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Results for “POULTRY DISEASES”

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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Potential role of serum troponin T in cardiomyocyte injury in the broiler ascites syndrome.

1. Cardiac troponin T is a recently developed serological marker used as a sensitive diagnostic tool for early myocardial damage in 'at risk' human patients. 2. Serum troponin T values were measured in young 30-d-old broilers with ascites and in healthy age-matched flockmates. 3. The data showed a significant increase (P < 0.001) in troponin T values in ascitic broilers compared with control birds. A similar increase in the arterial pressure index in ascitic birds indicated a good positive correlation at this age. 4. The results suggest that this new assay cross-reacts with chicken cardiac troponin T antigen and that it may be an important indicator of myocardial cell damage for use in future genetic selection programmes in the combat against ascites.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effects of male body weight, strain and dietary protein content on fertility and musculo-skeletal disease in naturally mated broiler breeder males.

1. The effects of male body weight at mating and different rates of gain on overall fertility were studied in two strains of broiler breeder males fed on a diet containing 160 or 120 g crude protein/kg. Sexual activity, musculo-skeletal disease and culling were also assessed. 2. There were no differences in early fertility between males weighing 3.0 or 3.5 kg at the start of the mating period, or between males gaining 1.0 or 1.5 kg body weight from mating to 60 weeks of age. 3. There were no differences in fertility between males fed on the two diets differing in crude protein content. 4. One strain of male had lower fertility than the other and this was associated with a greater weight of breast muscle, lower frequency of observed copulations and a higher number of incompleted matings. 5. Sexual activity declined and the number of spermatozoa trapped on the perivitelline membrane increased with age. 6. There were no differences among the treatments in the prevalence of musculo-skeletal lesions (destructive cartilage loss). As a proportion destructive cartilage loss occurred in 0.67 of the males at 66 weeks of age. Degeneration of the antitrochanter was present in 3 of 50 females examined and a cartilage flap in the medial condyle of the tibiotarsus occurred in 15 of these birds. 7. Beak lesions were the most important cause of male culling which averaged 0.24 as a proportion of the males at the start of the experiment.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

A radiographic study of mineralised tendons in the domestic fowl.

1. The occurrence of mineralised tendons in the wing and pelvic limb of the domestic fowl was studied radiographically in adults and in growing birds from hatching to 182 d. 2. Mineralised tendons were found to occur in all the adults in the dorsal and plantar tarsometatarsus and variably in the caudal tibiotarsus, cranial metacarpus and caudal antebrachium. In the cranial tibiotarsus a mineralised tendon was detected in two cockerels only. 3. Mineralisation was detected from 91 d onwards, at first in tendons in the plantar tarsometatarsus and cranial metacarpus and later in the dorsal tarsometatarsus. The mineralised tendons found in adults at other sites were not found during the growing period studied.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Aflatoxicosis, infectious bursal disease and immune response to Newcastle disease vaccination in rural chickens.

To investigate the immunosuppressive effects of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and aflatoxin in indigenous chickens of Uganda, Newcastle disease (ND) seronegative chicks were randomly allocated to two treatment groups. Group A chicks were injected intramuscularly at the age of 3 weeks every 2 days up to four times with 0.250 mg aflatoxin B1 per bird, group B was infected occulo-nasally with IBDV 3 days prior to vaccination, while group C was left as a control group. All the chicks from the three groups were then vaccinated with Hitchner B1 vaccine at 21 days of age followed by a secondary vaccination with La Sota vaccine 3 weeks later. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were assessed by measuring antibody levels and delayed hypersensitivity reaction post vaccination. Growth performance in the three groups was assessed by weekly body weights while evidence of excretion of vaccinal ND virus was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the haemagglutination inhibition of ND antibody titre following initial priming with Hitchner B1 and subsequent booster with La Sota vaccines and a delayed hypersensitivity test following sensitization with dinitrochlorobenzene showed aflatoxin to be a more potent immunosuppressant than IBDV. Aflatoxin exerted its maximum effects during primary antibody response in the second and third weeks post vaccination. Aflatoxin and IBDV did not affect growth rates (P > 0.05) but prolonged La Sota vaccine virus excretion in faeces. Under our experimental conditions, aflatoxin and IBDV do not significantly affect the immune response of rural chickens to ND vaccination.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed2006

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in pigeons.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a well-studied syndrome in domestic animals. EPI occurs when severe progressive loss of tubulo-acinar tissue from atrophy or inflammatory destruction results in insufficient secretion of digestive enzymes and clinical signs of malabsorption. However, the literature on EPI in birds is limited. The syndrome has been previously described in several cases where the diagnosis was based on clinical signs due to malabsorption-like light-coloured voluminous faeces, voracious appetite, coprophagia and weight loss, and on the response to treatment with pancreatic enzyme formulas. To enable a more scientific approach to the diagnosis of pancreatic functional disorders in pigeons, reference values of plasma amylase (382 to 556 IU/l), lipase (0 to 5 IU/l), and faecal activities of amylase (13 to 16 IU/l) and trypsin (11 to 14 IU/l) were determined in 24 adult pigeons. A case of EPI in a racing pigeon (Columba livia domestica) is reported, based on the clinical signs and the measurement of faecal amylase and trypsin activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Defining susceptibility of broiler chicks to colibacillosis.

This study aimed to define the susceptibility of broilers to colibacillosis through quantification of clinical responses and to examine the relationship between susceptibility and growth retardation. A challenge experiment was carried out twice. In each trial, 192 chicks were challenged intratracheally with Escherichia coli (E. coli) at 7 days of age and 160 chicks served as controls. Surviving chicks were euthanized at 14 or 15 days. Parameters measured were: daily mortality, lesion scores, body weight at 1, 4, 7, 10, 12 and 14 or 15 days and feeding behaviour at 6, 11 and 13 days. The results were reproducible, and increasing susceptibility to colibacillosis was defined by four categories: chicks without lesions, chicks with airsacculitis but no systemic lesions, chicks with systemic lesions, and chicks that die. Increasing susceptibility was associated with increasing growth retardation, but growth retardation was not inevitably linked to challenge with E. coli.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Differences in resistance to Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum infection among indigenous local chicken ecotypes in Tanzania.

A study was conducted to evaluate the disease resistance potential in 105 chickens of six indigenous local chicken ecotypes in Tanzania by orally challenging 1-week-old chicks with 2.5 x 10(8) colony-forming units of virulent S. Gallinarum. For 14 days post infection, clinical signs, necropsy findings, antibody titres, packed cell volume, leukocyte population count, and viable bacterial cell counts in the liver and spleen were recorded. Clinical signs were recorded daily but other parameters were recorded on the day of infection, then on days 3, 6, 10 and 14 after infection. Clinical signs of fowl typhoid were evident in chickens from day 3 post infection and disappeared by day 9 post infection. Pathological lesions on sacrificed birds included enlargement of the liver and spleen with foci of necrosis on the liver, spleen and myocardium. The mean viable bacterial cell counts in the liver and spleen varied between ecotypes, although the differences were not statistically significant. There were significant differences in the leukocyte population in the peripheral blood, with one ecotype (Morogoro-medium) showing a consistent and significantly higher heterophil count compared with other ecotypes. It was concluded that there is a selectable resistance potential to S. Gallinarum among the local chicken ecotypes in Tanzania that may be attributable to non-specific host immune responses. Further studies are suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Development of monoclonal antibodies bearing the internal image of the gizzerosine epitope and application in a competitive ELISA for fish meal.

Gizzerosine (GZ), a derivative of histamine, is a biogenic amine found in fish meal, and one of the causative agents of black vomit, a poultry disease. We describe here the preparation of anti-idiotype antibodies to the anti-GZ monoclonal antibody (anti-GZ 3H4) and their possible application to an immunoassay. BALB-c mice were immunized with anti-GZ 3H4 antibody coupled to hemocyanin from Concholepas concholepas. Using somatic cell fusion between NSO/2 cells and splenic lymphocytes from the immunized mice, we obtained 34 potential anti-idiotype antibodies. They were characterized by passive agglutination with supernatants from hybridoma cultures and latex particles conjugated to the idiotype. Anti-idiotype antibodies were analyzed by a competitive RIA, to determine their ability to dissociate the interaction between (125)I-GZ and the anti-GZ 3H4-idiotype antibody. They were also characterized by GZ inhibition of latex passive agglutination assay. Three anti-idiotypes named 2D11, 2H6, and 3A12, all of the IgG isotype, were obtained. They were evaluated by a competitive ELISA, in which GZ competes with the tracer (HRP-idiotype). All presented sensitivity in the range of 0.1-10 microg/mL of GZ; and the 3A12 anti-idiotype antibody showed the best performance. An ELISA was developed using the idiotype bound to the solid phase and the anti-idiotype 3A12-HRP as the tracer. The assay showed a similar sensitivity and cross-reactivity with histamine was only observed at concentrations over 10 microg/mL. Lysine and histidine did not interfere with the assay up to 500 microg/mL. An experiment was conducted with fish meal contaminated with synthetic GZ. The results are promising, and showed that no other compounds of the fish meal interfere with the ELISA system; however the extraction procedure of the sample needs to be improved. From the results presented here, we conclude that the idiotype anti-idiotype ELISA would be an appropriate method to determine GZ in fish meal.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Development of monoclonal antibodies to gizzerosine, a toxic component present in fish meal.

This study is the first report of the development of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against gizzerosine (GZ), one of the causative agents of black vomit, a serious poultry disease. Balb/c mice were immunized with different GZ conjugates; the most immunogenic conjugate in experimental animals was determined by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assays (ELISA). Somatic fusions were carried out using splenic lymphocytes from GZ-immune mice and the NSO/2 myeloid cell line. Primary selection of hybridomas secreting antibodies to GZ was done using a direct ELISA, with GZ bound to bovine serum albumin (BSA), GZ directly bound to maleinimide preactivated plates and histamine bound to BSA, a GZ related biogenic amine present in fish meal. Four MAbs--3H4, 3H10, and 5B1 of the IgG1 isotype, and 8G7 of the Ig2a isotype-were specific to GZ and did not cross-react with histamine. Only monoclonals 3H4 and 8G7 bound GZ in solution by means of a competitive ELISA. Finally, to determine the performance of the competitive ELISA developed with the MAbs, experiments were conducted with GZ in solution (0 to 10 microg/ml) and with GZ labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as the tracer; the antibody complex was captured by using rabbit anti-mouse IgG preactivated ELISA plates. These experiments showed that monoclonal anti-GZ-3H4 generates a more sensitive assay close to linearity in the range about of 0.1 to 10 microg/ml of GZ. No cross-reaction was observed with histamine, histidine, or lysine at all concentrations tested.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1987

Influence of dietary vitamin E on nutritional pancreatic atrophy in selenium-deficient chicks.

Studies were conducted to determine the relationship between dietary vitamin E (VE) and the development of nutritional pancreatic atrophy (NPA) in selenium (Se)-deficient chicks. Selenium- and VE-depleted chicks reared on a low Se, amino acid-based diet containing 100 IU VE (as all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) per kilogram were found to have exceedingly low pancreatic activities of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGSHpx) at 8 d of age. Supplementation of the purified diet with 500 or 1,000 IU VE/kg prevented both NPA and the associated growth depression. Use of graded dietary VE levels showed that addition of at least 300 IU/kg was required to overcome the growth depression associated with severe Se deficiency. Although tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations increased linearly with increasing dietary levels of VE, the response in pancreas was less than (about one-half of) those in liver and heart and, unlike the response in heart, was not affected by dietary Se level. That protection against NPA involved the antioxidant action of VE was suggested by results showing that NPA is promoted by high dietary levels of linoleic acid, that high VE levels correct membrane unsaturated fatty acid losses due to Se deficiency and that NPA is prevented by high levels of other antioxidants. It is suggested that the normally low activities of SeGSHpx and concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in the pancreas may predispose that organ to lesions due to oxidative stress under conditions of severe nutritional Se deficiency that results in further depletion of SeGSHpx. This situation may be overcome by feeding VE at 15-20-fold excesses over the levels normally regarded as nutritionally required.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Synthesis of immunoglobulin and Marek's disease virus antibody in susceptible and relatively resistant chickens.

The levels of IgM, IgY, and IgA and the development of specific antibody to Marek's disease virus (MDV) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in young chickens susceptible and resistant to Marek's disease were compared after exposure to MDV. No significant difference was noted in the immunoglobulin levels. However, the antibody response to MDV and SRBC occurred more rapidly in susceptible birds. The initial titer of antibody to these antigens was higher. These differences in response, however, were transient. At 3 weeks post exposure, the levels of IgM antibodies to MDV and antibodies to SRBC were similar in the two lines of chickens. At 6 weeks, the levels of IgY antibodies to MDV and antibodies detected by the agar gel precipitation test were similar.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

An outbreak of psittacosis in Minnesota turkey industry workers: implications for modes of transmission and control.

From June through November 1986, an outbreak of psittacosis occurred in turkey industry workers in central Minnesota. A total of 186 suspect cases were identified, and 122 cases (66%) were serologically confirmed. Cases occurred in three turkey processing plants, two rendering plants, one farm, and one "further processing" plant (where meat is removed from previously eviscerated carcasses and consumer products, such as roasts, are made). As in previous outbreaks, workers exposed to the viscera of infected birds were at greatest risk of becoming infected. However, our data showed that 31 (25%) of the confirmed cases occurred in workers at the further processing plant who had contact only with previously eviscerated carcasses. Although the specific source of infection and the mode of transmission in these workers are unclear, the use of gloves and masks by all processing workers during an outbreak might help to limit exposure. Control measures, which focused on identifying and treating ill turkey flocks, were initiated in early September; however, cases continued to occur in turkey industry workers through November. One of the flocks suspected of causing illness appeared healthy and, therefore, was not treated. Chlamydia psittaci infection in this flock was confirmed by culture after the flock had been processed. A rapid test for diagnosing C. psittaci infection in turkey flocks at the time of processing might be useful in preventing exposure of large numbers of workers.

Animals↗