taken together, two multivariate linear models explained 57% of variability in plasma lead levels. Predictors for the first model were lead in patella (beta = 0.006), blood (beta = 0.008), and hygiene index (beta = -0.11). Predictors for the second model were lead in tibia (beta = 0.008), blood (beta = 0.008), and hygiene index (beta = -0.13). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that accumulated bone stores and hygiene habits are both significant independent predictors of plasma lead levels in active workers at this print shop.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

PubMed1988

Malignant melanoma in the printing industry.

To evaluate a recent report of malignant melanoma among printers, we used the Cancer-Environment Registry of Sweden, which links national cancer incidence and employment data. Employees in the newspaper printing industry had almost twice the incidence of melanoma than expected (p less than 0.01). Elevated risks were found not only among typographers and machine repairers, but also among journalists, editors, and business executives in the printing industry. Further studies are needed to clarify this relationship and identify specific exposures that may be responsible.

Humans↗

PubMed1993

Investigation of an outbreak of "humidifier fever" in a print shop.

An outbreak of "humidifier fever" affected 16 (57%) of 28 workers in a print shop. The most common symptoms were myalgia, chills or subjective fever, and cough. Illness began 5-13 hours after entering the workplace, and lasted 2-24 hours. A humidifier in use the day of the outbreak was found to be contaminated with fungi, amebae, and Gram-negative bacteria. The risk of illness was highest for those who had been on the job 3 months before the outbreak, a time when the humidifier was in constant use. Serologic studies of print shop workers showed positive reactions to extracts of organisms isolated from the humidifier, but could neither distinguish ill from well workers, nor identify causative organisms. The presence of endotoxin-producing bacteria and the clinical syndrome are consistent with an organic dust toxic syndrome. Previous exposure appeared to be the major risk factor for illness.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2006

Three-dimensional printing of porous polyethylene structure using water-based binders.

This study demonstrated a freeform fabrication of porous hydrophobic polyethylene parts by three-dimensional printing technique, using water-based binder. This involved initially making a green structure by printing a binder onto the mixture of polyethylene and water soluble adhesive powder bed. The green structure was thermal treated to melt polyethylene fraction to achieve a well-connected structure within the part. Adhesive components were then leached out in water, leaving only porous structure of polyethylene. Specimens with ratios of polyethylene to adhesive from 80:20 to 20:80 were fabricated and characterized. It was found that increasing polyethylene content increased density, modulus, and strength while decreased porosity. Preliminary in vitro toxicity test of porous parts using L929 cells showed that the cells that were in contact with samples were healthy. No inhibition zone was observed.

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMed2006

Soft lithographic printing of patterns of stretched DNA and DNA/electronic polymer wires by surface-energy modification and transfer.

Aligned and stretched lambda DNA is directed to specific locations on solid substrates. Surface-energy modification of glass substrates by using patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps is used to direct DNA onto the surface-energy-modified micrometer-scale pattern through molecular combing. As an alternative, patterned and nonpatterned PDMS stamps modified with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) are utilized to direct the stretched DNA to the desired location and the results are compared. The DNA is elongated through molecular combing on the stamp and transfer printed onto the surfaces. PMMA-modified stamps show a more defined length of the stretched DNA, as compared to bare PDMS stamps. A combination of these two methods is also demonstrated. As an application example, transfer printing of DNA decorated with a semiconducting conjugated polyelectrolyte is shown. The resulting patterned localization of stretched DNA can be utilized for functional nanodevice structures, as well as for biological applications.

DNA↗

PubMed2002

Microcontact printing: a versatile technique for the study of synaptogenic molecules.

During synaptogenesis information exchanged locally between synaptic partners results in precise alignment of morphological and molecular specializations. For example, agrin derived from motoneurons induces localized postsynaptic differentiation at the neuromuscular synapse. Similar information molecules are thought to act at other synapses; however, techniques for directly evaluating synaptogenic activities of such molecules are lacking. Here we use agrin-induced differentiation as a model system to validate a novel approach for characterizing synaptogenic molecules. Proteins are patterned with micron scale resolution on glass coverslips by covalent microcontact printing and these substrates are used for cell culture. Postsynaptic molecules accumulate specifically at sites of contact between muscle cells and patterned agrin: a response which is quantifiable. Our results demonstrate that microcontact printing is applicable to the analysis of cellular response to locally immobilized information molecules.

Agrin↗

PubMed2001

How to improve the readability of the patient package leaflet: a survey on the use of colour, print size and layout.

This paper displays the results of the second part of a survey about patient information and the use of the patient package leaflet. The aim of this research is to investigate the consumers' attitude towards written information. As the formal aspects of the written message are very important in communication, we prepared a questionnaire in order to evaluate the attitude of patients towards some typographical modifications. Patients were invited to give indications about which colours could be used in the different paragraphs of the package leaflet and which print size could be easily read. All people interviewed were asked to choose a colour, from six proposed by us, to be used for 'therapeutic indications', 'side effects', 'how to use', 'paediatric use', 'contraindications', 'use in pregnancy' and 'warnings'. Clear suggestions for the choice of colours for therapeutic indications, side effects and contraindications arose from the survey. In the other cases there was no uniformity of answers. All people complained that the print size used in the package leaflet is too small and suggested 10 and 11 points Didot. Finally, from the survey it emerged that people would appreciate a more detailed package leaflet but information should be given in a schematic and concise way.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

A digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) print service for chest imaging.

Large-scale picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) have not been widely implemented in this or other countries. In almost all radiology departments film remains the medium for diagnostic interpretation and image archive. Chest imaging is the dominant screening examination performed within most imaging departments and as such, is an extremely high-volume, low-margin examination. Digital technologies are being applied to chest imaging to overcome limitations of screen-film receptors (limited latitude) and current film management systems (single-image copy). Efficient management of images and information is essential to the success of a chest imaging program. In this article we report on a digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM)-based centralized printing network for chest imaging. The system components and their operational characteristics are described. Our experience integrating DICOM-compliant equipment supplied by several vendors is described. We conclude that the print model supported by DICOM is adequate for cross-sectional (eg, computed tomography and magnetic resonance) imaging but is too simplistic to be generally applied to projection radiography.

Humans↗

PubMed2003

Toluene exposure below 50 ppm and cognitive function: a follow-up study with four repeated measurements in rotogravure printing plants.

OBJECTIVE: There are findings of cross-sectional studies on slight cognitive effects due to toluene exposure below 50 ppm. The critical points of the earlier studies will be scrutinised by a follow-up study with four examinations in 5 years. METHODS: Employees from 14 magazine rotary printing plants were classified into groups of "high" (printing area) vs "low" (end-processing) and "short" vs "long" exposure. The sample size of 333 in examination 1 decreased to 216 in examination 4. A repeated-measurement design could be applied for 192 persons. Current exposure was measured by personal air sampling (n=2,521). Data for past exposure (lifetime weighted average exposure, LWAE) were based on job exposure matrices. High-exposure and low-exposure groups were characterised by 26 ppm vs 3 ppm (current exposure) and 45 ppm vs 9 ppm (LWAE). For long-exposure and short-exposure groups 21 vs 6 years were ascertained. Attention (symbol digit substitution, switching attention, simple reaction), memory (digit span forward and backwards, immediate and delayed reproduction of pictures), and psychomotor functions (steadiness, line tracing, aiming, tapping, peg board) were measured as dependent variables. RESULTS: Separate stepwise regressions for examinations 1 to 4, which included the co-variables age, level of education, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as an alcohol marker, and trait anxiety as personality characteristic, did not exhibit remarkable exposure impacts on the performance variables. Repeated-measures analyses of covariance, which included all examination periods, also did not exhibit significant impacts of LWAE or current exposure on the functions measured. Age and education were the dominant factors for the variability of the data. Additionally, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and trait anxiety showed sporadic impacts on the test results. CONCLUSION: Evidence for psychological performance effects due to long-term toluene exposure below 50 ppm could not be proved.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Sister chromatid exchanges in rotogravure printing plant workers.

OBJECTIVE: The individual burden of inhaled ambient-air toluene and its link to genotoxic phenomena in exposed printing workers. METHOD: The influence of toluene on sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was investigated by monitoring of the individual toluene burden of 42 exposed printing workers. Therefore, the urinary hippuric acid (HA) excretion was measured directly after the work shift. The results were compared with those recorded for a control group consisting of 45 blood donors. SCE frequencies were determined from peripheral lymphocytes for both groups. RESULTS: The median HA excretion of the exposed and nonexposed groups amounted to 1.94 and 0.45 g/g creatinine, respectively. For both groups, different SCE rates were detected: 10.13 and 6.84 counts/lymphocyte for exposed and nonexposed persons, respectively. The independence of the measured values proved to be significant at a high confidence level (P = 0.000) for both groups. The influences of smoking and alcohol consumption on SCE as well as on HA values could be clearly separated from those induced by toluene. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study indicate a strong relationship between the individual toluene burden and the genotoxic risk of the exposed persons. Since toluene was used for dilution of the letter-press ink, the influence of ink mist on the genotoxic effects could not be completely excluded.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Toward more reliable printed stereo.

The printing and displaying of pictures as stereo pairs has been widespread for a long time, and yet it is still a common experience that published stereo pairs can be difficult to fuse, can cause eye-strain, can give a false or confusing sense of depth, and are sometimes even front-to-back inverted. This short note is intended to describe simply how to minimize or eliminate these common problems. The method is to match the focus and the convergence cues at the viewer's eyes, and to calculate the geometry reliably and accurately to better than the crude approximation now almost universally in use. Experience has shown that stereo so printed is acceptable to many people who normally cannot use the technique, and that a more secure sense of positioning and depth can be achieved.

Computer Graphics↗

PubMed2004

Microcontact printing of proteins on oxygen plasma-activated poly(methyl methacrylate).

This paper describes a method for microcontact printing protein solutions onto polymer substrates temporarily activated by oxygen plasma. Following plasma treatment, poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) stamps were coated with an aqueous laminin solution then placed in direct contact with plasma-treated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates. This process resulted in well defined laminin stripes on the PMMA surface when printing was performed within 45min of the plasma treatment. Axonal outgrowth from embryonic chick dorsal root ganglia (DRG) was largely confined to the stamped pattern, while over 90% of primary rat Schwann cells adhered to the protein stamped areas on the PMMA substrates. Oxygen-plasma treatment of the PMMA surface was necessary to deposit proteins that direct axonal outgrowth from chick DRG and Schwann cell adherence.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2004

Biological laser printing of genetically modified Escherichia coli for biosensor applications.

One of the primary requirements of cell- or tissue-based sensors is the placement of cells and cellular material at or near the sensing elements of the device. The ability to achieve precise, reproducible and rapid placement of cells is the focus of this study. We have developed a technique, biological laser printing or BioLP, which satisfies these requirements and has advantages over current technologies. BioLP is capable of rapidly depositing patterns of active biomolecules and living cells onto a variety of material surfaces. Unlike ink jet or manual spotting techniques, this process delivers small volume (nl to fl) aliquots of biomaterials without the use of an orifice, thus eliminating potential clogging issues and enabling diverse classes of biomaterials to be deposited. This report describes the use of this laser-based printing method to transfer genetically-modified bacteria capable of responding to various chemical stressors onto agar-coated slides and into microtiter plates. The BioLP technology enables smaller spot sizes, increased resolution, and improved reproducibility compared to related technologies.

Biological Assay↗

PubMed2005

A novel, disposable, screen-printed amperometric biosensor for glucose in serum fabricated using a water-based carbon ink.

Screen-printed amperometric glucose biosensors have been fabricated using a water-based carbon ink. The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD) and the electro-catalyst cobalt phthalocyanine were mixed with the carbon ink prior to the screen-printing process; therefore, biosensors are prepared in a one-step fabrication procedure. Optimisation of the biosensor performance was achieved by studying the effects of pH, buffer strength, and applied potential on the analytical response. Calibration studies were performed under optimum conditions, using amperometry in stirred solution, with an operating potential of +500 mV versus SCE. The sensitivity was found to be 1170 nA mM(-1), with a linear range of 0.025-2 mM; the former represents the detection limit. The disposable amperometric biosensor was evaluated by carrying out replicate determinations on a sample of bovine serum. This was achieved by the method of multiple standard additions and included a correction for background currents arising from oxidizable serum components. The mean serum concentration was calculated to be 8.63 mM and compared well with the supplier's value of 8.3 mM; the coefficient of variation was calculated to be 3.3% (n=6).

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMed2004

Microbiological degradation of a spent offset-printing developer.

To decontaminate spent offset-printing developer Polychrome 4003, several microorganisms were separated from the soil that has been used for developer dumping for 3 years. Two organism cultures were isolated and identified to genus Geomyces pannorum and Bacteria spp. These organisms, as well as commercial Septic Gobbler (SG) bacteria, were used to decontaminate the developer. Reduction of both the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the amount of total identified organic compounds reached 30% after 40 day treatment of waste suspension by G. pannorum and Bacteria spp. A substantially higher degree of COD reduction by approximately 80% and the total amount of identified organic compounds by approximately 90% was achieved when SG bacteria have been applied for the same period. According to a rapid electrophysiological test with macrophytic algae Nitellopsis obtusa, the toxicity of spent offset-printing developer Polychrome 4003 was classified as extremely toxic (>100 toxic units, T.U.), and it remained at the same level after treatment with G. pannorum and Bacteria spp. More effective biodegradation with SG bacteria diminished toxicity substantially.

Environmental Pollution↗

PubMed2001

On the degradability of printing and dyeing wastewater by wet air oxidation.

A modified first-order kinetics model was used to study the wet air oxidation of printing and dyeing wastewater. The model simulations are in good agreement with experimental data. The results indicate that a certain fraction of organic pollutants in the printing and dyeing wastewater could not be removed even at elevated temperature and prolonged reaction time. The ratio of degradable organic matter is found independent of temperature and can be improved by using a catalyst.

Catalysis↗