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PubMed1994

Theological ethics, moral philosophy, and public moral discourse.

The advent and growth of bioethics in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s precipitated an era of public moral discourse, that is, the deliberate attempt to analyze and formulate moral argument for use in public policy. The language for rational discussion of moral matters evolved from the parent disciplines of moral philosophy and theological ethics, as well as from the idioms of a secular, pluralistic world that was searching for policy answers to difficult bioethical questions. This article explores the basis and content of the unique contributions of both theological and philosophical ethics to the development of public moral discourse.

Advisory Committees↗

PubMed2001

Philosophy of medicine: should it be teleologically or socially construed?

This response to Kevin Wildes's article in the previous issue of the Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal addresses several major points of disagreement between Pellegrino and Wildes regarding the nature and scope of a philosophy of medicine, in particular how it is derived and by what method of philosophical enquiry it is best pursued.

Ethical Analysis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Philosophy of nursing education. Various considerations].

The study has objective to promote a reflection about the importance of philosophy for nurse's formation. For this purpose, we search of questions in the literature that could give foundations about the theme, focusing on the importance for scientific nursing research.

Education, Nursing↗

PubMed2004

[Philosophy and health: genealogical and philosophical-conceptual methods].

After a brief review of the relations between philosophy and health, this paper proposes two complementary philosophical methods to be used by Public Health: the philosophical genealogy method and the philosophical-conceptual method. The first method (deconstructive) allows us to denaturalize ideas to which a truth value has customarily been ascribed. The second (constructive) promotes new concepts whose value does not depend on the notion of truth. Both serve the purpose of reflection on concepts used by health policy and practice.

Genealogy and Heraldry↗

PubMed1980

Creating critical consciousness in health: applications of Freire's philosophy and methods to the health care setting.

Paulo Freire's philosophy of "education for critical consciousness" takes on special relevance within the context of the health care system. This dialogical approach to change, stressing action based on critical reflection by the people is seen here as importantly supplementing current efforts to deal with the "health care crisis" in the United States and many developing countries. Applications of the Freir approach in a health context of necessity involve the perception of health and medical care within the total oppressive structure of society. Viewed thusly, health "reform" cannot justifiably be envisioned except within the context of broader structural transformations. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the application of the Freire approach within a health context. Successful utilization of the methodology among peasants in rural Honduras and a relatively unsuccessful application among impoverished elderly residents of an urban United States ghetto are described and analyzed. Modifications of the approach to increase its usefulness in a variety of situational contexts are suggested. The potentials and limitations of this approach to radical change in the health field finally are described, along with lessons learned from initial work in the applications of conscientización to the health field.

California↗

PubMed2005

Transforming nursing education: a partnership social system for alignment with philosophies of care.

It has been made clear by nurse educators and theorists such as Bevis (1989), Benner, Tanner, and Chesla (1996), and Bevis and Watson (2000) that a movement away from the traditional, behavioral, medical-model of lecture and behaviorism as the main modalities for teaching and learning in nursing is essential. Why is it then that nursing education by and large is still taught via lecture and behavioralist methodologies (Bevis & Watson, 2000), despite the proliferation of research related to innovations in nursing education? This paper examines the parallel between the prevailing Western "dominator" social system or paradigm, "masculine" values/ traits, and the established behavioralist-medical methodology of teaching nursing. How nursing education in general has been influenced by the dominator social system is discussed and an argument for why nurse educators might consider working towards more effective means of closing the gap between caring-humanistic nursing philosophies and actual educational practices presented.

Education, Nursing↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Nurses and adult educational philosophy: a comparison of nurses and non-nurses in a graduate adult education program.

A sample of 90 students enrolled in a graduate program in adult education completed three instruments examining adult education philosophies during a related course. There were no significant differences between the nurse educators and the non-nurses on any of the three instruments or on any of their components. This finding contradicts previous research suggesting that nurse educators do not generally incorporate adult learning methods into their courses. Intercorrelations were computed among all the variables. One unanticipated finding was the significant relationship between age and congruence with adult learning principles.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Moral philosophy and nursing curricula: indoctrination of the new breed.

A sizable proportion of nursing curricula subtly indoctrinate students with a particular normative ethic. Seldom is there adequate philosophical justification for the ethic, and students are rarely invited to subject that ethic to a rigorous philosophical analysis. Nursing curricula are replete with philosophical positions treated as moral imperatives to which all, students and faculty, owe their allegiance. This unsatisfactory situation warrants urgent attention. One problem is that of failing to justify the school's moral philosophy; another is the question of philosophically indoctrinating students to adhere to an ethic that advocates the individual's freedom and responsibility, a practice inconsistent with the predominant proposition advanced by the ethic.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1993

Holism, care and nursing: points of reflection during the evolution of a philosophy of nursing statement.

An exploration of the diversity and complexity of perspectives from which holism and care can legitimately be constructed. The preparation of a document for accreditation of a proposed pre-registration Bachelor of Nursing award was the impetus for this exploration. School members deemed holism and care to be central to our philosophy of nursing statement, however, difficulty arose in determining a shared understanding of these notions. Through reflective deliberation and a review of the literature, the authors attempted to unravel the range of meanings given to these problematic terms.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The philosophy of psychiatric nursing.

In this panoramic overview of the meanings of mental health care, Philip Barker maps out the birth (or rebirth) of the philosophy of psychiatric nursing. The time is ripe for a fundamental re-examination of the main premises and values of the nursing culture, and for the rejection of concepts which have outlived their usefulness. Returning the focus of psychiatric nursing to the identity of the person in care, the 'binding' of the nurse and patient, regardless of conventional and expected roles, is the most important issue on the psychiatric agenda. Dr. Barker's brilliant analysis challenges psychiatric nurses to review their own values and practices, and acts as a catalyst for change.

Communication↗

PubMed2001

[Trueness of modern natural science (1): the scientific revolution and the problem of philosophy].

How can one characterize modern Europe? This problem is essentially related to the meaning of modern natural science, which was developed during the scientific revolution. Then how did viewpoints change during this revolution? The answer to this question also determined the basic character of modern philosophy. Through the examination of Aristotle's geocentric theory and kinematics, I have come to believe that the defect of Aristotle's was that he concluded that a visible sense image is an actual reflection of the reality as it is. From this point of view, the traditional theory of truth called "correspondence theory" is found to be an insufficient one. Therefore, in this paper I will show that the methodological and philosophical question "How do we see reality among phenomena?" is a very important one. This question is the one Plato struggled with, and also the one which guided Kant. It may be said that this can be seen as a group for a new metaphysics as a basic theory of reality.

History, 16th Century↗

PubMed1985

The dilemma of an unresolved philosophy in therapeutic recreation.

The therapeutic recreation profession is at a major crossroads. The demands of a society concerned with accountability, cost-effectiveness, productivity and reduced governmental support, on the one hand, and the quality of life on the other, provide a context for understanding the dilemma facing the field. Therapeutic recreators are being called upon to make decisions about the future direction of the field, including the choice of professional organizations. Without a strong philosophical foundation, choices that are made are likely to be based primarily on external influences. A solid professional philosophy will increase our security with our unique professional capabilities and will enhance our ability to be responsive to changing societal conditions. Various philosophical positions and some of their implications for therapeutic recreation are discussed. Therapeutic recreation professionals are encouraged to further explore the philosophical premises which guide their professional and organizational decisions.

Leisure Activities↗

PubMed1987

Philosophy and values for pharmacy students: attempting to meet a need.

Some educators over the last few years have been highly critical of the fact that pharmacy curricula leave so little time for personal enrichment and the development of a sense of responsible citizenry in the student. While humanities courses have great potential to address these needs, they are often ineffective because they are not distributed across the curriculum in any meaningful way. The following article sets out the design and the main components of a "philosophy and values" seminar, strategically placed for upperclassmen at a small pharmacy college, which involves students in an examination of values as well as an exposure to technological dilemmas against the backdrop of philosophical ideas and value systems. The effect of the seminar on students over the last five years is also discussed and the suggestion made the seminars and courses like the one described here can contribute much to broadening the horizons of the future pharmacist.

Curriculum↗

PubMed2001

Palliative philosophy: the ethical underpinning.

This article explores the ethical underpinnings of palliative care and how contemporary surgical care reinforces much of the basis of palliative medicine. A common misconception is that palliative medicine has grown out of the rise of patient's rights; however, palliative care is grounded in the principle of beneficence that is central to traditional medical values. This article explores the notion of beneficence to understand how contemporary surgical care can be undertaken and how it is consistent with palliative care. Some of the difficulties with the dichotomy between curative and palliative care models in surgical practice are discussed. Finally, this article considers how the underlying philosophy of palliative care is consistent with the historical tradition of surgery and the contemporary goals of surgical care.

Ethics, Medical↗

PubMed1995

[The averroism in the corpuscular philosophy of Petrus of Oleza].

Oleza is an obstinate defender of Atomism in the Spanish scientific world of the XVIth century. He was the author of a Summa totius philosophiae et medicinae, published in 1536, five years after his death. Probably, Oleza's stay in Montpellier and Pisa conciliated his critical disposition towards Scholastic Galenism. His scientific thought must be connected not only with the flourishing Atomism of the first half of XVIth century, but also with Scholastic Aristotelism deriving from the Arabic transmission and from its main representative, Averroes. Oleza's natural philosophy of the human body is strongly influenced by Averroes' ideology. This article supplies new elements about his life based on investigations of archives.

Europe↗

PubMed2000

Conscious sedation in paediatric dentistry: current philosophies and techniques.

For years paediatric dentists have searched for the ideal sedative, that is, a drug that allows the safe control of a child's behaviour, provides adequate time to complete a procedure, and also has a quick recovery so that the patient may be discharged. Many drugs have been tried either alone or in combination, and unfortunately none has yet produced reliable results. This paper will review current philosophies in the use of conscious sedation in children. Currently, much interest has been focused on the use of midazolam, a short acting benzodiazepine. The safety of midazolam will be addressed, either when given alone or in combination with nitrous oxide. Midazolam appears to be a safe and effective drug when given in the appropriate doses. Its use in combination with nitrous oxide also appears to be effective, but certain precautions should be kept in mind. Careful patient selection, adequate informed consent, and specific clinical criteria appear to be vital for success. In general, the use of sedation in paediatric dentistry should be carried out by experienced operators in a well controlled environment.

Anesthesia Recovery Period↗

PubMed2000

[The meridian flowing and ancient Chinese philosophy].

The theories of Yin - Yang and Five - Evolutive phase were extensively applied after pre - Qin and both Han dynasties. In the Song - Ming dynasties, the background of New Confucianism, the achievements of art of Yi(Changes) advocated by the "School of Configuration - Arithmatic" were applied, in which the method of "Adopting of Jia" was almost entirely derived from the above school, mixing the theories of heavenly stems - earthly branches, Five - evolutive phases and Yin - Yang as a whole. An ancient system of Chronological treatment was thus established creatively by integrating clinical experience together. The system is a tight system of grafting medicine and philosophy formed on the basis of successfully utilizing the philosophical framework, thinking proposed by ancient physicians with keen observation and deep ponderation. The system is, by then, an advanced one, which is also an inevitable one.

China↗

PubMed2002

From the philosophy auditorium to the neurophysiology laboratory and back: from Bergson to Damasio.

Henri Bergson (1859-1941) was probably the most influential French philosopher at the turn of the twentieth century. In 1927 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Far beyond the restricted academic philosophical milieu, the impact of his thinking reached personalities as diverse as Claude Debussy, Marcel Proust, George Bemard Shaw, and the impressionists. His essay The Laughter (Le Rire) is one of the most profound and original ever written on the sense of humor. Bergson's opinions, with their emphasis on life, instinct and intuition, represented a deviation from the rationalist mainstream of western philosophical tradition. In some circles he was received with skepticism and irony, as in Bertrand Russel's History of Western Philosophy. Today, unbiased by theoretical "bergsonism," neurophysiologic research--as undertaken mainly by Antonio Damasio's team at Iowa University--confirms many of his hypotheses and elucidates their mechanisms. In this new light, intuition and "recognition by the body" should not be seen as the personal fantasy of an original thinker but as fundamental cognitive tools.

Agnosia↗