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PubMed2006

[Diagnostic x-ray examinations in Poland in 2004 in view of the population exposure: the assessment of structure and trends].

INTRODUCTION: The paper presents the results of the Polish national survey of medical x-ray examinations performed in 2004. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was used to collect the data on the number and types of x-ray examinations. The data covered most of x-ray laboratories in Poland, being under the dosimetric surveillance performed by the Radiation Protection Department at the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine in Lódź. RESULTS: The number of x-ray procedures in Poland in the year 2004 accounted for 32.4 million examinations, i.e. 830 procedures per 1000 inhabitants; the latter figure includes 65 specialist procedures and 61 dental examinations per 1000 of inhabitants, each. They were performed in over 3000 x-ray laboratories, including operational theatres and dental units. The majority of patients were at the age of 40-60 years and women made over 50% of all those examined. CONCLUSIONS. Owing to the modification of the heath care organisation, the profile of examinations performed in x-ray laboratories has changed. Nevertheless, conventional x-ray examinations are still in a majority, among which radiographies of chest, spine and limbs are most frequently performed. It should be emphasised that the number of the hip joint radiographies in infants and small children have decreased and practically photofluorographic examinations have been eliminated from the diagnostic practice. The number of specialist procedures has evidently increased, and thus the frequency of these procedures in Poland and other European countries is comparable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Cervix uteri cancer in Poland--epidemiological opening balance and perspectives].

Cancer is one of the main causes of death among young and middle-aged females. In case of some cancer sites there is a possibility of undertaking an intervention, which would diminish the risk of death--to this group belongs first of all malignant neoplasm of cervix uteri. The date of beginning first cervix uteri cancer screening in Poland is approaching, therefore presenting epidemiological opening balance and possible scenarios of changes it worthwhile. This work uses data on morbidity and mortality due to malignant neoplasm of cervix uteri cancer in Polish population. Time trends analysis was based on so-called "breakpoint" (joinpoint analysis). Cervix uteri cancer mortality trend is characterized by two breakpoints (1971 and 1993). In the period of 1963-1970 there was an increase of mortality and then after the trend reversed: percentage decline was estimated at the level of 0.8% yearly in 1971-1992 and 2.4% yearly in 1993-2002. Hypothetical scenarios of changes in cervix uteri cancer mortality show, that lack of intervention will cause mortality among Polish females at the level recorded in Finland 25 years ago. Optimistic variant would allow on diminishing mortality in Poland down to the level observed currently in Finland, in around 30 years. Implementing preventive cervix uteri cancer screening is currently the most urgent challenge of public health. If the preventive screening program will still be in the phase of plans and projects, then in 30 years time Poland will be in the point which Finland reached in the end of 1970s, and our civilizing underdevelopment will reach half a century.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1991

[Tuberculosis in Poland and in the world--actual state and expectations after the year 2000].

Decreased trends of tuberculosis incidence have been observed in Poland. A rate of decreased incidence has been hesitated from about 1% to above 12% per year. In 1989 year 16,185 (42.8%/100,000) cases with active pulmonary tuberculosis have been registered and about half of them have been bacteriologically supported. Analyzed epidemiological parameters for tuberculosis are twice higher in Poland than in Europe. Using relation between an incidence of active tuberculosis bacteriologically supported and annual risk of infection it was documented that an annual risk of tubercule bacillus infection was 10-times higher in Poland in comparison with other countries characterized by the lowest incidence of tuberculosis (Norway, Holland).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiological analysis of testicular malignant neoplasm incidence and mortality in Poland 1963-1986].

Epidemiological analysis of both morbidity and mortality rates for testicular cancer in Poland between 1963 and 1986 was carried out. A particular attention was drawn to the period between 1981 and 1986, when a program of combined chemotherapy and surgery was introduced in Poland. The study aimed at analysing an effect of this combined treatment on mortality rate for testicular cancer. Between 1963 and 1986, a constant increase in morbidity for the testicular cancer was noted. Mortality rate increased between 1963 and 1983. This trend was inhibited between 1984 and 1986. "Splitting" of the morbidity and mortality curves was observed between 1984 and 1986. A decrease in mortality rate was noted at the constant morbidity for testicular tumors. It was particularly clear in younger age groups (15-39 years), as well as older age groups (60-64 years and over 75 years). A decrease in mortality rate for testicular tumors within 1984-1986 may be attributed to the introduction of combined treatment in Poland.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drug abuse in Poland.

The abuse of drugs in Poland, a lesser problem than that of alcoholism, has only recently become a subject of interest. Although at present it is not of crucial importance in the pathology of social life, it may still have serious effects on the individual and society. This paper discusses the results of several surveys carried out by different researchers in Poland to assess different aspects of the drug abuse phenomenon. Drug abuse patterns in Poland, as in other countries, change rapidly. Therefore, yesterday's situation may not be considered as valid today. The first part of this article presents some of the characteristics that were observed since 1968, when the phenomenon appeared, up to 1976. The second part describes the provisions of the Polish criminal law to fight drug abuse, and envisages some measures to better control this phenomenon in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Legal and organizational bases of health care in the textile industry of the Congress Kingdom of Poland in the 19th and beginning of 20th cent. (forms of insurance, work safety and sanitary regulations)].

The origins of state interventionism in the field of health care in the textile industry of the Congress Kingdom of Poland go back to the first half of the XIX-th century. It could not, however, be developed earlier than in the last quarter of this century, at which time it resulted from the class struggle of textile workers, mainly in Lódź and Zyraŕdów. Legal and organizational patterns of health care were of foreign origin, but soon they were modified and adapted to the local conditions of the Congress Kingdom of Poland. It has to be underlined that it was the textile industry that stimulated legal and organizational changes in the field of industrial health care, not only in the Congress Kingdom of Poland but also in the whole contemporary Europe.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1983

Incidence of the histologic types of ovarian tumors in Benghazi (Libya) and Poland.

The distribution of histological types of ovarian tumors in two communities with different reproductive experience was compared. 108 cases of ovarian neoplasms diagnozed in Benghazi and 2238 cases collected in Ovarian Tumors Registry in Poland were classified according to the WHO histological typing. The difference in the incidence of histologic types and malignancy was statistically evaluated. Unlike Poland series, in Benghazi germ cell tumors are the most common type of ovarian neoplasms (50% of all reported cases), while the percentage of epithelial tumors accounts for 33.3. This proportion of incidence of epithelial and germ cell tumors in Benghazi is similar to relative frequency of these tumor types noted in teenagers in Europe and the USA. The difference in incidence of the histologic types of ovarian tumors in Benghazi and Poland is probably due to the significantly higher rate of fertility among Libyan women as compared with Polish female population.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed1995

[Incidence of endemic goiter--environmental factors and iodine prophylaxis in Southern Poland].

In Southern Poland a well defined endemic goiter area has been known since 19th century. This region was characterized by low level of iodine in the environment. Iodine prophylaxis in Carpathian endemic area was introduced as early as 1935 at the level of 5 mg/kg of table salt. The goiter prophylaxis programme was interrupted during the Second World War. After the war in the years 1945-1946 epidemiological studies held in Southern Poland paid attention to high percentage of goiter in the population. As the result, potassium iodide salt supplementation started in 1947, but goiter incidence in subsequent years was still noted. As an effect of these observations, since 1956 potassium iodide salt supplementation was increased from 5 to 12 mg/kg of salt--in Carpathian and Subcarpathian regions. During over 30 years of iodide prophylaxis the severe symptoms of iodine deficiency disorders disappeared and endemic goiter in Southern Poland became mild. In 1980 the supplementation of kitchen salt was discontinued due to technical reasons. In 1985 an increase of goiter incidence in adults and children, as well as iodide deficiency disorders in newborns was noted. That is why in 1986 the salt supplementation was reintroduced at the level of 20 mg KJ/kg of kitchen salt. The potassium iodide content assessment in salt for human consumption in Krakow region was carried out in the years 1989-1994. The percentage of salt samples with the proper content of potassium iodide was 50, so it meant that the technological process of salt iodination was done incorrectly. Medical investigations are necessary to establish the optimal preventive dose of KJ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Development of dialysis therapy in Poland during the decade 1984-1993].

Data concerning status of dialysis therapy in Poland during decade 1984-1993 were analysed. It was found that: 1. number of dialysis units increased two times (54-105), 2. number of dialysis stations raised 2.5 times (294-812), 3. number of patients treated with maintenance dialysis was increased 3.5 times (962-3783). These data showed dynamic development of this method of renal replacement therapy in Poland. However, in Poland acceptance rate dto dialysis therapy is still not satisfactory (30-35%). The Programme of the Country Committee for the Promotion of Nephrology based on the central founding system for the renal replacement therapy provides that by the end of 1995 it will be possible to treat 50% of patients with chronic uraemia. Continuous development of different methods of renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, renal transplantation) is necessary for achieving possibilities compared with developed countries.

Health Promotion↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence of goiter, iodine deficiency and iodine prophylaxis in Poland. The results of a nationwide study.

A nation-wide epidemiological survey was conducted on a random sample of 19,300 schoolchildren, 0.5% of the 6-13-years-old child population. The study included data on body mass, height, thyroid size according to the ICCIDD/WHO classification, and information on iodized salt intake. Thyroid volume was measured with a portable USG also, and iodine concentrations in casual urine specimens were measured. In 80% of the children, urine iodine concentrations were below 100 mu/l; about 5% of the children had enlarged thyroid glands in class II or III of the ICCIDD/WHO classification, and hypothyroidism was not observed during examination. These findings mean that Poland is an area of mild or moderate endemic goiter. The highest prevalence of goiter as determined by USG was observed in the Sudeten, Carpathian, and northeastern parts of Poland. In these areas, 40-80% of the children had urine iodine concentrations within 0-50 micrograms/l; this region was classified as a moderate endemia area. The lowest prevalence was in the northwestern part of the country; 60-90% of the children had iodine concentrations above 50 micrograms/l, and 23-35% above 100 micrograms/l. This area was classified as a mild endemic goiter area. Comparison of the thyroid size measures yields a very low (20%) coefficient of accuracy for class Ia. This class seems of questionable value for an epidemiological survey. Multifactorial analysis of variance of iodine concentrations shows the effects of some main factors: geographical area, iodine prophylaxis and urban/rural residence. The questionnaire results indicate that only about 20% of the total population uses iodized salt. The effectiveness of prophylaxis was very low; increases in urine iodine concentrations and decreases of goiter prevalence in the children using iodized salt did not exceed 10%. This points to the need to increase the KJ dose in table salt and to develop a new model for distribution of iodized salt in Poland.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Epidemiology of cancer in Poland.

Poland is a Central European country with the population of over 38 million. Its system of cancer control is organized in a three-level oncological network. The number of cancer cases diagnosed each year is about 100,000 and over 70,000 die of cancer every year. Every 4th inhabitant of Poland will contract cancer, every 5th dies from it. Poland is a country of medium cancer incidence rate (men: 252.2 per 100,000 population, women: 208.0 per 100,000). The yearly incidence growth is 1.99% in men and 0.64 in women. The leading cancer sites in Polish men are: lung, stomach, larynx, prostate, urinary bladder, and large bowel; in women: breast, uterine cervix, stomach, lung, and large bowel. Mean 5-year survival is 26.4%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Factors constituting a threat to humans of rabies in Poland].

Today, there are two steps of human rabies impendence: a. exposures to rabid or rabies suspected animals b. human deaths due to rabies. Red foxes, dangerous rabies reservoir are responsible for the main tendency and spread of rabies in Poland (over 2000 cases in 1992). This has a direct bearing on the treatment of exposed persons and on rabies among unvaccinated domestic animals. The number of persons requesting post exposure rabies treatment is also increasing--6500 vaccinees in 1992. During last eight years no case of human death was registered in Poland. Mass parenteral canine vaccination campaign and effective control methods of rabies in dogs in Poland are the mostly successful and significant elements separating wild animal rabies from human society. Any inaccuracy on this field would be the risk of transmission of wild rabies to human surrounding.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Evaluation of periodontium status and periodontal needs in persons aged 35-44 years in Poland].

The aim of this study was providing current, objective and comparable with the world literature data on the frequency of occurrence and the intensity of periodontal diseases in the age group 35-44 years. During the surveys the WHO card from 1986 was used. The condition of periodontium the periodontal treatment needs were assessed by CPITN (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs) with use of 621 WHO probe. One thousand three hundred and eighty persons in nine districts of Poland were examined, with regard to three living areas: big cities, small towns and the rural ones. The results of surveys accomplished in Poland indicate that the achievement of the second health purpose, designed by World Health Organization for the year 2000 in the field of periodontal tissues is unattainable. This is because, according to the second health purpose, 75% of the population at the age of 35-44 years ought to have three health sextants, and deep picketing can occur in maximum 5% of the population. Unfortunately, only in 7.1% of persons examined at least three healthy sextants were found. They were disclosed considerably more often in women (9.1%) than in men (5.1%). Deep periodontal pocketing of 6 mm and more were found in 15% of persons examined. They were detected considerably more frequently in men (18.4%) than in women (11.3%). By comparison of data pertaining to individual districts (Tab. 1-5), it turned out that the worst conditions of periodontium occurred in Białostockie, where there was not a single person with healthy periodontium. Better results were recorded in Gdańskie, which must be the effect of systematical health education. Periodontal treatment needs among the persons examined are enormous. Almost 100% of persons require both instruction of brushing teeth and time consuming professional procedures of removal of the concrement on the teeth. Fifteen per cent of the persons need specialized treatment. These proportions varied differently in the surveyed districts, only 5% in Dgańskie and from 21.7% to 23.9% in Białostockie, Wrocłlawskie and Krakowskie. However the proportions of those needs in Poland are much bigger than in other European countries, and differ considerably from the marked second periodontal health purpose for the year 2000.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Chemical accidents and catastrophes as a source of the greatest hazard to the environment and human health in Poland].

The author presents sources of the greatest chemical hazards to the environment in Poland, among which industry and transport occupy the first two places. The availability of data and information on chemical hazards to the environment and the human health are discussed. Legislation, organisation and competences of institutions designed to prevent and mitigate the outcomes of chemical disasters are outlined. It was found that in Poland a possible danger of chemical disasters with serious consequences for the people and environment does really exist. Certain industrial installations as well as road and railway transport belong to the major threats. Among chemicals, ammonia, chlorine, sulphur dioxide and phosgene are considered as most dangerous. In Poland the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry are legally responsible for prevention and mitigation of the outcomes of chemical disasters.

Disaster Planning↗
PubMed1997

System for analysing sickness absenteeism in Poland.

The National System of Sickness Absenteeism Statistics has been functioning in Poland since 1977, as the part of the national health statistics. The system is based on a 15-percent random sample of copies of certificates of temporary incapacity for work issued by all health care units and authorised private medical practitioners. A certificate of temporary incapacity for work is received by every insured employee who is compelled to stop working due to sickness, accident, or due to the necessity to care for a sick member of his/her family. The certificate is required on the first day of sickness. Analyses of disease- and accident-related sickness absenteeism carried out each year in Poland within the statistical system lead to the main conclusions: 1. Diseases of the musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous systems accounting, when combined, for 1/3 of the total sickness absenteeism, are a major health problem of the working population in Poland. During the past five years, incapacity for work caused by these diseases in males increased 2.5 times. 2. Circulatory diseases, and arterial hypertension and ischaemic heart disease in particular (41% and 27% of sickness days, respectively), create an essential health problem among males at productive age, especially, in the 40 and older age group. Absenteeism due to these diseases has increased in males more than two times.

Absenteeism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in monitoring of adverse drug reactions in Poland.

UNLABELLED: Political changes in Poland in 1989 initiated a transition period for country's economy into a free market. This new situation prompted the pharmaceutical sector to apply for marketing authorization of a huge number of drugs. Subsequently, the availability, supply and variety of drugs was changing to resemble the one existing on the European Union market. We have analyzed the pattern of adverse drug reactions reported in Poland during the past 10 years. Subsequently we compared our data for years 1991-1995 with the reports received by the Belgian National Center for Monitoring of Adverse Drug Reactions over period 1990-1994. It was found that the number of reports increased in parallel with the number of drugs available. Also the variety of reported reactions was greater. Spontaneous reporting by individual physicians increased and the number of reports from the pharmaceutical inspection diminished. Comparison with the patterns of reporting in Belgium showed the range of drugs included in the reports to be similar in both countries during the studied period. IN CONCLUSION: we found that the increase in range and availability of drugs changed substantially the patterns of reporting of adverse drug reactions in Poland. It became similar to that observed in EU countries.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Temporal nucleotide changes in pertactin and pertussis toxin genes in Bordetella pertussis strains isolated from clinical cases in Poland.

Growing number of Bordetella pertussis infections in 1997-1998 in Poland overshadowed the successful national vaccination program. This situation prompted us to investigate if this shift reflects changes in the B. pertussis population. We investigated the possible divergence in genes encoding pertussis toxin subunit 1 (PtxS1) and pertactin (P.69) in B. pertussis population strains during the period of 1960-2000. The pertussis toxin and pertactin variants (ptxS1B and prn1) were found in strains used for production of the whole-cell pertussis vaccine (WCV) production in Poland. Results of the study indicate that the ptxS1A-allele replaced the vaccine variant in 69% in the 1960s, and in 100% in 1990s, and although the prn1-allele was found in all strains from the 1960s and 1970s, after 1995 was gradually replaced by prn2 and prn4 variants. Presumably, vaccination could affect the population structure of B. pertussis in Poland and resulted in antigenic shift in both genes analyzed. Our findings may have implications for the composition of polish WCV and the currently licensed acellular pertussis vaccines.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

Inhalation of 210Po and 210Pb from cigarette smoking in Poland.

The carcinogenic etfect of 210Po and 210Pb with respect to lung cancer is an important problem in many countries with very high cigarette consumption. Poland has one of the highest consumptions of cigarettes in the world. The results of 210Po determination on the 14 most frequently smoked brands of cigarettes which constitute over 70% of the total cigarette consumption in Poland are presented and discussed. Moreover, the polonium content in cigarette smoke was estimated on the basis of its activity in fresh tobaccos, ash, fresh filters and post-smoking filters. The annual effective doses were calculated on the basis of 210Po and 210Pb inhalation with the cigarette smoke. The results of this work indicate that Polish smokers who smoke one pack (20 cigarettes) per day inhale from 20 to 215 mBq of 210Po and 210Pb each. The mean values of the annual effective dose for smokers were estimated to be 35 and 70 microSv from 210Po and 210Pb, respectively. For persons who smoke two packs of cigarettes with higher radionuclide concentrations, the effective dose is much higher (471 microSv yr(-1)) in comparison with the intake in diet. Therefore, cigarettes and the absorption through the respiratory system are the main sources and the principal pathway of 210Po and 210Pb intake of smokers in Poland.

Absorption↗