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PubMed1992

Psychotherapist personality characteristics and the perception of self and patients in the treatment of borderline personality disorder.

The influence of certain personality characteristics (tendency to depressive experiences, personal boundary preferences) on psychotherapist reaction to patients with borderline personality disorder was assessed by semantic differential ratings in an analogue study. Vignettes presented one of two patients enacting the Rewarding and Withdrawing object relations unit in two separate therapy sessions. Therapists higher on anaclitic depressive and fusion tendencies evaluated themselves less positively than other therapists (p less than .01) in the Withdrawing condition. They evaluated the patient less positively regardless of condition (p less than .05). High boundary therapists evaluated patients more positively (p less than .05) in the Withdrawing condition. They evaluated themselves more positively regardless of condition (p less than .05) and showed less tendency to devalue self and patient with the lower functioning borderline patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Personality profile in adult female fragile X carriers: assessed with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Profile (MMPI).

To assess if the higher incidence of psychiatric morbidity in fragile X carriers is related to a particular pathological personality profile, we obtained a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Profile from 11 normally intelligent (female) fragile X carriers. The sample mean for the clinical and validity scales all fell within the normal range. Although no pathological profile was found, some unexpected results emerged: low scores for the scales "schizophrenia" and "social introversion" and a so-called faking-good profile on the validity scales. This combination suggests that the subjects might not be aware of some personality characteristics in these areas. Implications for further research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of attachment styles in borderline personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.

The intense, unstable interpersonal relationships characteristic of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are thought to represent insecure attachment. The Reciprocal Attachment Questionnaire was used to compare the attachment styles of patients with BPD to the styles of patients with a contrasting personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). The results showed that patients with BPD were more likely to exhibit angry withdrawal and compulsive care-seeking attachment patterns. Patients with BPD also scored higher on the dimensions of lack of availability of the attachment figure, feared loss of the attachment figure, lack of use of the attachment figure, and separation protest. The findings may be relevant for understanding the core interpersonal psychopathology of BPD and for managing therapeutic relationships with these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Clinician ratings of the five-factor model of personality and the DSM-IV personality disorders.

This study explored the associations among the domains of the five-factor model (FFM) of personality (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) and the DSM-IV personality disorders (PDs). Clinician ratings were obtained for both the DSM-IV PDs and the FFM on a sample of 100 PD patients. The correlational data showed that the DSM PDs were most strongly associated with the FFM domains of neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness. Factor analysis revealed four underlying factors that provided insights into qualities shared by subgroups of the DSM-IV PDs. The domain of neuroticism was associated with the borderline, avoidant, and dependent PDs (factor 1). The paranoid, avoidant, schizoid, and schizotypal PDs were negatively associated with the domain of agreeableness (factor 2). The domain of extraversion was positively associated with the narcissistic and histrionic PDs and negatively with schizoid PD (factor 3). The FFM conscientiousness and openness domains loaded onto a single factor and were positively associated with the obsessive-compulsive PD and negatively associated with the antisocial and borderline PDs. Exploring the relationships between these two personality systems will improve our conceptualization and understanding of the DSM PDs.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Personality and endogenous/major depression: an empirical approach to typus melancholicus. 2. Validation of typus melancholicus core-properties by personality inventory scales.

The purpose of this study was to objectify some of the personality dimensions of the typus melancholicus (TM) personality formation in endogenous depressives and to compare the consistency of the term used in questionnaires with the original concept as delineated in our preceding paper. The prevalence of TM in endogenous-depressive inpatients was 51% for patients with clearly salient TM features. In addition 25% of the sample showed TM features to a minor extent. These findings are consistent with the literature. MMPI and MPI could not separate TM and non-typus melancholicus (NTM) in univariate analyses. However, the Munich Personality Test (MPT) contributes to validating the TM concept. TM depressives scored significantly higher in MPT subscales rigidity and norm orientation. According to its item structure the MPT rigidity subscore can be considered to conceptually encompass hypernomia, i.e. the patient's incapacity to change the norms that were once adopted. Based on the characteristics of item formulations in the MPT subscore norm orientation it was hypothesized that this subscore corresponds to the concept of heteronomia, i.e. conformism towards externally determined and uncritically followed social norms. Since MPT norm orientation in TM does not covariate with control scales of the other inventories used in this study, it is likely that MPT norm orientation refers to the TM patient's sincere commitment to social norms rather than to a sham reaction in the sense of a lie scale. There was no consistent indication that TM shows lower neuroticism scores than NTM.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Becoming the Harvard man: person-environment fit, personality development, and academic success.

The continuity and change of the needs and evaluations of the college environment and person-environment fit (PE fit) with the college environment were studied in a 4-year longitudinal study of students (N = 191). Perceptions of the environment changed more dramatically than corresponding self-perceived needs. PE fit demonstrated moderate levels of consistency over the 4-year span, but no significant increases in mean levels were found over time. Antecedents to PE fit in the college environment included both intelligence and openness to experience. Outcomes associated with PE fit included changes in personality traits linked to openness to experience and higher academic achievement. The implications of the findings for personality development and the relationship of PE fit to successful outcomes are discussed.

Educational Status↗
PubMed1995

The five-factor model of personality in borderline and nonborderline personality disorders.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent the phenomena associated with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) can be described by the five-factor model of personality. METHOD: The sample consisted of female patients with BPD (n = 29) and a control group with a mixture of nonborderline personality disorders (n = 30). All subjects were given the NEO-PI-R. RESULTS: Borderline patients differed from community norms on all five factors, and were particularly high on Neuroticism, and particularly low on Agreeableness. The scores on the five factors did not differ significantly between the 2 clinical groups. Two facets of the conscientiousness scale (competence and deliberation) were significantly lower in the BPD group. CONCLUSIONS: Dimensional profiles only partially account for the clinical symptomatology seen in formally diagnosed cases of BPD.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The lexical approach to the study of personality structure: toward the identification of cross-culturally replicable dimensions of personality variation.

The structure of personality variation is discussed from the perspective of the lexical approach, which is based on the examination of relations among personality-descriptive adjectives that are indigenous to various languages. The results of this approach--which reveal a cross-culturally replicated set of six dimensions--are described. Specifically, the obtained structure corresponds rather closely to the Five-Factor Model, but differs from that model in the nature of the Agreeableness and Emotionality/Neuroticism factors and also in the existence of a sixth factor known as Honesty-Humility. It is suggested that the emergence of this structure provides support for attempts to establish a cross-culturally generalizable structural model that could summarize normal and abnormal personality variation.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1991

Cancer control and the older person. Prevention and detection in older persons.

Older persons are appropriate targets for a range of prevention and early detection interventions, however, greater emphasis should be given to structuring the delivery of prevention and detection services to the special needs of this population. This may require research and program development to reach older persons in the most effective and cost-effective manner. The American Cancer Society and other program efforts must accommodate the heterogeneity and special needs of segments of the older population. Racial and cultural minorities, impoverished persons, the cognitively impaired, and the physically impaired are four groups requiring special attention. Early detection guidelines specific to older persons should be developed.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Laterality in persons with intellectual disability II. Hand, foot, ear, and eye laterality in persons with Trisomy 21 and Williams-Beuren syndrome.

Laterality (hand, foot, ear, and eye) was assessed in participants with Trisomy 21 (62) and Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) (39). Handedness was also assessed in a card reaching task. The comparison group included 184 typically developing persons. Two independent age sub-groups were formed: 7 to 10 years old and 11 to 34 years old. We confirmed previous data: individuals with T21 were more frequently left- or mixed-handed than typically developing persons; individuals with WBS had intermediate scores. The two groups with genetic disorders had less right foot preference. Manual and foot inconsistencies characterized both groups with genetic disorders. Cross hand-foot preference was lower in the typically developing group. Differences in IQ levels did not correlate with differences in laterality scores. Overall laterality profiles were not the same in the two groups with genetic disorders: the greatest differences were observed between typically developing persons and persons with Trisomy 21.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Salience of self-identity roles in persons with dementia: differences in perceptions among elderly persons, family members and caregivers.

In this study, we explored perceptions of the salience of self-identity in persons suffering from dementia as perceived by the participants themselves, by family, and by staff caregivers. Four types of role-identity were explored: professional, family role, hobbies/leisure activities, and personal attributes. Participants were 104 persons with dementia, 48 of whom attended six adult day care centers while 56 resided in two nursing homes in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Participants, relatives, and staff members were interviewed to obtain information about past and present self-identity roles of participants and attitudes toward these roles. Findings demonstrate that the importance of role identities decreases over time and with the progression of dementia. The family role was found to be the most important and salient role identity according to all the informant groups. The professional role was the one that showed the steepest decline in importance from past to present. Gender differences were detected for the importance of professional role identity. Participants rated their roles in the past as less important and those in the present as more important compared to family members. Family members reported greater decline in the importance of role identities for those participants with greater cognitive impairment. Participants with moderate cognitive impairment reported greater decline in the importance of role identities than did the participants with severe cognitive impairment. Understanding the past and present self-identities of persons with diminished cognitive abilities is crucial in the effort to provide individualized care and enhance participant experiences.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Person-to-person spread of Salmonella typhimurium after a hospital common-source outbreak.

In September, 1973, diarrhoea caused by Salmonella typhimurium developed in 32 people in a Maine hospital. Both epidemiological and microbiological evidence indicated that raw egg beaten in milk ("egg-nog") was responsible for the infection. However, 6 patients and 8 employees had not had egg-nog, and their illness developed after the source of infection had been recognised and removed. Most of these people had had direct contact with an infected patient, and presumably acquired the infection by person-to-person spread. It is concluded that person-to-person spread of S. typhimurium can occur in hospitals and can be a hazard to patients and staff.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Person-to-person spread of Salmonella typhimurium phage type 10 after a common-source outbreak.

An outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella typhimurium phage type 10 in a university hall of residence affected 66 students and one member of staff. Results of a questionnaire survey of students suggested that the main wave of (53) cases was due to consumption of contaminated cottage pie, but the remaining cases could best be explained by person-to-person spread of infection. Investigation of the outbreak was greatly assisted by rigorous case finding, the screening of those at risk for symptomless excretors, and the collection of food histories from those who remained well. The possibility of person-to-person spread of salmonella food-poisoning serotypes should be borne in mind when outbreaks are investigated in closed communities such as institutions, families, and ships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Assessment of person-to-person transmission of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in a Chilean hospital setting.

Person-to-person transmission of Andes hantavirus among healthcare workers was reported in Argentina for the first time in 1996. To determine whether such transmission of the virus occurred during a 1997 outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in southern Chile due to Andes virus, we conducted a serological and epidemiological study in the Coyhaique Regional Hospital, where the majority of HPS patients were admitted. Workers in every department of the hospital were evaluated for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM hantavirus antibodies using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A standardized questionnaire was used to determine the type and extent of exposure to HPS patients, as well as other potential risk factors and previous febrile respiratory illnesses requiring hospitalization. Less than half (44%) reported always using gloves when touching patients or their secretions; respiratory protection was not used. Of the 319 participants (87.9% of those eligible), 12 (3.7%) had IgG antibodies. This finding is consistent with the antibody prevalence in the community in which the participants lived. Of the 12 positive healthcare workers, six reported contact with HPS patients. A similar exposure was found in those who tested negative [6/140 (4%) compared to 6/179 (3%), P = 0.66]. There was no significant difference in the types of hospital activities performed or the number of hospitalizations for febrile respiratory illnesses between antibody-positive and antibody-negative individuals. These data suggest that there was no person-to-person transmission among healthcare workers during a recent outbreak of HPS in Southern Chile in 1997, despite the inconsistent use of any precautions against transmission.

Chile↗
PubMed1994

An outbreak due to enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a children day care centre characterized by person-to-person transmission and environmental contamination.

An outbreak of gastrointestinal disease and haemolytic uraemic syndrome caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 was investigated. The outbreak occurred in a day care centre located in northern Germany in August 1992 and involved 39 children and two adults. Furthermore, four asymptomatic infections were detected among the staff. Initial and secondary cases were reported over a 30-day interval, with cases occurring in three waves. Person-to-person contact and environmental contamination were assumed to be the main mode of transmission. The source of the outbreak has remained unknown but it is likely that primary or secondary contamination of the day care centre's kitchen, too, played a role in the spread of infections. The organisms were isolated from two open packs of deep-frozen stuffed cabbage rolls and turkey scallops in batter, and furthermore from swabs from two kitchen utensils. Of the 39 cases with diarrhoea, three developed a haemolytic uraemic syndrome; one of the latter patients died. In 8 of the cases as well as in four healthy adult employees, E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from stool samples, and in two stool culture-negative cases the presence of IgM antibody to O157 LPS indicated recent infection. The E. coli O157:H7 isolates from the cases and the kitchen were of identical phage type and yielded identical biochemical reactions. All E. coli O157:H7 isolates harboured stable slt-II genes. However, slt-I genes could only be demonstrated in the primary cultures and were lost during subcultivation. This is the largest outbreak caused by enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 that has been documented in Germany so far. The high infectivity of the organism which was demonstrated by person-to-person transmission and propagation within certain groups of children stresses the need for strict hygienic measures and early case reporting when such infections occur in susceptible settings like day care centres, nursing homes, or hospitals.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Nosocomial Candida albicans acquisition in a geriatric unit: epidemiology and evidence for person-to-person transmission.

This prospective study, which included 69 patients over a two-month period, was conducted to evaluate the incidence of community-acquired carriage and hospital-acquired yeasts in elderly patients hospitalized in a short stay care unit. Furthermore, possible person-to-person transmission was investigated by means of genotyping the Candida albicans isolates obtained from samples (throat swabs, urine and stools) systematically taken from the patients at different times during the hospitalization and from healthcare workers (throat swabs and handwashes) in the middle of the observation period. This study showed a high prevalence rate of 64% for community-acquired yeast carriage and a 40% incidence rate for hospital- acquired yeasts. Mycological analysis of the samples from the healthcare workers revealed eight of them to be colonized in the oral cavity. In addition, pulsed field gel electrophoresis and mitochondrial DNA analysis of the C. albicans isolates demonstrated person-to-person transmission. This study suggests that regular mycological sampling should be done as hospitalized elderly patients are frequently colonized by yeasts. Likewise, oropharyngeal swabs from healthcare workers may be helpful in this setting.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Post-injury substance abuse among persons with brain injury and persons with spinal cord injury.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To identify the patient population at greatest risk for post-injury adjustment problems, the present study independently examines and compares alcohol and drug use rates in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and patients with spinal cord injury. RESEARCH DESIGN: The two samples were matched with regard to age, gender and mechanism of injury. The study provides a description of post-injury use rates for each population, and describes similarities and differences between the two groups. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Participants included 30 consecutive Model Systems spinal cord injury (SCI) patients seen for follow-up neuropsychological testing between October 1996-June 1999. An equivalent number of Model Systems TBI patients were matched from a larger sample comprised of 440 consecutive hospital admissions, that returned for a 1-year follow-up neuropsychological evaluation between February 1989-December 1998. All participants were treated in an urban Level I trauma centre and associated inpatient rehabilitation programmes. Information regarding patient demographics, as well as pre- and post-injury psychiatric, employment, academic, criminal, and medical history was obtained via the General Health and History Questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: With regard to post-injury alcohol use rates, persons with spinal cord injury were more likely to drink on a daily basis. Although not statistically significant, pre-injury drinking rates differed from post-injury rates for both groups. With regard to illicit drug use, persons with TBI differed significantly from persons with SCI. A significant difference was also noted between pre-injury drug use and post-injury drug use for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Persons who drink post-injury are unlikely to be 'light' or social drinkers. Either people choose to abstain completely or appear to use alcohol frequently.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed2000

Personal exposure to fine particulate matter in elderly subjects: relation between personal, indoor, and outdoor concentrations.

The time-series correlation between ambient levels, indoor levels, and personal exposure to PM2.5 was assessed in panels of elderly subjects with cardiovascular disease in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Helsinki, Finland. Subjects were followed for 6 months with biweekly clinical visits. Each subject's indoor and personal exposure to PM2.5 was measured biweekly, during the 24-hr period preceding the clinical visits. Outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were measured at fixed sites. The absorption coefficients of all PM2.5 filters were measured as a marker for elemental carbon (EC). Regression analyses were conducted for each subject separately, and the distribution of the individual regression and correlation coefficients was investigated. Personal, indoor, and ambient concentrations were highly correlated within subjects over time. Median Pearson's R between personal and outdoor PM2.5 was 0.79 in Amsterdam and 0.76 in Helsinki. For absorption, these values were 0.93 and 0.81 for Amsterdam and Helsinki, respectively. The findings of this study provide further support for using fixed-site measurements as a measure of exposure to PM2.5 in epidemiological time-series studies.

Aged↗