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PubMed2005

A thermoregulatory center in hornets: IR photography.

In the Oriental hornet Vespa orientalis (Hymenoptera, Vespinae), there is on the dorsal side of the thorax, beneath the mesoscutum plate of the prothorax and around the median notal suture, a lump that, in the course of hornet activity, is warmer by 9 degrees C from the surrounding milieu and by up to 6 degrees C from other body parts of the hornet. This lump is about 1 mm in diameter, butterfly-shaped, and its upper, posterior border abuts the base of the forewings. During hornet activity and via Infra Red photography one can observe heat extensions stemming from the center of the lump and proceeding forward in the direction of the head, downward toward the legs and backwards toward the bases of the wings. The warmest region is the center of the lump, with its margins showing a lower temperature. As for the legs of the hornet, their upper part is warmer than the other parts. The temperature gradients along the hornet's body are dependent on the extent and nature of hornet activity. Thus, during flight or ventilation activity, the thorax is the warmest part of the body, while the wings, legs, and antennae, as well as the posterior part of the gaster are colder, yet all these body parts are still warmer to varying degrees than the surrounding milieu. Thus, at night, when sentry worker hornets stand guard around the nest entrance and remain practically motionless, the temperature differences between the various body parts are retained unchanged. We conjecture that the described butterfly-shaped lump is a thermoregulatory center (TC), which is neurogenically activated, since the changes occurring in it are rapid, a matter of one to several seconds and do not appear to be directly dependent on the hemolymph supply. The thermoregulatory center keeps a high constant temperature apparently related to hornet activity and the environmental conditions. The temperature cascade is most probably regulated via the tracheal system. Apparently another system activated by a heat pump mechanism keeps the gaster at a lower temperature than the environment.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

[Preoperative Placido photography in keratoconus and its meaning in conjunction with postoperative astigmatism (author's transl)].

The preoperative shape of an eye affected by keratoconus can be evaluated by means of Placido photography of the cornea and the "Placido axis" of the main astigmatic error determined (Figs. 1, 2). In 64% of 105 cases it was shown that the postoperative astigmatism correlated well with the preoperative Placido axis (Table 5). A perfectly circular graft if transplanted, will therefore again adopt the preoperative shape of the cornea. From the facts above, a slightly oval graft sutured perpendicularly to the preoperative main Placido axis would probably compensate for this astigmatism but this has not been carried out experimentally as yet.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Fundus drawings versus photography.

Under adverse optical conditions (turbidity of the media) a well-trained observer/artist, using slit-lamp stereomicroscopy, is able to display in a drawing considerably more correct information about a fundus than what a fundus camera records. To a lesser degree this holds under favorable conditions too. General advocation of photography for being more objective is questioned; even if true, meme objectivity, i.e. no false information, would not make up for loss of important details. This paper intends to prove these points experimentally on an object (a nummulite shell) unfamiliar to the artist charged to do the drawing. The latter and photographs taken under varying conditions were compared inter se and with a high resolution scanning electron micrograph.

Art↗

PubMed1995

Use of UV photography to identify aflatoxin-producing strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus.

UV photography in glucose, yeast extract (GY) agar medium was tested as a simple and rapid method for the distinction of aflatoxin-positive from aflatoxin-negative strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. In the UV photographs aflatoxin-producing moulds were identified as grey or black colonies, whereas aflatoxin-nonproducing moulds appeared as white colonies. Of the aflatoxin-positive strains detected by the UV photographic method, 10% was confirmed by extraction of the GY agar medium and mould mycelium in chloroform, extracts which were analysed subsequently using thin-layer chromatography. Confirmation of aflatoxigenic strains was achieved by biosynthesis on liquid medium yeast extract sucrose (YES) broth.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1984

Long-term follow-up examination of experimental cataracts in rats by Scheimpflug photography and densitometry.

Development of experimental cataract can be objectively monitored in rats by application of Scheimpflug photography with the SL 45 Topcon camera and subsequent densitometric image analysis. The method has been used to study naphthalene cataract in Brown-Norway rats (BN-CPB), as well as diabetic cataract induced by streptozotocin injection in Sprague-Dawley rats. The values obtained by linear microdensitometric image analysis allowed precise characterization of the opacification with respect to size, topography, and time progress so that statistical evaluation of the efficacy of certain drugs in prevention or delay of experimental cataracts was possible.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Possibilities and limits of early photography in dermatology. The "Clinique photographique de l'hôpital Saint-Louis" von 1868].

Photographic images are an intrinsic part of modern dermatology, essential for documentation, publication and teaching. Although there were no strong technical obstacles to prevent the use of black and white photographs in the atlases of the late 19th century, famous works such as Kaposi's "Handatlas der Hautkrankheiten" still utilized hand-colored copper etchings for illustration. Nevertheless, M.A. Hardy and M.A. de Montméja made an effort to introduce photography into dermatology as early as 1868. In their "Clinique photographique de l'hôpital Saint-Louis" of 1868 we find a variety of dermatological diseases, discussed and illustrated with 50 black and white photographs. The majority of these pictures were then modified with hand coloring in various shades of intensity. The authors insisted on this technique to assure the diagnostic value of the pictures. Besides an extensive review of the Atlas, we discuss the limits and perspectives of early photographic images in the "Clinique photographique" compared to the detailed hand-colored copper etchings of that time, as well as to modern color photographs.

Dermatology↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reed B. Bontecou, M.D.--his role in Civil War surgery and medical photography.

This third article on the subject of Civil War injuries and their surgical repair is devoted to Reed B. Bontecou, M.D., a New York surgeon who contributed greatly to the use of photography to document the casualties of the battlefield as seen in the Northern as well as the Southern states. Photographs of the wounded soldiers helped to verify the severity of their injuries, and helped to determine the degree and amount of the post-war pension payments. These photographs were one of the largest sources which were used in the creation of the Otis Archives of the present-day National Museum of Health and Medicine in Washington, D.C. Some of the wounded soldiers' photographs in the Otis Archives demonstrate the use of plastic surgery techniques to repair the wounded face, head and neck, torso, and the extremities by only a handful of Northern and Confederate surgeons including Gurdon Buck, J.S. Gouley and Henry B. Sands of New York City; H. Culbertson, U.S.V. of Madison, Wisconsin; J. Cooper McKee of Washington, D.C., W.W. Keen, Jr. of Philadelphia; and C.B. Gibson, P.A.C.S. of Richmond; S.H. Stout of Tennessee; and J.B. Bean, a dentist of Chattanooga.

History, 19th Century↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical facial photography in a small office: lighting equipment and technique.

The taking of clinical photographs, to record and to utilize during surgery, is an essential aspect of activity in every professional office or department of facial surgery. To obtain the best quality and consistency of results, many suggest the use of a professional lighting system composed of two or more flash units. An entire room, or a large part of it, should be permanently reserved for this use. In the last five years, I have developed and standardized a technique for taking facial photography, utilizing a single flash unit (monolight) in a small area that, after photographing, is cleared to allow space for other activities. A remarkable effort was dedicated to make the procedure easier, to save time, to reduce cost, and to make it possible to take a complete set of shots without the aid of an assistant.

Face↗

PubMed2000

Scanning laser polarimetry, retinal nerve fiber layer photography, and perimetry in the diagnosis of glaucomatous nerve fiber defects.

BACKGROUND: Retinal nerve fiber layer defects are part of early glaucomatous damage. In the present study, we compared the ability of retinal nerve fiber layer photography (NFP) and scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) to detect nerve fiber layer defects in glaucoma patients. METHODS: Besides ophthalmological standard examinations, we performed NFP (Zeiss Ikon fundus camera 30 degrees, green filter), SLP (GDx, 1.0.14 and 2.0.09, LDT) and automated perimetry (Oculus, Twinfield, 30 degrees) in 150 glaucoma patients [74 with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and 76 with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG)]. The perimetric results were evaluated according to a modified Aulhorn classification. NFP and SLP were graded according to Quigley. RESULTS: In POAG, 42% of NFP and 5% of SLP were not evaluable. In NTG, 24% of NFP and 4% of SLP were not evaluable. In POAG, NFP and SLP revealed a direct agreement in 54.5%, and in NTG, 55%; there was a small difference of one stage in 39.5% (POAG) and 41% (NTG). In POAG, NFP/SLP showed agreement with perimetric results in 35%/30% of cases and differences of one stage in 56%/58%. In NTG, NFP/SLP agreed with perimetry in 52%/48% of cases and differed by only one stage in 32%/39%. Larger deviations were found in less than 13% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: NFP and SLP mostly showed good agreement or little deviation as to grading of nerve fiber layer damage. In clinical use, SLP has advantages over NFP because a higher rate of good-quality images can be obtained and pupils do not have to be dilated. Additionally, SLP measurements provide quantitative data and a large normative data base exists.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Facial motor function monitored by hand held calipers versus computer-assisted photography.

BACKGROUND: It is essential to have easy to use, reliable tools to assess and compare facial function for clinical records, audit and research purposes. In this study, two different techniques were examined, Hand held calipers (HHC, as described by Burres), and computerised analysis of digital photographs (CAOP) using Adobe Photoshop 7. The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement between two operators (physiotherapist) using HHC to measure the distance between facial landmarks, and the level of agreement between two operators (photographers) using CAOP to measure the same distance between facial landmarks and explore whether these two techniques can be used interchangeably. METHOD: The distance between facial landmarks was measured, with the face at rest and following four standard facial expressions. All measurements were repeated one week later to permit inter/intra-rater reliability over time to be assessed. Nine female volunteers with normal facial function were included in the study. RESULTS: The intra- and inter-rater agreement using CAOP was high whereas the agreement was low when using HHC. CONCLUSION: Hand held calipers proved to be an unreliable technique for monitoring facial function. However digital photography when combined with Adobe Photoshop 7 provides a highly reliable objective measurement tool. It was simple to use, low cost and suitable for use in a clinical environment.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Epicardial ischemia as delineated with epicardial S-T segment mapping andnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence photography.

In isolated rabbit hearts with an experimental coronary arterial occlusion, epicardial ischemia was identified by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence photography, a technique that detects areas of myocardial anoxia. Epicardial S-T segment mapping was performed to evaluate the S-T segment changes across an ischemic border defined by NADH fluorescence. After S-T segment mapping and perfusion with a fluorescein dye, serial selections of the hearts revealed that the ischemic area was transmural and and the border was nearly perpendicular to the epicardial surface. As the epicardial ischemic border was approached, S-T segment elevation was first detected 3.3 mm outside the ischemic border, and increased over a transition zone 7 mm wide. S-T segment negativity was not detected immediately outside the ischemic border. It is concluded from these studies that S-T segment changes give relatively imprecise definition of an ischemic border, and that S-T segment changes across an ischemic border are not consistent with those predicted by solid angle analysis.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Tricolor photography for assessment of spermatozoa motility.

A rapid and accurate technique for assessment of spermatozoa motility has been developed. With the use of tricolor photography with sequential exposures in green, red, and blue light, spermatozoa were photographed in Makler chambers with a depth of 10 mu. Exposure in green light had a 1-second duration and was immediately followed by the red light from an electronic flash, and 0.05 second later by the blue light from a second flash. With this system, spermatozoa with motility would leave a green track, at the end of which they would appear first red and then blue. The colors and their intensity were chosen so that, when superimposed on nonmotile spermatozoa, the latter would appear white. By projection of the transparent film onto white paper, spermatozoa, motile and nonmotile, were easily counted and the percentage and motility was determined. Also, concentration could be calculated because the photograph represented a semen volume of 0.001 mu. Measurement of the green track and conversion to true length in micrometers gave the velocity in micrometers per second.

Color↗

PubMed1977

A portable system for external photography.

A portable system for external photography combines a focusing lamp and movable flash unit with a wide focusing range. The system is arranged to operate from a single two-position trigger and may be hand-held or mounted on a slitlamp stand. It is designed for use in general ophthalmology in a multilaned office practice or bedside use in a hospital situation.

Ophthalmology↗

PubMed1979

Pediatric ocular photography platform.

We designed a rigid support platform to facilitate ocular photography of infants or small animals. The platform is versatile because it is compatible with either the Zeiss fundus camera or Zeiss Photo Slit Lamp.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1981

Narrow-band (540NM) green-light stereoscopic photography of the surface details of the peripapillary retina.

We used narrow-band (540-nm) green-light stereoscopic fundus photography to study the surface details of the peripapillary retina in 14 patients. Each photograph was divided into four areas; the papillomacular bundle, the upper arcuate bundle, the lower arcuate bundle, and the nasal sectorial fibers. We scored each area on a scale of 0 (normal) to 3 (total loss of nerve fiber layer), and compared these scores to those obtained by testing the corresponding visual fields. The scores were the same in 88 of 111 comparisons; the retinal scores were higher in 17 comparisons and the visual field scores were higher in six comparisons. This photographic technique makes the nerve fiber layer easier to see and evaluate and the detection of defects becomes less difficult.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Standardization for serial intraoral photography.

A recently developed system of mirror holders which makes the taking of standardized intraoral photographs less time consuming and more precise has been described. By fixing the relationship of the intraoral mirror to the camera, all that is necessary is to consistently orient the mirror to the teeth being photographed. Because the operator no longer has to position the mirror with one hand while holding the camera in the other hand, the whole operation of intraoral photography is greatly simplified. By producing serial slides of the progress of orthodontic treatment, a visual sequence of treatment can be prepared for viewing by patients, for educational purposes, and for showing at meetings and study clubs.

Dental Occlusion↗

PubMed1984

Silhouette photography of polyacrylamide slab gels.

A silhouette photography technique for making same-size negative films and positive contact prints of Coomassie blue-stained polyacrylamide slab gels is described. This technique does not require expensive photographic equipment and provides the resolution obtained with conventional camera systems.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗

PubMed1976

Intraoral infrared color photography of radiotherapy patients.

A clinical screening study was performed in which head-and-neck radiotherapy patients were photographed intraorally using infrared "false color" film and Ektachrome color film. These photographs were compared to determine if differences existed in appearance between the intraoral tissues within the field of radiation and those intraoral tissues not in the field of radiation. No differences could be detected with either the "false color" film or with Ektachrome color film. Further investigations in the use of infrared color photography as applied to the radiotherapy patient could be undertaken by using a light source that transmits infrared rays only and a lens filter that passes only infrared rays. This method would produce a film that shows only the reflected infrared rays. Both color and black-and-white film should be used in this study.

Color↗